1 analgesic & anti inflammatory drugs analgesic & anti inflammatory drugs
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ANALGESIC & ANALGESIC & ANTI INFLAMMATORY ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUGSDRUGS
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PAINPAIN
Pain is always a subjective experience Everyone learns the meaning of “pain” through
experiences usually related to injuries in early life As an unpleasant sensation it becomes an
emotional experience Pain is a significant stress physically, emotionally
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TYPESTYPES Somatic pain: caused by the activation of
pain receptors in either the cutaneous (the body surface) or deeper tissues (musculoskeletal tissues).
Visceral pain: pain that is caused by activation of pain receptors from infiltration, compression, extension or stretching of the thoracic, abdominal or pelvic viscera (chest, stomach and pelvic areas).
Neuropathic pain: caused by injury to the nervous system either as a result of a tumor compressing nerves or the spinal cord, or cancer actually infiltrating into the nerves or spinal cord.
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Various Descriptors of PainVarious Descriptors of Pain
Mild Moderate Severe Acute Chronic Malignant
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Treatment Treatment
Non – opioid analgesics Salicylates , NSAID’s, Cox 2 inhibitors
Opioid analgesics – Morphine, Pethidine..
Both can be used in combined therapy.
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Most of the drugs used as analgesics have the property of anti inflammatory actions also.
Some of these drugs have anti-pyretic property also.
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Anti-Inflammatory DrugsAnti-Inflammatory Drugs
Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
(NSAID’s)
Steroidal agents
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ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINSROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINS Cell Membrane (phospholipids) phospholipase A2
Arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase aspirin, indomethacin (COX1 & COX2) Cyclic endoperoxides (PGG2, PGH2) prostacyclin prostaglandin thromboxane synthetase synthetase synthetase
prostacyclin PGE2 PGF2 Thromboxane A2
PDX, PGI2
(vasodilator, (erythma (vasodilator (vasoconstriction antiaggregating) edema uterus contractor) platelet
agregation) pain, fever)
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NSAID’s (NSAID’s (Nonselective COX Inhibitors)Nonselective COX Inhibitors)
Salicylic acid derivatives: Aspirin, Diflunisal etc
Para-aminophenol derivatives: Acetaminophen
Indole and indene acetic acids: Indomethacin
Heteroaryl acetic acids: Tolmetin, Ketorolac
Propionic acids: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen etc
Anthranilic acids (Fenamates): Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamate
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NSAIDs NSAIDs Selective COX 2 InhibitorsSelective COX 2 Inhibitors
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Celecoxib (Celebrex) Valdecoxib
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SalicylatesSalicylates Aspirin: prototype
Aspirin uniquely inactivates COX by irreversibly acetylating the enzyme.
Uses Pain (analgesic): moderate dose Fever (anti pyretic): moderate dose Anti inflammatory: high dose Anti platelet: low dose
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Therapeutic uses: Control of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout, Osteoarthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis and prophylaxis against platelet aggregation. & other pains.
Adverse effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, Peptic ulcer, Hypersensivity, ↑ bleeding time , renal dysfunction (chronic use), bronchospasm, hyperuricemia, hyperthermia at large doses (cause of death).
Reye syndrome: encephalopathy, fatty infiltration of the liver, kidney, spleen
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Salicylism: due to toxic doses causes tinnitus, vertigo, ↓ hearing, confusion, hallucination, delirium, coma and death from respiratory failure
Treatment: no specific antidote ↑ urinary Ph, gastric lavage +/-
activated charcoal, dialysis
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Salicylates (continued)Salicylates (continued)
Diflunisal: difluorophenyl derivative of salicylic acid. Diflunisal is more potent than aspirin in
analgesic & anti-inflammatory actions. However, it is largely devoid of antipyretic effects.
Longer duration (half-life:8-12 hrs vs. 2.5 hrs for salicylates).
Fewer and less intense gastrointestinal and antiplatelet effects than does aspirin.
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Indole and Indene Acetic AcidsIndole and Indene Acetic Acids Indomethacin:
Indomethacin is a potent reversible inhibitor of the COX.
The toxicity of indomethacin limits its use in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, gouthy arthritis and osteoarthritis.
SE: Thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis• Sulindac: an indene derivative
It must be reduced to sulfide metabolites to become active form of NSAID.
Sulindac has been used mainly for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
SE: stevens-johnson syndrome, hematotoxicity
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Phenyl Acetic Acid Derivatives Phenyl Acetic Acid Derivatives
Diclofenac: phenyl acetic acid derivative It is a COX inhibitor, and its potency is
substantially greater than that of indomethacin.
Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) is approved for the long-term symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
It can also be used for short-term treatment of acute musculoskeletal injury, acute painful shoulder, postoperative pain and Dysmenorrhea.
Toxic effects: gastrointestinal effects are the most common.
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Propionic Acid DerivativesPropionic Acid Derivatives Propionic acid derivatives are used for the
symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and acute gouty arthritis.
Ibuprofen: Naproxen: The half-life of naproxen in plasma is
about 14 hrs. Ketoprofen: Oxaprozin: It is unique among propionic
acid derivatives because it can be administered once daily.
Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen
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Selective COX-2 inhibitorsSelective COX-2 inhibitors
Celecoxib (celebrex): It has been approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The recommended dose for treatment osteoarthritis is 200 mg per day as a single dose or as two 100-mg doses.
Causes less GIT toxicity Less antiplatelet action Potential cardiotoxicity which resulted in its
withdrawal from the market (rofecoxib) SE: abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia CI: pts allergic to aspirin, chronic renal
insufficiency, severe heart disease, volume depletion and hepatic failure.
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OthersOthersAcetaminophen Inhibits mainly PG in CNS – antipyretic
& analgesic ation No anti inflammatory action No anti platelet action No effect on uric acid Not known to cause Reye syndrome Not bronchospastic
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Good for pt’s with aspirin SE. Analgesic and antipyretic in viral infections in
children Conjugated in the liver to form sulfated
metabolite A portion is hydroxylated to form N-
acetylbenzoiminoquinone a highly reactive and potentially dangerous metabolite that reacts with sulfhydryl groups.
At normal doses, it reacts with the sulfhydryl grp of glutathione, forming a nontoxic substance which is excreted in urine
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SE: Not much with normal doses, High doses –N acetyl benzoiminoquinone
reacts with sulfhydryl groups of hepatic proteins.
Can lead to hepatic necrosis and also renal tubular necrosis.
Anti dote – N - acetylcysteine
DISEASE MODIFYING DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS(DMARDS)DRUGS(DMARDS) NSAIDS are commonly used for the initial
management of RA, but require high doses which generally results in marked adverse effects
The NSAIDS decrease swelling and pain but have no effect on the progression of the joint damage
DMARDS slow disease progression, so used in combination with NSAIDS 24
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DMARDSDMARDS
These drugs are relatively toxic, and they are reserved for patients with progressive disease, refractory cases or patients unable to tolerate standard medications.
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Gold compounds: Aurothioglucose, Gold sodium thiomalate, and auranofin Mechanism: Gold compounds are taken
up by macrophages and suppress phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme activity.
USES; cannot repair existing damage, rather can only prevent further injury.
Toxicity: Lesions of the mucous membranes include dermatitis, nephrotoxicity, pharyngitis etc. Severe blood dyscrasias also may occur.
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Miscellaneous agents for rheumatoid Miscellaneous agents for rheumatoid arthritis (continued)arthritis (continued)
Immunosuppressive agents, : Azathioprine, Methotrexate
Of the cytotoxic immunosuppressant, only Azathioprine and low oral doses of methotrexate have been approved for treatment of RA.
Penicillamine: orally effective alternatives to gold in the treatment of patients with early, mild, and nonerosive disease.
It suppresses T-cell and circulating rheumatoid factor.
Toxicities: various cutaneous lesions, blood dyscrasias etc.
Antimalarial agents: Hydroxychloroquine
Anticytokine therapies in RAAnticytokine therapies in RA
IL-1 and TNF-α are proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of RA
Secreted by synovial macrophages, stimulates synovial cells to proliferate and synthesize collagenase, thereby degrading cartilage, stimulating bone resorption and proteoglycan synthesis
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Etanercept: recombinant form of TNF receptor that binds TNF
Infliximab, Adalimumab: a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor
Other uses: infliximab (crohn disease) Anakinra: a IL-1 receptor antagonist S.E: infections, reactions at injection sites
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Gouty arthritisGouty arthritis An acute attack of gout occurs as a
result of an inflammatory reaction to crystals of sodium urate that are deposited in the joint tissue.
The inflammatory response involves: Local infiltration of granulocytes,
which phagocytize the urate crystals.
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Tophaceous deposit: sodium urate deposits in and around joints in cartilage, bone, bursa and subcutaneous tissue.
Uric acid nephrolithiasis: formation of urate stone
CAUSES OF GOUTCAUSES OF GOUT
Overproduction of uric acid Under excretion of uric acid
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Therapeutic goal of treatmentTherapeutic goal of treatment
Interfering with uric acid synthesis Increasing uric acid excretion Inhibiting leukocyte entry into the affected
joint Administration of NSAIDs
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Drugs for acute treatment of goutDrugs for acute treatment of gout
Indomethacine: decrease the movement of granulocytes into the affected area
NSAIDs: to decrease pain and inflammation Glucocorticoids
Aspirin is contraindicated because it competes with uric acid for organic acid secretion by the PCT
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TREATMENT OF CHRONIC TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GOUTGOUT Allopurinol: its metabolite, alloxanthine, is
an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, which is required to synthesize uric acid.
Adverse effects: GIT distress, peripheral neuropathy, rash and stone formation
It inhibits the metabolism of 6-MP
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Colchicine: it is largely effective only against gouty arthritis.- MOA: binds to tubulin causing its
depolymerization which inhibits the migration of granulocytes into the inflamed area and a decreased metabolic and phagocytic activity of granulocytes
- It also blocks cell division by binding to mitotic spindle
- Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- Toxic effects: hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, extensive vascular damage, nephrotoxicity, and muscular depression.
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Drugs used in the treatment of gout Drugs used in the treatment of gout (continued) (continued) Uricosuric drugs: sulfinpyrazone and probenecid
These drugs, at higher doses, block proximal tubular reabsorption of urate, thus increasing urinary excretion of uric acid and lowering serum urate concentration.
It is ineffective if GFR is <50mL/minProbenecid:- Liberal fluid intake should be maintained
throughout therapy.- The uricosuric action of Probenecid is
blunted by administration of salicylates