Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles (Table 6.4)SuperficialTrapezius - External occipital protuberance

- Nuchal ligament to C7-T12 spinous processes

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and scapula spine

- Descending – ELV scapula- Middle or all – RETR scapula- Ascending – DEP scapula- Descending & Ascending UPROT

Latissimus Dorsi - Spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae- Fascia- Iliac crest- Inferior 3 or 4 ribs

Intertubercular groove of humerus

- EXT humerus- AD humerus- MEDROT humerus- DOWNROT scapula- DEPR scapula- RETR scapula

DeepLevator Scapulae - Transverse processes of C1-C4

vertebraeSuperior medial border of scapula

- ELEV scapula- DOWNROT scapula

RhomboidsMinor (superior)Major (inferior)

- Nuchal ligament- Spinous processes (C7-T5)

Medial border of scapula - ELEV scapula- RETR scapula- DOWNROT scapula

Muscles: Their Origin, Insertion, Action and InnervationMuscle: Origin: Insertion: Action: FL, EX, PF, DF, INV, EV,

INROT, EXROT, AB, AD, etc…Innervation:

Anterior Axioappendicular Muscles (Table 6.3)Pectoralis Major 1. Clavicular head – clavicle

2. Sternocostal head – sternum, and costal cartilage

Lateral to intertubercular groove on humerus

- AD humerus- MEDROT humerus

1. Clavicle head –FL humerus2. Sternocostal head –EX humerus

- PROT and DEPR scapulaPectoralis Minor 3rd to 5th ribs Coracoid process - DEP (inferior) scapula

- PROTR (anteriorly) scapula- DOWNROT scapula

Subclavius 1st rib Clavicle – inferior surface DEP clavicleSerratus Anterior 1st-8th ribs

[Or 2nd-9th ribs (varies between humans)]

Anterior surface of scapula’s medial border

- PROT scapula- UPROT scapula- DEP scapula

Muscles: Their Origin, Insertion, Action and InnervationMuscle: Origin: Insertion: Action: FL, EX, PF, DF, INV, EV,

INDROT, EXROT, AB, AD, etc…Innervation:

Scapulohumeral Muscles (Table 6.6)Deltoid - Lateral 3rd of clavicle

- Acromion- Scapula spine

Deltoid tuberosity on humerus - Clavicular (anterior): FL and MEDROT humerus- Acromial (middle):AB humerus- Spinal (posterior): EX and LATROT humerus

Teres Major“Lat’s little helper”

- Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

Medial to intertubercular groove of humerus

- AD humerus- MEDROT humerus

Rotator Cuff Muscles2. Supraspinatus(Supraspinus)

Supraspinous fossa of scapula Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Initiates and assists deltoid in AB of humerus

3. Infrapinatus(Posterior)

Middle part of lateral border of scapula

Inferior facet of greater tubercle on humerus

LATROT humerus

4. Teres Minor(Posterior)

Middle part of lateral border of scapula

Inferior facet of greater tubercle on humerus

LATROT humerus

1. Subscapularis(Anterior)

Subscapular fossa of scapula Lesser tubercle of humerus MEDROT humerus

Anterior Arm MusclesBiceps BrachiiShort head – medialLong Head – lateral

Short head: coracoid process of scapulaLong head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

- Radial tuberosity- Biciptal

- FL forearm at elbow- SUP forearm

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process Middle third of medial humerus

FL arm (shoulder)AD arm (shoulder)

Brachialis Distal half of anterior humerus Coronoid process (ulna) FL forearm (elbow) at all positionsPosterior Arm MusclesTriceps BrachiiLong Head – PROX (MED, SUPFIC)Lateral Head – INTM(LAT, SUPFIC)Medial Head – DIS (deep)

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapulaLateral head: posterior surface of humerusMedial head: posterior surface of humerus

Olecranon of ulna - EX forearm (elbow)- Long head: adducts shoulder

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Olecranon and posterior surface of ulna

EX forearm (elbow)

Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Action: FL, EX, PF, DF, INV, EV, INROT, EX, AB, AD, etc…

Innervation:

Flexors – Anterior Forearm MusclesSuperficial (4 muscles)Pronator TeresUlnar headHumeral head

ANT, crosses MED to LAT

Ulnar head: coronoid processHumeral head: common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

Lateral surface of radius Pronates forearm

Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)

Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

Base of 2nd metacarpal - FL hand (wrist)- AB hand (wrist)

Palmaris Longus(Absent in 14% of ppl)

Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

- Flexor retinaculum- Palmar aponeurosis

FL hand (wrist)

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) - MED

Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

- Pisiform- Hook of hamate- 5th metacarpal

- FL hand (wrist)- AD hand (wrist)

Intermediate (1 muscle)

Flexor digitorum superficiali (FDS) – one flat panel

Humeroulnar head: common flexor origin on medial epicondyleRadial head: superior hald of anterior border

Shafts of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits (2nd to 5th)

- FL middle phalanges at IP joint- FL proximal phalanges at MP joints

Deep (3rd and 4th layers – 3 muscles)Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) – anterior/medial

- Proximal three quarters of medial and anterior surface of ulna- Interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanges of 2nd to 5th digits

FL distal phalanges (DIP)

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) – cross ulna to thumb, anterior/lateral

- Anterior surface of radius- Interosseous membrane

Base of distal phalanx of thumb

FL phalanges of 1st digit (thumb)

Pronator Quadratus“band over wrist”

Distal quarter of anterior surface of ulna

Distal quarter of anterior surface of radius

Pronates forearm

Extensors – Posterior Forearm MusclesSuperficial Layer (6 muscles)Brachioradialis Lateral supraepicondylar ridge of

humerusLateral surface of distal end of radius (proximal to styloid process)

- Weak FLXor of forearm (elbow) – maximal in mid-pronated position

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)

Lateral supraepicondylar ridge of humerus

Dorsal aspect of base of 2nd metacarpal

- EX hand (wrist)- AD hand (wrist)

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Dorsal aspect of base of 3rd metacarpal

- EX hand (wrist)-AB hand (wrist)

Extensor Digitorum Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Extensor expansions of medial four digits

- EX medial 4 digits at MP joints and IP joints- EX hand (wrist)

Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)

Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Extensor Expansion of 5th digit EX 5th digit at MP joint and IP joint

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

Lateral epicondyle of humerus Dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal

- EX hand (wrist)- AD hand (wrist)

Deep Layer (5 muscles)Supinator - Lateral epicondyle of humerus

- Crest of ulnaLateral, posterior and anterior surfaces of proximal 3rd of raduis

Supinates forewarm

Extensor Indicis Posterior surface of distal 3rd of ulna

Extensor expansion of 2nd digit - EX 2nd digit (main function) MCP and IP joints- EX hand (wrist)

Abductor Pollicis Longus

- Posterior surface of proximal halves of ulna- Radius- Interosseous membrane

Base of 1st metacarpal - AB thumb- EX thumb at carpometacarpal joint

Extensor Pollicis Longus

- Posterior surface of middle third of ulna- Interosseous membrane

Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb

- EX distal phalanx of thumb at IP joint- EX MP and carpometacarpal joints

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

- Posterior surface of distal third of radius- Interosseous membrane

Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb

- EX proximal phalanx of thumb at MP joint- EX carpometacarpal joints