1 chapter 27 the phillips curve and expectations theory key concepts key concepts summary practice...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and
Expectations Theory• Key Concepts• Summary• Practice Quiz• Internet Exercises
©2002 South-Western College Publishing
![Page 2: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
What is the Phillips Curve?
A curve showing an inverse relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate
![Page 3: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
108
104
AD1
6.0 6.2
Increase in Aggregate Demand
AS
AD2
100
112
116
5.8 6.4 6.6 6.8
AB
AD3
AD4
C
D
full employment
Real GDP
Pri
ce L
evel
![Page 4: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
8%
4%
4% 6%
0
12%
16%
2% 8% 10% 12%
AB
C
D
Unemployment Rate
Infl
atio
n R
ate
Movement along the Phillips Curve
Phillips Curve
![Page 5: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
What is the conclusion of the Phillips Curve?
The opportunity cost of more employment is more inflation and vice versa
![Page 6: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
3%2%
2% 3%
1%
4%5%
1% 4% 5% 6%
64
Unemployment Rate
7%
6%7%
69
6867 60
63
626165
66
The Phillips Curve U.S., 1960’s
Infl
atio
n R
ate
![Page 7: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
3%2%
2% 3%
1%
4%5%
1% 4% 5% 6% 7%
6%7%
80
77 828%9%
10%11%12%13%14%
8% 10%9%
74 8175
787370
88
7689 71
72 8785
84
8386
Unemployment Rate
Infl
atio
n R
ate
The Phillips Curve U.S., 1970 - 1998
79
9897 96 94 92
90
![Page 8: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
What does the long-run Phillips curve look like
according to the Natural Rate Hypothesis?It is a vertical line at the natural rate of unemployment
![Page 9: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
9%
6%
2%
4%
12%
15%
4% 8%6% 10%
E
A
B
Infl
atio
n R
ate
C
F
PC
3PC
2PC
1
Long-run
Short-run Phillips curves
natural rate
Unemployment Rate
G
D
The Short-run and Long-run Phillips Curves
![Page 10: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Aggregate demand
increases
Inflation rate rises, real wages fall, and
profits rise
Unemployment rate rises
Short-run Adaptive Expectations Theory
![Page 11: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Inflation rate is constant at higher
rate, workers’ nominal wage rate rises, and profits
fall
Unemployment rate is restored to full
employment
Long-run Adaptive Expectations Theory
![Page 12: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Aggregate demand
increases
Inflation rate rises and nominal wages adjust
quickly equal to inflation rate
Inflation rate rises on vertical
line at full employment
Rational Expectations Theory
![Page 13: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
What two versions of Expectations Theory explain the Natural
Rate Model?Adaptive expectationsRational expectations
![Page 14: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
What is the Adaptive Expectations Theory?
People believe the best indicator of the future is recent information
![Page 15: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
What is the conclusion of the Adaptive Theory?Expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to reduce unemployment are useless in the long-run
![Page 16: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Why are monetary and fiscal polices useless
in the long-run?After a short-run reduction in unemployment, the economy will self-correct to the natural rate of unemployment, but at a higher inflation rate
![Page 17: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
What is the Rational Expectations Theory?
People will use all available information to predict the future, including future monetary and fiscal policies
![Page 18: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
What conclusion rational expectations?
Systematic and predictable macroeconomic policies can be negated when businesses and workers anticipate the effects of these policies
![Page 19: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
According to the Rational Expectations Theory, can macroeconomic policies
make things worse?People acting on their expectations of expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that are predictable can cause inflation
![Page 20: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
What happens if macroeconomic policies
are not predictable?The economy’s self-correction mechanism will restore the economy to full employment
![Page 21: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
What is the best way to lower inflation?
Preannounced, stable policies to achieve a low and constant money supply growth and a balanced federal budget
![Page 22: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
How can a distinction be made between the
two theories?By analyzing the aggregate demand and supply model
![Page 23: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
105
100
5.5 6.0
110
5.0 6.5 7.0 7.5Real GDP
Pri
ce L
evel
E2
E1
E3
AD2
AD1
LRAS
SRAS1
natural rate
Adaptive Expectations Theory
![Page 24: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
105
100
5.5 6.0
110
5.0 6.5 7.0 7.5Real GDP
Pri
ce L
evel
E1
E3
AD2
AD1
LRASSRAS2
SRAS1
natural rate
Rational Expectations Theory
![Page 25: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
What is an alternative way to fight inflation?
Use incomes policies
![Page 26: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
What areincomes policies?
Federal government policies designed to affect the real incomes of workers by controlling nominal wages and prices
![Page 27: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
What are examples of incomes policies?
• Jawboning• Wage and price guidelines
• Wage and price controls
![Page 28: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
What is jawboning?Oratory intended to pressure unions and businesses to reduce wage and price increases
![Page 29: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
What are wage and price guidelines?
Voluntary standards set by the government for “permissible” wage and price increases
![Page 30: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
What are wage and price controls?
Legal restrictions on wage and price increases. Violations can result in fines and imprisonment
![Page 31: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
How do different macroeconomic
models cure inflation?
![Page 32: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
MonetarismMonetarists see the cause of
inflation as “too much money chasing too few goods,” based on the quantity of money theory (MV = PQ). To cure inflation, they would cut the money supply and force the Fed to stick to a fixed money supply growth rate. In the short run, the unemployment rate will rise, but in the long-run, it self-corrects to the natural rate.
![Page 33: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
KeynesianismKeynesians believe in using
contractionary fiscal and monetary policies to cool an overheated economy. To decrease aggregate demand, they advocate that the government use tax hikes and/or spending cuts. The Fed should reduce the money supply and cause the rate of interest to rise. The opportunity cost of reducing inflation is greater unemployment.
![Page 34: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Supply-Side EconomicsSupply-siders view the cause of
inflation as “not enough goods.” Their approach is to increase aggregate supply by cuts in marginal tax rates. Government regulations, and import barriers. The effect provides incentives to work, invest, and expand production capacity. Thus, both the inflation rate and the unemployment rate fall.
![Page 35: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
New Classical SchoolThe theory of rational expectations
asserts that the public must be convinced that policy-makers will stick to restrictive and persistent fiscal and monetary policies. If policy-makers have credibility, the inflation rate will be anticipated and quickly fall without a rise in unemployment.
![Page 36: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Key Concepts
![Page 37: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Key Concepts• What is the Phillips Curve?• What is the conclusion of the Phillips Curve?• What two versions of Expectations Theory expla
in the Natural Rate Model?• What is the Adaptive Expectations Theory?• What is the Rational Expectations Theory?
![Page 38: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Key Concepts cont.• How can a distinction be made between the t
wo theories?• What are incomes policies?• What are examples of incomes policies?• What is jawboning?• What are wage and price guidelines?• What are wage and price controls?
![Page 39: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Summary
![Page 40: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
The Phillips curve shows a stable inverse relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. If policy-makers reduce inflation, unemployment increases, and vice versa. During the 1960s, the curve closely fitted inflation and unemployment rates in the United States. Since 1970, the Phillips curve has not conformed to the stable inflation-unemployment trade-off pattern of the 1960s .
![Page 41: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
The natural rate hypothesis argues that the economy self-corrects to the natural rate of unemployment. Over time, changes in the rate of inflation are fully anticipated, and prices and wages rise or fall proportionately. As a result, the long-run Phillips curve is a vertical line at the natural rate of unemployment. Thus, Keynesian demand-management policies ultimately cause only higher or lower inflation, and the natural rate of unemployment remains unchanged.
![Page 42: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Adaptive expectations theory is the proposition that people base their forecasts on recent past information, rather than future information. Once the government causes the inflation rate to rise or fall, people adapt their inflationary expectations to the current inflation rate. The result is a short-run Phillips curve that intersects the vertical long-run Phillips curve. Over time, the economy self-corrects to the natural rate of unemployment.
![Page 43: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
The political business cycle is a business cycle is created by the incentive for politicians to manipulate the economy to get re-elected. Using expansionary policies, officeholders can stimulate the economy before the election. Unemployment falls, and the price level rises. After the election, the strategy is to contract the economy to fight inflation and unemployment rises.
![Page 44: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Rational expectations theory argues that it is naïve to believe that people change their inflationary expectations based only on the current inflation rate. Rational expectationists belong to the new classical school.
![Page 45: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
The rational expectation theory is based on people’s expectations. For example, if government policies are predictable, people immediately anticipate higher or lower inflation. Workers quickly change their nominal wages as businesses change prices. Consequently, inflation worsens or improves, and unemployment remains unchanged at the natural rate. Thus, there is no short-run Phillips curve, and the long-run Phillips curve is vertical
![Page 46: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Incomes policies are a variety of federal government programs aimed at directly controlling wages and prices. Incomes policies include jawboning, wage-price guidelines, and wage-price controls. Over time, incomes policies tend to be ineffective.
![Page 47: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Wage and price controls are legal restrictions on wages and prices. Most economists do not favor wage and price controls in peacetime. Such controls are expensive to administer, destroy efficiency, and intrude on economic freedom.
![Page 48: 1 Chapter 27 The Phillips Curve and Expectations Theory Key Concepts Key Concepts Summary Practice Quiz Internet Exercises Internet Exercises ©2002 South-Western](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649e655503460f94b5ff2e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
END