1 book cover here chapter 23 terrorism and urban disorder criminal investigation: a method for...

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Book CoverHere

Chapter 23

TERRORISM AND URBAN DISORDER

Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past, 7th Edition

Copyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved

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Terrorism

• Terrorism investigations are much different than traditional types of investigations

• 9/11 changed everything• Department of Homeland Security

– Massive reorganization• Focus on intelligence-gathering• Massive training for state & local police

– State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT) program


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Terrorism and Urban Disorder

• USA PATRIOT Act – grants expanded authority to law enforcement in terms of:– Gathering intelligence– Surveillance– Collection of information

• Internationally initiated and “homegrown”• Suicide bombers• Urban gangs


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Terrorism Typology

• Violent political movements• Single-issue or special-interest groups• Racial, ethnic, or religious threats• Global economic movements• Hate groups and anti-immigration movements


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Terrorism

Terrorism …

… is the unlawful use or threat of violence against persons or property to further political or social objectives. It is generally intended to intimidate or coerce a government, individuals or groups to modify their behavior or policies.

(Vice President’s Task Force, 1986)

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World Trade Center 9/11


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Types of Terrorist Activities• Conspiracy• Murder (assassination)• Kidnapping• Hijacking (skyjacking)• Bombing/Arson• Robbery and Extortion• Manufacturing/possessing radiological, chemical,

biological, or nuclear weapons or materials to make them

• Raising funds for terrorist groups cyber-attacks on computer/tech systems


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Legal Aspects• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention

Act of 2004• Constraints on Intelligence-Gathering Activities• Court Proceedings

– Investigators need to pay close attention to:• Rules of evidence• Maintenance of detailed records• Procedural requirements in case preparation


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Terrorism Investigations

• Terrorist Suspects– Modus operandi– Suicide Bombers

• Physical Evidence – Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Nuclear• Biological • Chemical


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Investigations

• Proactive Investigations– Information and Intelligence

• Psychological motives

– Conducting the Investigation • Reactive Investigations

– Depending on the facts, interviews, and surveillance can yield further information that must be followed up on


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Investigation Constraints

• First Amendment concerns• Reasonable suspicion

– The belief of a reasonably prudent person, based on specific, articulate facts, that an investigation is justified to determine if “probable cause” exists to issue a warrant, or to support some other appropriate police action

• USA PATRIOT Act


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Types of Terrorism and Violent Groups

• Domestic Terrorist Groups– Left-wing extremists– Right-wing extremists (e.g., KKK)– Single-issue or special interest

• Ecological movements• Animal rights• Agro-terrorist• Anti-abortion violent offenders


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Urban Violence and StreetGang Investigations

• Gangs– Organizational structure– Cross-jurisdictional– Operations/activities

• Types of Attacks– Assassination – Kidnapping– Random violence

• Strategic InitiativesCopyright © 2014, Elsevier Inc. All

Rights Reserved

1 book cover here chapter 23 terrorism and urban disorder criminal investigation: a method for...

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