1 chapter 8: acids and bases acids & bases ionization of water ph acid-base reactions
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8: Acids and BasesChapter 8: Acids and Bases
Acids & Bases Acids & Bases
Ionization of WaterIonization of Water
pHpH
Acid-Base ReactionsAcid-Base Reactions
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Remember ElectrolytesRemember Electrolytes
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
IonicIonic CovalentCovalent
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AcidsAcids
H+
HC2H3O2
H+C2H3O2
1-
C2H3O21- H+
H-Cl
H+Cl-
Cl-
WeakWeak StrongStrong
Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions
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AcidsAcids
AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water
H+
H-Cl
H+Cl-
Cl-
HCl
H+ + Cl-
hydrogen ionhydrogen ion
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AcidsAcids
H-Cl + H-O-H
+ Cl-
hydronium ionhydronium ion
HO
H
H+
HO
H
H+
Cl-
H-ClH-Cl
AcidAcid = gives hydrogen ions in water
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CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid
Coca Cola Carbonated Water
Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin
H2SO4
HCl
H3PO4
H2CO3
HC2H3O2
H3C6O7H8
HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8
SulfurSulfuricic AcidAcidHydroHydrochlorchloricic AcidAcid
PhosphorPhosphoricic AcidAcid
CarbonCarbonicic AcidAcidAcetAceticic AcidAcidCitrCitricic AcidAcid
AscorbAscorbicic AcidAcid TartarTartaricic AcidAcid
Acetyl SalicylAcetyl Salicylicic AcidAcid
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Naming AcidsNaming Acids
Binary AcidsBinary Acids: : Hydrogen & Hydrogen & non metalnon metal..
ex. ex. HCl HBr HHCl HBr H22SS
hydrohydro- ______________-- ______________-icic Acid Acid
HCl HCl HydroHydrochlorchloricic acid acidHH22S S HydroHydrosulfursulfuricic acid acid
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Naming Oxygen containing acidsNaming Oxygen containing acids
OxoacidsOxoacids: : HydrogenHydrogen, , oxygenoxygen, and a , and a nonmetalnonmetal
ex. ex. HNOHNO33 HNO HNO22 H H22SOSO4 4
The higher number of O’sThe higher number of O’s____________________________--icic AcidAcidHNOHNO33 = Nitr = Nitricic Acid Acid
The lower number of O’sThe lower number of O’s______________ ______________ --ousous ending.ending.HNOHNO22 = Nitr = Nitrousous AcidAcid
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THE COMMON THE COMMON -IC-IC ACIDS ACIDS
H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID
HNO3 NITRIC ACID
H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID
H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID
HClO3 CHLORIC ACID
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H2SO4
HCl
H3PO4
H2CO3
HC2H3O2
H3C6O7H8
HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8
CommonCommon AcidsAcidsBattery Acid Stomach Acid
Coca Cola Carbonated Water
Vinegar Citrus fruitsVitamin CGrapesAspirin
StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte
WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte
•Taste sourTaste sour
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AcidsAcidsH-Cl + H-O-H + Cl-
HO
H
H+
HO
H
H+
Cl-
H-ClH-Cl
H+
HC2H3O2
C2H3O21-
HC2H3O2
H-C2H3O2 + H-O-HH
OH
H+ + C2H3O2
-
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BaseBase = gives hydroxide ions in water.(Arrhenius definition)
= takes hydrogen ions in water.(Brönsted definition)
BasesBases
NaOH
Na+ + OH-
OH-
OH-
Na+
Na+
NaOH
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Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash
Cleaners
Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents
NaOH KOH
NH3 or NH4OH
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S
Sodium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide
Ammonia
Magnesium HydroxideSodium Bicarbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Sodium Palmitate
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
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Common BasesCommon BasesLye, Drano Potash
Cleaners
Milk of MagnesiaBaking soda Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsSoaps Detergents
NaOH KOH
NH3
Mg(OH)2
NaHCO3
CaCO3
NaC16O2H31 NaC12O4H25S
StrongStrong•100% ionization100% ionization•Strong electrolyteStrong electrolyte
WeakWeak•Partial ionizationPartial ionization•Weak electrolyteWeak electrolyte
•Taste bitterTaste bitter•Feel SlipperyFeel Slippery
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The Six Strong AcidsThe Six Strong Acids
HCl(aq)
HBr(aq)
HI(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
HNO3(aq)
HClO4(aq)
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydroiodic acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Perchloric acid
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The Strong BasesThe Strong Bases
Group 1AMetal Hydroxides: Ba(OH)2(aq)
Sr(OH)2(aq)
LiOH(aq)
NaOH(aq)
KOH(aq) Ca(OH)2(aq)
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HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3
-
Water is AmphotericWater is Amphoteric
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
NHNH33 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
NHNH33
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
HHNONO33
AcidAciddonates a proton
BaseBasetakes
a proton
AcidAcid BaseBase
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HH22O O + H + H22O O OHOH–– + + HH33OO++
Ionization of WaterIonization of Water
conjugate pairconjugate pair
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
conjugate pairconjugate pair
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HH22O O + H + H22O O OHOH–– + + HH33OO++
Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
Neutral: if [HNeutral: if [H33OO++] = [OH] = [OH––] ]
Acidic: if [HAcidic: if [H33OO++] > [OH] > [OH––] ]
Basic: if [HBasic: if [H33OO++] < [OH] < [OH––] ]
Note: [ ] [ ] moles/liter moles/literNote: [ ] [ ] moles/liter moles/liter
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HH22O O + H + H22O O OHOH–– + + HH33OO++
Ion product constant of WaterIon product constant of Water
ACIDACID BASEBASE conj acidconj acidconj baseconj base
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
0.000,000,1M0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10= 1 x 10-7-7MM
KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH––] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14KKww = [H = [H33OO++] [OH] [OH––] = ] = 1 x 101 x 10-14-14
[H[H33OO++] [OH] [OH––] = (1 x 10] = (1 x 10-7-7)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-7-7) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14
(1 x 10(1 x 10-8-8)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-6-6) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14
(1 x 10(1 x 10-9-9)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-5-5) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14
(1 x 10(1 x 10-7-7)(1 x 10)(1 x 10-7-7) =) =1 x 101 x 10-14-14
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pH pH pH pH
= 1 x 10–pH pH = pH = – log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10–7 M
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10–4 M
0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10–12 M
100 M = 1 x 102 M
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1212
-2-2
990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10= 1 x 10–9–9 M MNHNH33
NeutralNeutral
AcidicAcidic
BasicBasic
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pHpH pHpH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = pH = - log [H+]
HCl
HC2H3O2
H2O
NaOH
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M
0.000,000,000,001 M = 1 x 10 -12 M
100 M = 1 x 10 2 M
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1212
-2-2
990.000,000,001 M 0.000,000,001 M
= 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -9-9 M MNHNH33
NeutralNeutral
AcidicAcidic
BasicBasic
Citric AcidCitric Acid 0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 = 7.6 x 10 -4-4 M M
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pH pH pH pH
= 1 x 10–pH pH = pH = – log [H+]pH = pH = – log [H+]
HC2H3O2
[H+]
0.000,1 M = 1 x 10–4 M 44
3 - 43 - 43 - 43 - 4
Citric AcidCitric Acid
0.001 M = 1 x 10–3 M
0.000,76 M 0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10= 7.6 x 10–4–4 M M
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pH = pH = – log (7.6 x 10–4)pH = pH = – log (7.6 x 10–4)
= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1= 3.1
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pH pH pH pH
[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH[H[H++]] = 1 x 10 = 1 x 10 -pH-pH pH = pH = - log [H+]pH = pH = - log [H+]
0.000,000,04 M = 4.0 x 10 4.0 x 10 -8-8 M M
9.39.3
8.58.58.58.5Baking Baking SodaSoda
= 1 x 10 -8.5 M= 3.2 x 10 3.2 x 10 -9-9 M M
pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)pH = pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)
= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4= 7.4
CleanerCleaner = 1 x 10 -9.3 M= 5.0 x 10 5.0 x 10 -10-10 M M
BloodBlood
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pH of somepH of somecommon materialscommon materials
Substance pH Substance pH
1 M HCl1 M HCl 0.00.0
Lemon juiceLemon juice 2.32.3
CoffeeCoffee 5.05.0
Pure WaterPure Water 7.07.0
BloodBlood 7.35-7.45 7.35-7.45
MilkMilk of Magnesia of Magnesia 10.510.5
1M NaOH 1M NaOH 14.014.0
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pH paperpH paper::
LitmusLitmus paperpaper::
Anthocyanins:Anthocyanins:red cabbagered cabbage, , cranberriescranberries, , rosesroses……
Phenolphthalein:Phenolphthalein:Turmeric:Turmeric:
pH meter:pH meter:
Pigments:Pigments:
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Indicator examplesIndicator examplesAcid-base indicators undergo a color change
at a known pH.
bromthymol blue
phenolphthalein methyl red
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Acid ReactionsAcid Reactions
HCl + Zn HCl + Zn
ClCl––
ZnZn
HH++
ZnZnClCl22 + + HH22
AcidAcid MetalMetal SaltSalt
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AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HClHCl + + NaOHNaOH
OHOH––
ClCl––
NaNa++
HH++
NaNaClCl + + HHOHOH
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater
Neutralization:Neutralization:Strong AcidStrong Acid
++Strong BaseStrong Base
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AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HH22SOSO44 + + KOHKOH
OHOH––
SOSO44-2-2
KK++
HH++
KK22SOSO44 + + HHOHOHAcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt WaterWater
2222
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AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
HCHC22HH33OO22 + + NaHCONaHCO33
HCOHCO331-1-
CC22HH33OO221-1-
NaNa++
HH++
NaNaCC22HH33OO22 + + HH22COCO33
AcidAcid BaseBase
SaltSalt
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
Vinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking SodaVinegar & Baking Soda
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AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
Acid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on MarbleAcid Rain on Marble
Cream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking SodaCream of Tartar & Baking Soda
HH22CC44HH66OO66 + + NaHCONaHCO33 NaNa22CC44HH66OO66 + + HH22COCO33
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt
HH22SOSO44 + + CaCOCaCO33 CaCaSOSO44 + + HH22COCO33
HH22OO + + COCO2(g)2(g)
AcidAcid BaseBase SaltSalt
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Cleopatra's Needle in New York City Central Park (originally erected in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis on the orders of Thutmose III, around 1450 B.C.). Erected in New York in 1881.
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Effects of Acid RainEffects of Acid Rain
1908 1969
Exterior of old church in Germany
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AcidAcid--BaseBase Reactions Reactions
Lemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on FishLemon on Fish
HH33CC66HH88OO77 + R- + R-NHNH22 CC66HH88OO771-1- + R-N + R-NHH33
1+1+
AcidAcid BaseBaseSaltSalt
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BuffersBuffers• Weak acid + Weak baseWeak acid + Weak base• Resists change in pHResists change in pH
NaCNaC22HH33OO22HCHC22HH33OO22
NaNaCC22HH33OO2 2 + H+ H22OO
HClHClNaOHNaOH
NaNaClCl + + HHCC22HH33OO22