1) Canadian Airborne and Microwave Radiometer and Snow Survey campaigns in Support of International Polar Year.

2) New sea ice algorithm • Does not use a single tie point to represent a given ice surface but

uses a distribution for values. It then solves the radiometric equations 1000 times with random values from each distribution.

• Using an optimization procedure to solve the radiometric equations to estimate sea ice concentration rather than solving the equations deterministically.

• Generic in that can be applied to any combination of remote sensing data (combine scatterometer and passive microwave).

3) Canadian Operational Ice Services Satellite data assimilation Program

Posters on Applications of AMSR-E

Sea Ice Exchange between the Canadian Sea Ice Exchange between the Canadian Archipelago, the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay Archipelago, the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay

using using EnhancedEnhanced AMSR-E Imagery AMSR-E Imagery

Tom Agnew1, Andrew Lambe2, Linda Enciu2 and David Long3, 1 Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada2University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

3Brigham-Young University, U.S.A.

Freshwater Return via Fram Strait and the Archipelago

North Pacific

Fram Strait

Fram Strait FW• 2300 km3 liquid• 2400 km3 sea ice

Archipelago FW ?• 3200 km3 liquid • sea ice ? small

Spatially Enhanced AMSR-E

Daily AMSR-E Tb products use drop-in-the-bucket method of combining swath data into a daily average product projected on the polar grid.

Spatial image enhancement developed by Prof. David Long at BYU called Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR). The method uses knowledge of the scan geometry and the antenna pattern of the sensor to increase the spatial resolution of the data and multiple estimates of Tb from different orbits to reduce pixel noise.

AMSR-E resolution:- 89 GHz 3 km compared to 6 km- Similar percentage improvements in the other channels- Available at (ftp://ftp.scp.byu.edu/pub/amsre)- Data has been processed from June 2002 to end of 2007

By processing only the ascending orbits (daytime) and descending orbits (nighttime) get two products each day. Each pixel in the image is valid for a specific local time with a discontinuity along the 180° longitude.

AMSR-E 89 GHz drop-in-the bucketResolution = 6 km. Eachpixel is a daily average.

Enhanced AMSR-E 89 GHzResolution = 3 km. Each pixel is valid for a specific time.

89 GHz False Color Image (R=H, G=H, B=V)

Animation of Enhanced AMSR Imagery

Sea ice Transport in the Archipelago

Estimating Sea Ice Motion from AMSR-E

Maximum cross correlation (MCC) between pairs of satellite images is used to estimate daily sea ice motion. From this enhanced imagery we can get an independent estimate of ice motion every 15 km.

By combining sea ice motion and sea ice concentration we can get an estimate of ice area flux.

Analyzed 5 years from September 2002 to June 2007 however because of increased atmospheric moisture in the summer months we cannot get ice motions in July and August

AMSR Sea ice Motion using MCC

January 7-8, 2003

Fluxgates surrounding the Archipelago

Flux in the unit normal direction is negative

AGMS

LS

JS

Daily ice area flux through AG and MS gates

Negative flux mean export into the Arctic Ocean

MS

-2500

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200209 200309 200409 200509 200609

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a (

km2 )

+ flux = into Archipelago- flux = into Arctic Ocean

AG

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Daily ice area flux through QEI-S and N gates

Negative flux means export into the Arctic Ocean

QEI-S

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QEI-N

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Daily ice area flux through LS and JS gates

Positive flux means export into Baffin Bay

LS

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a (

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+ flux = into Baffin Bay- flux = into Archipelago

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Total 10-month Area Fluxes (103 km2) each year

Year AG MS QEI-S QEI-N LS JS

2002/03 -77 -39 7 -5 63 -1

2003/04 -29 1 -4 -6 79 3

2004/05 -31 -10 -10 8 58 1

2005/06 -20 -12 2 8 63 0

2006/07 -53 -1 4 -1 77 -2

5-year average

-42 -12 0 0 68 0

Estimated ice thickness (m)

1 2.5 3.4 3.4 1.5 1.5

Volume flux (km3)

-42 -30 0 0 102 0

Yearly Sea Ice Production and Export in the Canadian Archipelago

• The Canadian Archipelago is a region of net sea ice production and export into Both the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay.

• Over the 2002 to 2007 period the Archipelago produced and export 122,000 km2/yr of sea ice area (~174 km3) of sea ice.

Sea ice Flux

-150

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0

50

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02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 Average

Are

a F

lux

( 10

3 km

2 )

JS

LS

MS

AG

Export into Arctic Ocean

Export into Baffin Bay

• Enhanced AMSR-E imagery can be used to estimate sea ice motion in the main channels of the Archipelago. Increased atmospheric absorption prevents estimation in July and August.

• The largest flux variability and largest fluxes occur through Amundsen and M’Clure Strait which exports ice the Arctic Ocean and Lancaster Sound with a net export of ice into Baffin Bay. Daily area fluxes can be as large as +/- 2500 km2.

• For this 5-year period, 54000 km2 or 72 km3 of sea ice is exported into the Arctic Ocean each year and 68000 km2 or 102 km3 into Baffin Bay. This sea ice is generated within the Archipelago itself mainly from the system of stationary and transient polynyas which form each winter. There is very little direct transport of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean through the Archipelago to Baffin Bay.

• These ice fluxes are considerably less than the flux of sea ice through Fram Strait (~ 2800 km3 yr-1 ), the southward ice area transport Baffin Bay ~ 530 x 103 km2 .

Conclusions

• Future work analyzed enhanced SSM/I imagery (from 1988) estimate ice area fluxes for a much longer period.

Conclusions

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:Canadian IPYCanadian IPYUS NSF/SEARCHUS NSF/SEARCHNSIDCNSIDCIABPIABP

AMSR Sea ice Motion using MCC

March 3-4, 2003

AMSR Sea ice Motion using MCC

March 3-4, 2003

Local Pixel Time for Nighttime Orbits

Animation of Enhanced AMSR Imagery

Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E)

For Arctic monitoring and research, satellite microwave has an advantage over other satellite sensors because it can ‘see’ through cloud and during 24-hour darkness.

AMSR-E is a passive sensor with resolution has been improved to ~ 3 km and it has daily repeat coverage of the entire Arctic. From it we can get daily sea ice motion and sea ice concentration estimates in the main channels of the Canadian Archipelago.

Maximum cross correlation (MCC) between pairs of satellite images is used to estimate daily sea ice motion. From this enhansed imagery we can get an independent estimate of ice motion every 15 km.

By combining sea ice motion and sea ice concentration we can get an estimate of ice area flux.

Analyzed 5 years from September 2002 to June 2007 however because of increased atmospheric moisture in the summer months we cannot get ice motions in July and August

Cross gradient pressure /ice flux relationshipMS Gate

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QEI-N Gate

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