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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO CFCs AND HCFCs

OZONE CELL

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS

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INTRODUCTION

Significant progress has been made in eliminating Ozone Depleting Substances since the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol in 1987.

India became party to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone layer on 19th June, 1991 and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the ozone layer on 17th September, 1992.

India was classified as a party operating under Paragraph-1, Article-5 of the Montreal Protocol and thus qualified for technical and financial assistance, including transfer of technology, through the financial mechanism of the Montreal Protocol.

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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ?

India has phased out production and consumption of CFCs, CTC and halons except use of pharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing of Metered Dose Inhalers for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients.

The use of CFC, CTC and halon has been phased out with the appropriate technology transfer and using alternate non-ODS technology.

The substitute technologies have been identified in the Foam, Refrigeration & Air conditioning, Aerosol and various other sectors for phasing out ODSs and switching over to non-ODS.

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Montreal Protocol on Alternatives: An Introduction

Providing measures for transfer of alternatives technologies to developing countries by providing international cooperation in the field of research, development and transfer of alternative technologies relating to the control and reduction of emissions of substances that deplete the ozone layer, bearing in mind particular the needs of developing countries.

The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) provides, at the request of Meeting of the Parties, technical information related to the alternative technologies that have been investigated and employed to make it possible to virtually eliminate use of Ozone Depleting Substances.

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Guidelines for selecting alternatives

Environmental aspects

Human health and safety aspects

The technical feasibility

Commercial availability and performance

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Guidelines for selecting alternatives (contd..)

Economic aspects including cost comparison among different technology options taking into account:

I. All interim steps leading to final ODS elimination;II. Social costs;III. Dislocation costs etc.

Country specific circumstances and due local expertise.

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Alternative Substitutes: Characteristics

Alternativesto CFCs/HCFCs

Flamm-ability

Toxicity

ODPGWP

Performance

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Requirements for the alternative substance

The alternative substance whether used as refrigerant, blowing agent, solvent or fire suppressant, should:

I. Have favorable physical and chemical properties for the concerned application

II. Be inert and stable

III. Be compatible with existing materials

IV. Preferably non flammable

V. Not be toxic

VI. Have zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP)

VII. Be easily available

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Requirements for the alternative technology

In addition to the substance the phase-out of ODS requires plant and process conversions which requires conversion in terms of performance, operation, maintenance and safety such as:

I. Proven and reasonably mature technology

II. End Product properties and performance should be maintained

III. Cost effective conversion with minimal disruption of current manufacturing operations

IV. Compliance with established local and international standards for health, safety and environment

V. Implementable in a relatively short time frame

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Technology Options for Phase-out in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Sector

Sub-sector

ODS Used

Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes

Domestic Refrigeration

CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-141b

HFC-134a, Isobutane, HC blend, Cyclopentane, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, HFC-1234ze, Methylal

Refrigerated Cabinets

CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-141b

HFC-134a, HC-600a Blends of HC-290 and HC-600a, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc,HFC-1234ze, Methylal

Water Coolers

CFC-12, HCFC-22

HFC-134a, HC-290, HFC-32, R-407C, R-410A

Mobile (car, refrigerated trucks, train)

CFC-12, HCFC-22

HFC-134a, HFC-1234yf, R-407C, R-410A, CO2

Room A/C HCFC-22, CFC-12

R-410A, HC-290, HFC-32

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Technology Options for Phase-out in Aerosol Sector

Sub-sector ODS Used

Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes

Perfumes, shaving foams, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, Paints etc

CFC-12, CFC-11

HAP (Di-methyl Ether)

Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs)

CFC-11

CFC-12

Hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA)

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)

No need of propelling agent

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Technology Options for Phase-out in Foam Sector

Sub-sector ODS Used

Preferred alternatives/ Substitutes

Flexible PUF Slabstock

CFC-11 Methylene Chloride

Flexible Moulded PUF

CFC-11 Water blown technology

Thermoware CFC-11, HCFC-141b

HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, Water, Methyl Formate

Integral Skin PUF CFC-11, HCFC-141b

HFC-245fa, Water, Hydrocarbons-n- pentane

Phenolic Foams CFC-11 Hydrocarbons

Rigid PUF General Insulation (other than refrigeration)

CFC-11, HCFC-141b

Cyclopentane, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, HFC-1234ze, Methyl Formate, Methylal

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