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Chapter 15 Chapter 15 The Roman EmpireThe Roman EmpireWords, Terms and People to Define and KnowWords, Terms and People to Define and Know

AdrianopleAdrianople OctavianOctavian AlaricAlaric Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius AugustusAugustus Circus MaximusCircus Maximus Rhine and Rhine and

Danube RiversDanube Rivers

DiocletianDiocletian ConstantinopleConstantinople Constantine IConstantine I CommodusCommodus Pax RomanaPax Romana CensusCensus DomusDomus

http://www.learner.org/resources/series58.html

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Area under Roman control      Roman Republic      Roman Empire      Western Empire      Eastern Empire      Inheriting countries of the Byzantine Empire

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Chapter 15Chapter 15The The Roman EmpireRoman Empire 27 B.C.—410 A.D. 27 B.C.—410 A.D.

““There will be others to beat There will be others to beat the breathing bronze with the breathing bronze with greater skill and grace, So greater skill and grace, So others too will draw out living others too will draw out living faces from the marble, Argue faces from the marble, Argue legal cases better, better legal cases better, better trace the motions of the sky, trace the motions of the sky, And so pronounce the cycles And so pronounce the cycles of the stars. For you, O of the stars. For you, O Roman, it is due to rule the Roman, it is due to rule the peoples of your Empire. peoples of your Empire. These are your arts: to These are your arts: to impose peace and morality, impose peace and morality, To spare the subject and To spare the subject and subdue the proud.”subdue the proud.”

From Virgi’s the Aeneid, a national epic honoring Rome and prophesying From Virgi’s the Aeneid, a national epic honoring Rome and prophesying the rise of the Roman Empire. In the Aeneid, the ghost of the hero the rise of the Roman Empire. In the Aeneid, the ghost of the hero Aeneas' father tells him his destiny before he returns to the motherland Aeneas' father tells him his destiny before he returns to the motherland of Italy to conquer the native tribes.of Italy to conquer the native tribes.

The Legend of AugustusThe Legend of Augustus Two thousand years after Egypt's pharaohs Two thousand years after Egypt's pharaohs

reigned supreme, four hundred years after the reigned supreme, four hundred years after the flowering of Greek culture, and three hundred flowering of Greek culture, and three hundred years after Alexander the Great, a boy named years after Alexander the Great, a boy named Octavian was born in a small Italian town. The Octavian was born in a small Italian town. The birth of the child who would become known as birth of the child who would become known as

Augustus, the ancient historianAugustus, the ancient historian Suetonius Suetonius tells us, was gilded by legend:tells us, was gilded by legend:

““His father, leading an army His father, leading an army through distant lands, went through distant lands, went to a sacred grove, seeking to a sacred grove, seeking prophecy on the boy's prophecy on the boy's future. When wine was future. When wine was poured on the altar, flames poured on the altar, flames shot up to heaven — a sign shot up to heaven — a sign seen only once before: by seen only once before: by Alexander the Great. The Alexander the Great. The priest declared that priest declared that AugustusAugustus

44Britons may be more vulnerable to Aids due to Roman invasion

Who says the past isn’t important to the present?

4:58PM BST 03 Sep 2008 The TelegraphBritons may be more vulnerable to Aids due to Roman invasion

Researchers found that people who live in lands conquered by the Roman army have less protection against HIV than those in countries they never reachedThey say a gene which helps make people less susceptible to HIV occurs in greater frequency in areas of Europe that the Roman Empire did not stretch to.

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The Roman Empire at 44 BCat the death of Caesar

http://www.roman-empire.net/index.html

66How Octavian became Augustus

Octavian

Mark Anthony

Lepidus

Octavia

Cleopatra VII What Cleopatra probably actually looked like.

What we’d like to think Cleopatra looked like. (Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra in a movie)

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Octavian versus Antony & Octavian versus Antony & CleopatraCleopatra

Lepidus’s forced to retire; Octavian & Marc Lepidus’s forced to retire; Octavian & Marc Anthony divide Roman world between them. Anthony divide Roman world between them. Anthony marries Octavian’s sister Octavia. Anthony marries Octavian’s sister Octavia. Octavian gets Rome Mark Anthony gets the east Octavian gets Rome Mark Anthony gets the east including Egyptincluding Egypt

Civil war begins: Marc Anthony allies with Civil war begins: Marc Anthony allies with and marries Cleopatra in 32 B.C. and adopts and marries Cleopatra in 32 B.C. and adopts her her son by Ceasar, Ceasarian.son by Ceasar, Ceasarian.

31 B.C.: Octavian wins (naval battle of 31 B.C.: Octavian wins (naval battle of Actium) Anthony commits suicide Actium) Anthony commits suicide (a year later)(a year later) and and then Cleopatra kills herself rather than becoming then Cleopatra kills herself rather than becoming a spoil of war. Octavian becomes emperor in all a spoil of war. Octavian becomes emperor in all but name 1st Emperor: 27 but name 1st Emperor: 27 BC – 14 ADBC – 14 AD

. …Caesarion, too, whom Cleopatra fathered on Caesar, he overtook in his flight, brought back, and put to death. But he spared the rest of the offspring of Antony and Cleopatra, and afterwards maintained and reared them according to their several positions, as carefully as if they were his own kin.

p149 18 About this time he had the sarcophagus and body of Alexander the Great brought forth from its shrine,15 and after gazing on it, showed his respect by placing upon it a golden crown and strewing it with flowers; and being then asked whether he wished to see the tomb of the Ptolemies as well, he replied, "My wish was to see a king, not corpses." 2 He reduced Egypt to the form of a province, and then to make it more fruitful and better adapted to supply the city with grain, he set his soldiers at work cleaning out all the canals into which the Nile overflows, which in the course of many years had become choked with mud. Suetonius

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Run Time: [15:11] Augustus was predicted at his birth in 63 B.C. to one day rule the world. Following in the footsteps of his powerful uncle, Julius Caesar, Augustus became one of Rome's greatest emperors.

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Augustus’ AppearanceAugustus’ Appearance "He was quite handsome.... Sometimes "He was quite handsome.... Sometimes

he would clip his beard; sometimes he he would clip his beard; sometimes he would shave it. While his barbers were would shave it. While his barbers were at work on him, it was not unusual for at work on him, it was not unusual for him to read or write.... His eyes were him to read or write.... His eyes were clear and radiant.... His complexion clear and radiant.... His complexion was between dark and fair. Though was between dark and fair. Though only five feet, six inches in height . . only five feet, six inches in height . . his shortness was not too noticeable his shortness was not too noticeable because of the good proportions of his because of the good proportions of his figure."figure." --SEUTONIUSSEUTONIUS

((ca. 69/75 – after 130), was an equestrian and a historian during the ca. 69/75 – after 130), was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

Augustus of Prima Porta is a 2.04m high marble statue of Augustus Caesar which was discovered on April 20, 1863 in the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome.

Despite the accuracy with which Augustus' features are depicted (with his sombre look and characteristic fringe), the distant and tranquil expression of his face has been idealized, as have the conventional contrapposto, the anatomical proportions and the deep drape paludamentumor "cloth of the commander".

Augustus's barefootedness and the inclusion of Cupid riding a dolphin as structural support for the statue reveals his supposed mythical ancestry to the goddess Venus (Cupid's mother) by way of his adopted father Julius Caesar. The clear Greek inspiration in style and symbol for official sculptural portraits, which under the Roman emperors became instruments of governmental propaganda is a central part of Augustian ideological campaign, a shift from the Roman Republican era iconography where old and wise features were seen as symbols of solemn character

citizen, matron, curule magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave

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Section One: summarizes the rule of AugustusSection One: summarizes the rule of Augustus I. I. AugustusAugustus ((OctavianOctavian SuetoniusSuetonius)) kept the kept the

assemblies and government officials of assemblies and government officials of the Republicthe Republic

A. sought to bring back “old Roman A. sought to bring back “old Roman virtuesvirtues

B. made every soldier swear allegiance to B. made every soldier swear allegiance to him personallyhim personally

C. built up imperial household and gave C. built up imperial household and gave people of talent ability to become part of people of talent ability to become part of governmentgovernment

D. rounded boundaries to be more easily D. rounded boundaries to be more easily defended. defended. The Rhine and Danube rivers The Rhine and Danube rivers become the northern boundary of the become the northern boundary of the empireempire

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The City of Pompeii was destroyed The City of Pompeii was destroyed in A.D. 79in A.D. 79

AD 79.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=236062 46 minutes

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Abiding Features of Empire Established By Augustus1. Provides cash payments from public treasury to soldiers who served 20 years—thus securing loyalty to state—not generals

2. Extends and solidifies the northern frontier

3. Creates the Praetorian Guard—stationed in rome 9000 men recruited from Italians only. Receive higher pay; security force that later becomes a bodyguard for emperors

4. Formed a permanent navy manned largely by provincials who were more skilled sailors than Italians

5. Augustus assumes office of Pontifex Manimus “high priest” and attempts to revive old Roman religion

Rebuilds templesAids in founding an imperial cult suggesting he should be

worshippedAccoring to Suetonius, Augustus was fond of claiming, "I

found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble“6. At death of Augustus his stepson Tiberius became leader of state. By recognizing Tiberius the Senate confirmed the principle of dynastic sucession Between 96 and 180 A.D. all Roman emperors were adopted aws heirs—an empire, not a Republic now existed

Proclaiming Claudius Emperor, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, oil on canvas, c. 1867. According to one version of the story of Claudius' ascension to the role of Emperor, members of the Praetorian Guard found him hiding behind a curtain in the aftermath of the murder of Caligula in 41, and proclaimed him emperor.

99 On the last day of his life he asked every now and then whether there was any disturbance without on his account; then calling for a mirror, he had his hair combed and his falling154 jaws set straight.155 After that, calling in his friends and asking whether it seemed to them that he had played the comedy of life fitly, he added the tag: "Since well I've played my part, all clap your hands and from the stage dismiss me with applause." Then he sent them all off, and while…”Suetonius

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In the second century A.D., Lugudunum prospered and grew to a

population of 40 to 50,000 persons.

Rome 900,000 in 70/69 BCE http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/070706.pdf

Trier, founded in 16 B.C. by Augustus it was known as Roma Secunda (Rome the Second) and had a population of 80,000. By the 2nd century.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=351354 Trier 3rd largest city 7:13 min.

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I. cont. I. cont.

E. Gave provincial governors long E. Gave provincial governors long terms of officeterms of office

• 1. paid large salaries to prevent over 1. paid large salaries to prevent over taxationtaxation

• 22. ordered a census (population count) to . ordered a census (population count) to ensure proper taxationensure proper taxation

F. Improved Rome and its lawsF. Improved Rome and its laws G. Ruled 41 years and ushered in G. Ruled 41 years and ushered in Pax Pax

Romana, a period of peace lasting Romana, a period of peace lasting 200 200 years.years.

The Pax Romana extended throughout the areas in red

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Section Two: describes Roman contributions to trade Section Two: describes Roman contributions to trade and law during the Pax Romanaand law during the Pax Romana

II. II. Pax RomanaPax Romana A. TradeA. Trade Terms to Learn: TariffsTerms to Learn: Tariffs

• 1. same coins used throughout the 1. same coins used throughout the empireempire

• 2. no tariffs on goods brought into the 2. no tariffs on goods brought into the countrycountry

• 3. Mediterranean cleared of pirates3. Mediterranean cleared of pirates• 4. goods from all over the world passed 4. goods from all over the world passed

over Roman roadsover Roman roads• 5. Italy becomes a manufacturing center 5. Italy becomes a manufacturing center

for pottery, bronze and woolen clothfor pottery, bronze and woolen cloth

Roman Road Network, 200 AD Rome maintainedOver 50,000 miles of roads within the empire

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=351328 Roman Roads 3:18

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How Roman Civilization Spread During the Pax Romana

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II. Cont. II. Cont. B. Law B. Law http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=466526 The Forumhttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=466526 The Forum

• 1. as the empire expanded new laws 1. as the empire expanded new laws written to be fairer to non-Romanswritten to be fairer to non-Romans

• 2. Roman judges helped by legal writers 2. Roman judges helped by legal writers called juris prudentescalled juris prudentes

• 3. 3. Everyone considered equal under the Everyone considered equal under the lawlaw

• 4. about 125 A.D. Roman law was4. about 125 A.D. Roman law was standardized.standardized.

(a.) eventually formed basis for laws of (a.) eventually formed basis for laws of most off western countries and the most off western countries and the Christian churchChristian church

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Section Three: discusses the daily life of Section Three: discusses the daily life of RomansRomans

III. Daily LifeIII. Daily Life A. 1 million A. 1 million

people lived in people lived in RomeRome

• 1. problems of city 1. problems of city lifelife

To commemorate the birth of Augustus (63 BC) two thousand years earlier, Mussolini commissioned a model of Rome as it appeared at the time of Constantine (AD 306-337), when the city had reached its greatest size. Constructed by Italo Gismondi from 1933-1937, later extended, and restored in 1990-1991, the model is built to 1:240 scale (as is the marble map of Severus) and extends more than fifty-five feet across.

Rome at its height from street level

The Five Good Emperors96-180

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, known as the Five Good Emperors, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD. following the Flavian Dynasty.

Among The Five Worst Emperors(there are many possible inclusions here)

1. Caligula (37-41)2. Elagabalus (218-224)3. Commodus (180-192)4. Nero (54-68)5. Domitian (81-96)

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347085

There were eleven aqueducts which supplied the ancient city of Rome.  When the city population was over a million, these waterworks supplied at least a cubic meter of water for each resident.  That is more than our modern water systems provide.

Run Time: [11:11] Claudius was Rome's most improbable ruler, but he was able to salvage the shaky empire and enhance the power Augustus had seized.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=227044 rise of the apartment run time 45 min.

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Run Time: [1 hour)] Run Time: [1 hour)] At the dawn of the first century, the ancient world was ruled by Rome. Learn how Rome's empire was threatened, At the dawn of the first century, the ancient world was ruled by Rome. Learn how Rome's empire was threatened,

faltered under the rule of tyrant emperors, faced civil war, and grew stronger and more resilient.faltered under the rule of tyrant emperors, faced civil war, and grew stronger and more resilient.

Publius Cornelius Tacitus (AD 56 – AD 117): life of Agricola chapter 30'They make a desert and call it peace.'

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1 Atrium2 Peristylium3 Vestibulum4 Fauces5 Impluvium6 Ala7 Triclinium

8 Tablinum9 Exhedra/Oecus10 Taberna11 Cubiculum12 Andron13 Posticum14 Bathroom15 Culina (kitchen)

The RomanThe Roman HouseHouse (Domus) (Domus)

http://www.villa-rustica.de/tour/toure.htm

l

Read The Vomitorium

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HypocaustHypocaust "heat from below", "heat from below", GreekGreek hypohypo meaning below or underneath meaning below or underneath

Detail of flues in a Roman wall.

Partially intact hypocaust floor at Bignor Roman Villa.

Hypocausts were used for heating public baths and private houses. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace (praefurnium) would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room. Ceramic box tiles were placed inside the walls to both remove the hot burned air, and also to heat the walls. Rooms requiring the most heat were placed closest to the furnace, whose heat could be increased by adding more wood to the fire. It was labour-intensive to run a hypocaust as it required constant attention to tend the fire, and expensive in fuel, so it was a feature of the villa and public baths.

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A Roman VillaA Roman Villa

VirtualTourVirtualTour

Welcome to the Roman Villa Rustica in Hechingen-Stein

We find ourselves in southwestern Germany between Stuttgart and Lake Constance at the end of the 1st century AD. For the past few years this area has been under Roman rule. In addition to castells (fortresses) and towns, Farming estates, in Latin villae rusticae, have developed to provide food for the inhabitants. Thus, a family, whose name we no longer know, decide to settle here in Hechingen-Stein and build a Villa Rustica.

For about 200 years, people live and work on this farm. It is deserted only after Roman rule in southwest Germany comes to an end. The villa is forgotten, gradually decays and is overgrown by the surrounding woods.http://www.villa-rustica.de/intro/indexe.html

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Present day Serbia

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Impact of bread during the rise and fall of the Roman Empire; also looks at how Impact of bread during the rise and fall of the Roman Empire; also looks at how

bread making became a specialized craft. 3:28bread making became a specialized craft. 3:28

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B. Rich people lived in aB. Rich people lived in a domusdomus C. Plebians lives in apartment housesC. Plebians lives in apartment houses D. The familyD. The family

1. father was head of the household1. father was head of the household 2. until 12 most Roman boys and girls went to school 2. until 12 most Roman boys and girls went to school

togethertogether 3. Curriculum 3. Curriculum

• (a.) reading(a.) reading• (b.) grammar(b.) grammar• (c.) writing(c.) writing• (d.) (d.) musicmusic musicmusic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbM0Uj84-8c&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbM0Uj84-8c&feature=related

7:18 The Pugnate (Latin: fight!)7:18 The Pugnate (Latin: fight!)

• (e.) geometry(e.) geometry• (f.) commercial arithmetic(f.) commercial arithmetic• (g.) shorthand(g.) shorthand

4. at 15 entered a school of rhetoric to prepare for a 4. at 15 entered a school of rhetoric to prepare for a political careerpolitical career

5. school in Athens or Alexandria for philosophy or 5. school in Athens or Alexandria for philosophy or medicinemedicine

6. at 12 formal education for girls stopped6. at 12 formal education for girls stopped 7. the Wealthy had slaves do the housework7. the Wealthy had slaves do the housework

Lararia for the House of Menander in Pompeii

The hydraulis or hydraulic organ was the first keyboard instrument in the history of world music and the ancestor of the later church organ. It consisted or one or more sets of metal pipes of different sizes which were supplied with air at constant pressure by a hydraulic mechanical device and activated, so as to produce sound, by special levers or keys. The hydraulis was a simple but ingenious structure which demonstrates the high level of technological thought which had been developed in antiquity. http://www.archaeologychannel.org/content/video/hydraulis_300kW.htmlhttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/x280ns_ancient-hydraulis_creation

Roman trumpeters (Tubicines) and Horn players (Cornicines) appear in Roman documents as early as the Fifth century B.C.E.. Beyond the obvious function of accompanying marching, musical instruments were used to sound the alarm, signal attack and retreat, signal formation changes during battles, or changes of the watch. The Romans had copper alloy horns and bronze trumpets called Buccinas. The latter were mainly military instruments and played only one or two notes, like most of the other trumpets of that period.

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The groups of the population The groups of the population Layer 1: Senators and large landownersThe senators stood at the top of the pyramid, in the first layer (the top of the society). They descended from the old nobility, and they were very rich and possessed large country-estates in the surroundings of Rome. The senators lived in the Rome and ruled the roost in the politics of the Roman Empire.

Layer 2: Rich businessmen, bankers and high military commandersIn the second group of the Roman society were the rich businessmen, the bankers and high military commanders located. This people came from high social circles too.

Layer 3: Small self-employedsThe small self-employed, like farmers and shopkeepers, came from this social group. This layer was group of the 'normal' citizens: schoolmasters, bakers, carpenters, butchers, artists and doctors. Sometimes the people from this layer had a rough time; it was often very difficult to keep your head above water. When this didn't succeed, these people landed in the 4th layer.

Layer 4: Proletarians (poor but free people)The proletarians were in the 4th group. They had no regular job and no real property too. They lived in insulae, the flats in the poor neighbourhoods of the city. The living circumstances in those insulae were real bad. When the proletarians couldn't find a job (very often the only job was seasonal work), they were completely dependent on their patronus.

Layer 5: The non-libertsAt the bottom of the Roman society were the non-liberts, the slaves located. They had no rights, and they were property of their master, so they could be sold. There were even slave-markets!

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III. Cont.III. Cont. E. At LeisureE. At Leisure

Terms to Learn: gladiatorTerms to Learn: gladiator

Places to Locate: Circus MaximusPlaces to Locate: Circus Maximus

• 1. public bathhouses1. public bathhouses

The BATHS OF TRAJAN, 96-118 AD. One example of the numerous imperial bath complexes in the city of Rome. The complex employed the standard triad of tepidarium (air-temperature room), caldarium (heated "sauna" room), and frigidarium (cold room, often with plunge bath) and much more. Baths were kept inexpensive to encourage public hygiene among all urban elements. Further amenities included sporting grounds or palaestrae, massage parlors, restaurants, lecture halls, and libraries. Seneca tells what it was like to live above a bathhouse, where one could hear, for weary hours, the slap of the masseur, the grunts of the exercisers, and the shouting of participants in the various games.

LATRINES OF THE BATH AT OSTIA: (near Rome) The Roman baths facilitated economies of scale, enabling municipalities to direct water from distant watersheds through aqueducts to supply the hygenic needs of the population. A much used facility was undoubtedly the public latrine, shown here, where human waste could be flushed by a constant flow of water running throughout the building.

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EntertainmentsEntertainments During the Republic Roman politicians sponsored public games to win people’s During the Republic Roman politicians sponsored public games to win people’s

votes. The practice continued and expanded under the empirevotes. The practice continued and expanded under the empire

Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot racesRomans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot races Held inHeld in Circus MaximusCircus Maximus——racetrack could hold 250,000 racetrack could hold 250,000 spectators spectators Circus Circus

Maximus ) chariot races andMaximus ) chariot races and

Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clownsAlso liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clowns

Public BathsPublic Baths Popular places for entertainmentPopular places for entertainment Romans well aware of importance of bathing, hygiene for healthRomans well aware of importance of bathing, hygiene for health Many public baths had steam rooms, meeting rooms, and pools for Many public baths had steam rooms, meeting rooms, and pools for

socializing socializing

Bloody SpectaclesBloody Spectacles Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheatersRomans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters Wild animals battled each other and professional fightersWild animals battled each other and professional fighters Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50,000Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50,000

Public EntertainmentPublic Entertainment

General Lewis Wallace

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• 2. gambling2. gambling• 3. gymnasiums3. gymnasiums• 4. sports4. sports

(a.) public games from dawns to dust.(a.) public games from dawns to dust. During the During the Republic Roman politicians sponsored public games to Republic Roman politicians sponsored public games to win people’s votes. The practice continued and expanded win people’s votes. The practice continued and expanded under the empireunder the empire

(b.) circuses, (b.) circuses, Circus MaximusCircus Maximus——racetrack could hold racetrack could hold 250,000 spectatorsCircus Maximus) chariot races 250,000 spectatorsCircus Maximus) chariot races

(c.) animals often used in the games, as many as 5,000 (c.) animals often used in the games, as many as 5,000 were used in a single daywere used in a single day

(d.) Gladiator contests most popular, performed in (d.) Gladiator contests most popular, performed in ColosseumColosseum

Emperor Vespasian videoA clip from the full video: Emperor Vespasian videoA clip from the full video: Rome: Rome: Engineering An EmpireEngineering An Empire

Bristol

Bristol Motor SpeedwayShot of The Octagon from UFC 74 ; Clay Guida vs. Marcus Aurelio

Are we going the way of the Romans?

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Run Time: [02:48] Run Time: [02:48] The impact and effect of centuries of rule by the Roman Empire can still be felt today in The impact and effect of centuries of rule by the Roman Empire can still be felt today in

everything from language to architecture to sports and relaxation.everything from language to architecture to sports and relaxation.©2005, National Geographic.©2005, National Geographic.

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http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/colosseum.htm

A very cool virtual tour of this site

Houston Astrodome (1965-2000)

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347422 12 :26 min

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Section Four: analyzes the causes of the fall Section Four: analyzes the causes of the fall of the Roman Empireof the Roman Empire

IV. Fall of the Roman EmpireIV. Fall of the Roman Empire A. By 476 A.D. Pax Romana was over A. By 476 A.D. Pax Romana was over

and the Empire had fallenand the Empire had fallen• 1. Marcus Aurelius “The Good Emperor” 1. Marcus Aurelius “The Good Emperor”

become emperor in 161 A.D. builds the become emperor in 161 A.D. builds the Pantheon Pantheon PantheonPantheon. . Roman ConcreteRoman Concrete

http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/pantheon.htm

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=347425

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Roman concrete (opus caementicium), like modern concrete, is an artificial building material composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. Aggregate is essentially a filler, such as gravel, chunks of stone and rubble, broken bricks, etc. Binding agent is a substance which is mixed with the aggregate wet (water added) and solidifies when it dries, or "sets." Many materials, even mud, can be a binding agent, and used to make, what we generally call, mortar

Concrete, as the Romans developed it, had some very definite technical and practical advantages over the traditional, and mainly Greek, methods of enclosing space by the use of cut-stone and post-and-beam structures. The advantages of opus caementicium can be summarized as follows: a) it was exceptionally strong and could span great distances when shaped into arches, vaults and domes; b) it had greater flexibility in molding space since concrete was virtually "poured" (or layered) into a formwork and took the shape of its container -- concrete is that sense is a "plastic" material; c) it did not requite special, skilled labor, therefore, it was cheaper; d) it was much faster to construct than laboriously cut ashlar masonry; e) since concrete-vaulted roofing was fireproof, unlike the wooden-beamed roofs of traditional systems, it was safer.

Different facing materials were well bonded with the concrete core of the wall and they could be veneered over by still another, this time a more decorative material. This surface veneer was often stucco or plaster, molded, patterned and painted (sometimes to imitate blocks of marble). In exceptionally fine buildings, budgets allowing, marble incrustation was used as a luxury material par excellence, even incorporating a decorative use of the orders as applied on the wall in the form of pilasters or half-columns

ROMAN CONCRETEROMAN CONCRETE

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B. Western Europe enters a “dark Age”B. Western Europe enters a “dark Age” C. Eastern half of Empire lasts another 1000 C. Eastern half of Empire lasts another 1000

yearsyears D. Reasons the Empire fellD. Reasons the Empire fell

• 1. 1. political chaospolitical chaos caused by no clear cut rules of caused by no clear cut rules of successionsuccession

(a.) with the death (a.) with the death of of Commodus Commodus (killed by his own (killed by his own bodyguardsbodyguards)) the legions begin a process legion fighting the legions begin a process legion fighting legion to enthrone their own candidateslegion to enthrone their own candidates

• 2. Economic2. Economic (a.) more and more of the empire’s revenue goes to(a.) more and more of the empire’s revenue goes to

paying the wages of soldiers to keep them happy and as paying the wages of soldiers to keep them happy and as a result taxes go upa result taxes go up

(b.) inflation causes prices to rise and money loses its (b.) inflation causes prices to rise and money loses its value and barter becomes commonvalue and barter becomes common

• 3. Foreign enemies3. Foreign enemies (a.) Germanic tribes from north and central Europe raid (a.) Germanic tribes from north and central Europe raid

Greece and Gaul, trade declines and cities fortify Greece and Gaul, trade declines and cities fortify themselves (3themselves (3rdrd century a troubled one) century a troubled one)

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IV. Cont.IV. Cont.• People to Know: Constantine IPeople to Know: Constantine I

• Diocletian Diocletian

• E. Diocletian E. Diocletian 1. ruled from 284-305 A.D.1. ruled from 284-305 A.D. 2. fortified the frontiers2. fortified the frontiers 3. reorganized state and provincial governments3. reorganized state and provincial governments 4. set controls for wages and goods4. set controls for wages and goods 5. workers ordered to stay in the same job until they 5. workers ordered to stay in the same job until they

dieddied 6. made city officials responsible for tax collection6. made city officials responsible for tax collection 7. established divine right rule7. established divine right rule 8. divided empire into two parts governed by two 8. divided empire into two parts governed by two

menmen TetrarchyTetrarchy When asked to resume the honors which he had voluntarily When asked to resume the honors which he had voluntarily

resigned, his reply wasresigned, his reply was, ", "Would you could see the Would you could see the vegetables planted by my hands at Salona, you vegetables planted by my hands at Salona, you would then never think of urging such an would then never think of urging such an attempt."attempt." He was the only Roman Emperor to remove himself He was the only Roman Emperor to remove himself from office; all of the others either died of natural causes or were from office; all of the others either died of natural causes or were removed by force.removed by force.

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Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

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F. Constantine IF. Constantine I 1. becomes emperor in 1. becomes emperor in 312 A.D312 A.D., rules until ., rules until

337 A.D.337 A.D. 2. ordered sons to follow their father’s 2. ordered sons to follow their father’s

tradestrades 3. sons of farmers had to stay and work the 3. sons of farmers had to stay and work the

landland 4. sons of ex soldiers had to serve in the 4. sons of ex soldiers had to serve in the

armyarmy 5. wealthy Romans escape govt. control by 5. wealthy Romans escape govt. control by

moving to villas away from tight Roman rulemoving to villas away from tight Roman rule 6. 330 A.D. Constantine moves capital east 6. 330 A.D. Constantine moves capital east

to Constantinopleto Constantinople

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IV. Cont.IV. Cont.

G. G. EndEnd of the Empire of the Empire• 1. German attacks increased in western 1. German attacks increased in western

EuropeEurope• 2. 2. 378 A.D. Germanic group defeat Roman 378 A.D. Germanic group defeat Roman

legions at Battle of Adrianoplelegions at Battle of Adrianople• http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316974 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=316974 Famous Battles 1:57 minFamous Battles 1:57 min

(a.) aided in victory by the iron stirrup borrowed from (a.) aided in victory by the iron stirrup borrowed from the Huns.the Huns.

(b.) (b.) 410 A.D. Germanic chief Alaric and his soldiers 410 A.D. Germanic chief Alaric and his soldiers invade Romeinvade Rome

(c.) The Roman Senate tells the people (c.) The Roman Senate tells the people ““You can You can no longer rely on Rome for finance or no longer rely on Rome for finance or direction. You are on your own.”direction. You are on your own.”

The Battle of Chalons (451 AD)

At Chalons or Chalons-sur-Marne (also referred to as the Battle of the Catalunian Plains, Maurica or Campus Mauriacus), the western Roman general Aetius with a coalition puts a stop to Attila's campaign in Gaul.

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Diamond lists eight factors which have historically contributed to the collapse of past societies:Deforestation and habitat destruction Soil problems (erosion, salinization, and soil fertility losses) Water management problems Overhunting Overfishing Effects of introduced species on native species Population growth Increased per-capita impact of people Further, he says four new factors may contribute to the weakening and collapse of present and future societies:Human-caused climate change Buildup of toxins in the environment Energy shortagesFull human utilization of the Earth’s photosynthetic capacity The root problem in all but one of Diamond's factors leading to collapse is overpopulation relative to the practicable (as opposed to the ideal theoretical) carrying capacity of the environment. The one factor not related to overpopulation is the harmful effect of accidentally or intentionally introducing nonnative species to a region.Diamond also states that "it would be absurd to claim that environmental damage must be a major factor in all collapses: the collapse of the Soviet Union is a modern counter-example, and the destruction of Carthage by

Rome in 146 BC is an ancient one. It's obviously true that military or economic factors alone may suffice" (p. 15).

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The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

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Pick one of the questions below to prepare Pick one of the questions below to prepare

and answer on tomorrow’s test.and answer on tomorrow’s test.

Compare the gladiatorial games to Compare the gladiatorial games to professional sports in the United professional sports in the United States. What similarities do you see?States. What similarities do you see?

List and explain the main reasons for List and explain the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire.the fall of the Roman Empire.