1 chapter 4 organization and regulation of body systems
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4
Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
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OutlineTodayFinish Cell Respiration/Metabolism Chapter 3 and
Start Chapter 4 (Tissue Types)Chapter 3Metabolism
Chapter 4 • Tissue Types
– Epithelial– Connective– Muscular– Nervous
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Mitochondria
• Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles involved in cellular respiration.– Site of ATP production.
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Cellular Metabolism
• Cellular metabolism includes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.– Often organized into metabolic pathways.
Most regulated by feedback inhibition.
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Cellular Respiration
• Glucose breakdown requires three sub-pathways.– Glycolysis.– Citric Acid Cycle.– Electron Transport System.
• Altogether, the breakdown of one glucose molecule results in 36 ATP molecules.
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Cellular Respiration
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Fermentation
• Fermentation is an anaerobic process that results in the buildup of lactate.– Lactate is toxic to cells and causes
muscle cramps and fatigue.– Only produces two ATP per glucose
molecule.
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Types of Tissues
• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function.– Categorized into four groups.
Epithelial.Connective.Muscular.Nervous.
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Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells forming a continuous layer that serve in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and filtration.– Named according to shape of cell.
Squamous - Flattened.Cuboidal - Cubed.Columnar - Column.
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Epithelial Tissue
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Junctions between Epithelial Cells
• A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier as adjacent plasma membrane proteins join.
• A gap junction forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join.
• An adhesion junction forms when adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to cytoplasmic plaques.
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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
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Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue serves many functions including binding organs, providing support and protection, and producing red blood cells.– Three types of cells – Fibroblast,
Macrophage and Mast cell– Separated by matrix of fibers.
Collagen fibers.Reticular fibers.Elastic fibers.
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Connective Tissue
• Loose Fibrous and Dense Fibrous Tissues.– Loose fibrous connective tissue supports
epithelium and many internal organs.– Dense fibrous connective tissue is made of
tightly-packed collagen fibers and is found in tendons and ligaments.
• Adipose Tissue.– Fat storage.
• Reticular Connective Tissue.– Supporting meshwork of lymphatic system.
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Connective Tissue
• Cartilage.– Cells lie in lacunae separated by solid,
flexible matrix.Hyaline cartilage.Elastic cartilage.Fibrocartilage.
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Connective Tissue
• Bone.– Most rigid connective tissue composed of
matrix of inorganic salts.Compact bone.Spongy bone.
Compact bone
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Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue
• Blood.– Matrix is made of plasma, not cells.
Transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.
Plasma. Formed Elements.
Red blood cells. White blood cells. Platelets.
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Blood
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Muscular Tissue
• Muscle (contractile) tissue composed of muscle fibers.– Contain actin filaments
and myosin filaments.– Three types of muscle
fibers.Skeletal muscle.Smooth muscle.Cardiac muscle.
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Cardiac Tissue
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Skeletal Tissue
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Smooth tissue
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Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue has three functions.• Two Major cell types• Neurons and Neuroglia• Neurons are the functional cells
– Sensory input.– Data integration.– Motor output.
• Neuron (nerve cell) composed of three parts. Dendrites. Cell body. Axon.
• Neuroglia service and support neurons.
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Neuron and Neuroglia
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Break Continue with Chapter 4
• Body Cavities• Body Membranes• Organ Systems• Integumentary System• Homeostasis
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Body Cavities
• Ventral cavity divided into two parts.– Thoracic cavity.– Abdominal cavity.
• Dorsal cavity divided into two parts.– Cranial cavity.– Vertebral cavity.
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Body Membranes
• Mucous membranes. – Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive systems.• Serous membranes.
– Line thoracic and abdominal cavities.• Synovial membranes.
– Line freely movable joint cavities.• Meninges.
– Found in dorsal cavity protecting brain and spinal cord.
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Organ Systems
• Maintenance of the Body.– Digestive system.
Receives and digests food.– Cardiovascular system.
Transports nutrients and oxygen.– Lymphatic system.
Collects and returns excess tissue fluid.
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Organ Systems
• Maintenance of the Body.– Respiratory system.
Brings oxygen in and takes carbon dioxide out.
– Urinary system.Rids body of nitrogenous wastes.
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Organ Systems
• Support and Movement.– Skeletal system.
Protects body parts.– Muscular system.
Moves body parts.
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Organ Systems
• Coordination and Regulation of Body Systems.– Nervous system.
Conducts nerve impulses.– Endocrine system.
Serves as messaging system maintaining homeostasis.
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Organ Systems
• Continuance of the Species.– Reproductive system.
Provides ability to reproduce.
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Integumentary System
• The integumentary system is the collection of skin and its accessory organs.– Plays a significant role in maintaining
homeostasis.Water Loss.Temperature.
– Synthesizes certain chemicals.Vitamin D (helps with calcium
absorption)
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Integumentary System
• Regions of Skin.– Epidermis.
Stratified squamous epithelium.– Dermis.
Collagen and elastic fibers.Lies beneath epidermis.
Subcutaneous layer lies below the dermis and is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
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Accessory Organs of the Skin
• Nails.• Hair Follicles.
– Oil Glands.• Sweat Glands.
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Human Skin Anatomy
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Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment.– Fluctuation around a particular value.
Maintained by negative feedback. Brings about reversal of the change.
Activated by deviation from set point.
Positive feedback brings about greater change in same direction.
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The Integument and Homeostasis
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Lecture Review• Be able to describe the four Major Tissue Types and
give examples of where they are found in the body.– Epithelial– Connective– Muscular– Nervous
• List the Body Cavities and what organs are found in each.
• List the different types of Body Membranes• List the eleven Organ Systems and give a general
description and function of each.• Describe the components of the Integumentary System• Give an example of how the integumentary system
maintains Homeostasis