1 benzodiazepines use, misuse, abuse and poisoning karen e. simone, pharmd, dabat northern new...
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![Page 1: 1 Benzodiazepines Use, Misuse, Abuse and Poisoning Karen E. Simone, PharmD, DABAT Northern New England Poison Center simonk@mmc.org 207-662-7221](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649d3b5503460f94a1626f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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BenzodiazepinesUse, Misuse, Abuse and Poisoning
Karen E. Simone, PharmD, DABATNorthern New England Poison Center
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Contents
•Poison Center Overview
•Types of Hotline Calls
•Benzodiazepine Perspective
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Northern New England Poison Center
• Certified by the American Association of Poison
Control Centers (AAPCC) in November 2004
– Staff
– Hotline
– Outreach
– Surveillance
– Research
Funding: Maine Medical Center/MaineHealth; Fletcher Allen Health Care; States of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont; Health Resources and Services Administration; United Ways of Greater Portland, York, Kennebec Valley; Denver Health (surveillance projects)
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Types of Calls – Poisoning Reasons
• Unintentional– General, environmental, misuse, therapeutic error, occupational,
good poisoning, bite/sting
• Intentional– Abuse, misuse, suicide attempt
• Other– Malicious, tampering/contamination, withdrawal
• Adverse effect– Drug, chemical, other
• Unknown– Drug, chemical, other
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Types of Calls – Question Types
• Substance Abuse– Identification, effects, drug screens, withdrawal
• Medication– Pharmacology, adverse effects, interactions, withdrawal
• Toxicology– General, environmental, food poisoning, pregnancy/lactation
• Prevention/safety– Plants, lectures/health fairs, printed materials
• Occupation– Safety, monitoring
• Medical/legal/other– Drug, chemical, other
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Benzodiazepines Poisoning Victims
Age and Gender
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Poisonings by Age(N=29,249)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
All Poisonings (cases)
Benzodiazepine Poisonings (citings)
Human poisonings, known ages
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BenzodiazepinesAs a Percentage of Poisonings by Age
(N=29,249)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Per
cen
tag
e o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Benzodiazepine Poisoning - Age and Gender(N = 1,044)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Males
Females
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Benzodiazepine Poisonings - Age and GenderIntentional - Substance Abuse
(N = 101)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Males
Females
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Benzodiazepine Poisonings - Age and GenderIntentional - Suicide Attempt
(N = 616)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Males
Females
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Benzodiazepines Poisoning Victims
Reason by Age
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Reason for Poisoning by Age (cases)(N = 28,971)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Unintentional
Intentional
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Reason for Benzodiazepine Poisoning by Age (citings)
0
50
100
150
200
250
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Unintentional
Intentional
(N = 1,026)
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Reason for Unintentional Benzodiazepine Animal Poisoning
Accessed medicine from:• Floor• Trash container• Medicine bottle (chewed)
– Mom’s or Dad’s– Grandma’s– Sitter’s
Effects: vomiting, wobbly legs, unsteady on paws
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Reason for Unintentional Benzodiazepine Child Poisoning
Similar to pet, also note:• Therapeutic error (parent’s anti-anxiety instead
of child’s attention deficit medication)• Accessed from drug-dealing situation• Accessed from pill reminder• Other medications sometimes involved
Effects: ataxia, lethargy, slurred speech, dizziness, vomiting, (respiratory depression if other medications involved)
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Reason for Unintentional Benzodiazepine Poisoning by Age (citings)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
General
Therapeutic Error
(N = 269)
Adverse Effect
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Reason for Intentional Benzodiazepine Poisoning by Age (citings)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
< 6 6 - 12 13 - 19 20s 30s 40s 50s > 60
Age in Years
Nu
mb
er o
f P
ois
on
ing
s
Suicide Attempt
Abuse
(N = 757)
MisuseWithdrawal
Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
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Benzodiazepines
How frequent?
Which ones?
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22Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
Poisonings - Suicide (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Substance Categories(SASRS Database)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Antidepressants
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like
Non-Opioid Analgesics without sedatives (aspirin, Tylenol®)
Antipsychotics (atypical)
Alcohol/Alcohol-containing (mouthwash, hair spray)
Opioids
Anticonvulsants/Mood Stabilizers
Non-Opioid Analgesics with Sedatives (Fiorinal®, Fioricet®,Midrin, Tylenol PM®)Cardiovascular (Heart)
Antihistamines (sedating)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
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23Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
Exposures - Suicide (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Benzodiazepines(SASRS Database)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Clonazepam (Klonopin®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Other/unknownbenzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Lorazepam (Ativan®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Zolpidem (Ambien®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Alprazolam (Xanax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Diazepam (Valium®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Eszopiclone/Zopiclone(Lunesta®, Imovane®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Temazepam (Restoril®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Chlordiazepoxide(Librium®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Zaleplon (Sonata®)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
Sub Group Name
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24Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
Poisonings - Abuse (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Substance Categories(SASRS Database)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Stimulants and Street DrugsOpioidsAlcohol/Alcohol-containing (mouthwash, hair spray)Asthma, Cold and Cough, Eye, Ear, Nose and ThroatBenzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-likeAntidepressantsPotential Inhalant (Likely to be Abused)Antihistamines (sedating)Antipsychotics (atypical)Non-Opioid Analgesics without sedatives (aspirin, Tylenol®)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
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25Human poisonings, known ages, known reasons
Poisonings - Abuse (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Benzodiazepines(SASRS Database)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Clonazepam (Klonopin®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Other/unknownbenzodiazepineBenzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Alprazolam (Xanax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Diazepam (Valium®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Lorazepam (Ativan®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Zolpidem (Ambien®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Eszopiclone/Zopiclone(Lunesta®, Imovane®)Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Temazepam (Restoril®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Oxazepam (Serax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Chlordiazepoxide(Librium®)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
Sub Group Name
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Benzodiazepines
Substance Abuse
Questions
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Substance Abuse-Related Questions (Citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Substance Categories (SASRS Database)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Opioids
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like
Unknown Drug
Non-Opioid Analgesics without sedatives (aspirin, Tylenol®)
Antidepressants
Cardiovascular (Heart)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Stimulants and Street Drugs
Antibiotics and Other Anti-infectives, Vaccines
Other Drug (Chemotherapy, Radiopharmaceuticals, Diagnostic,Hormones, Antidiabetic, Antithyroid)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
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Substance Abuse-Related Questions (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Benzodiazepines (SASRS Database)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Clonazepam (Klonopin®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Alprazolam (Xanax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Lorazepam (Ativan®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Diazepam (Valium®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Temazepam (Restoril®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Eszopiclone/Zopiclone(Lunesta®, Imovane®)Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Oxazepam (Serax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Clorazepate (Tranxene®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Zolpidem (Ambien®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Chlordiazepoxide(Librium®)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
Sub Group Name
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Law Enforcement Questions (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Substance Categories(SASRS Database)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
OpioidsBenzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-likeNon-Opioid Analgesics without sedatives (aspirin, Tylenol®)AntidepressantsUnknown DrugSkeletal Muscle RelaxantsAntibiotics and Other Anti-infectives, VaccinesCardiovascular (Heart)Stimulants and Street DrugsStomach and Bladder (other than opioid or anticholinergics)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
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Law Enforcement Questions (citings)Northern New England Poison Center
Top 10 Benzodiazepines(SASRS Database)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
Quarter3
Quarter4
Quarter1
Quarter2
2004 2005 2006 2007
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Clonazepam (Klonopin®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Alprazolam (Xanax®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Diazepam (Valium®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Lorazepam (Ativan®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Zolpidem (Ambien®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Temazepam (Restoril®)
Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Chlordiazepoxide(Librium®)Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Eszopiclone/Zopiclone(Lunesta®, Imovane®)Benzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Other/unknownbenzodiazepineBenzodiazepines/Benzodiazepine-like - Oxazepam (Serax®)
County All County
Count
Year Quarter
Group Name
Sub Group Name