1 alterations of neurologic function in children chapter 19
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Alterations of Neurologic Function in ChildrenChapter 19
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Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children Develops from a dorsal thickening of the ectoderm
(neural plate) Neural groove and folds Neural tube Neural crest
Mesoderm Blood vessels, microglial cells, dural and arachnoid layers
of the meninges, the capsule of some peripheral nerve endings, and nerve coverings
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Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children Sulcus limitans Basal plate Alar plate Sutures Fontanelles Myelin sheath
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Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children
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Structure and Function of the Nervous System in Children
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Structural Malformations Defects of neural tube closure
Anencephaly Encephalocele Meningocele Myelomeningocele
Arnold-Chiari type II malformation Tethered cord syndrome
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Structural Malformations
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Axial Skeleton Malformations Spinal bifida occulta
Vertebral defect that allows the protrusion of the neural tube contents
Cranial deformities Acrania Craniosynostosis Microcephaly Congenital hydrocephalus
Macewen sign (“cracked-pot” sign)
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Axial Skeleton Malformations
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Encephalopathies Static encephalopathies
Cerebral palsy Static cerebral palsy Dyskinetic cerebral palsy Ataxic cerebral palsy
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Encephalopathies Inherited metabolic disorders
Defects in amino acid metabolism Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Hyperphenylalaninemia
Defects in lipid metabolism Lysosomal storage diseases Tay-Sachs disease
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Seizure Disorders Epilepsy
Partial seizures Generalized seizures Unclassified epileptic seizures
Infantile spasms Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Status epilepticus Benign febrile seizures
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Acute Encephalopathies Reye syndrome Meningitis
Bacterial meningitis Viral meningitis
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Children and HIV HIV infections in children
Perinatally through the placenta Exposure to infected maternal blood and vaginal
secretions Postpartum ingestion of breast milk
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Cerebrovascular Disease Cerebrovascular disease in children differs in
adults in three ways: Absence of predisposing factors Differences in the clinical response Anatomic site of the pathologic condition
Occlusive cerebrovascular disease Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease
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Childhood Tumors Brain tumors
Medulloblastoma Ependymoma Astrocytoma Brainstem glioma Optic nerve glioma
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Childhood Brain Tumors
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Childhood Tumors Embryonal tumors
Neuroblastoma Retinoblastoma
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Childhood Tumors