1. acidus – meaning sour or tart 2. feels like water 3. litmus paper – red 4. conducts...
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1. Acidus – meaning sour or tart2. Feels like water3. Litmus Paper – red4. Conducts electricity5. Reactive with metals6. React with bases to form a salt and water
1. Bitter taste2. Feels smooth and slippery (soap)3. Litmus Paper – Blue4. Conducts electricity5. Not reactive with metals6. React with acids to form a salt and water
Common AcidsFormula Name
HCl Hydrochloric acid
HNO3 Nitric Acid
H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid
HC2H3O2 Acetic Acid
H2CO3 Carbonic Acid
H3PO4 Phosphoric Acid
Formula Name
Na(OH) Sodium Hydroxide
K(OH) Potassium Hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
Sr(OH)2 Strontium Hydroxide
H+
H3O+
OH-
Acid: substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water
H+ = H3O+
THEY ARE THE SAME THING!!
Example:
HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+
Base: substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
Example:
Na(OH) Na+ + (OH)-
monoprotic acid : acid that can donate only one proton (hydrogen ion) per molecule.
◦ Example: HCl, HNO3
polyprotic acid : acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule.
◦ Examples: H2SO4 - diprotic H3PO4 - triprotic
Experiments have shown that pure water, at 25°, breaks apart (ionizes) :
H20 + H20 H30+ + OH
-
To measure the concentration of these ions produced we use pH
NEUTRAL pH
[ H+ ]=10-7 M=[OH- ]
pH = 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acidic Basic
More basicMore acidic
pH: scale used to indicate the [H+] of a water solution
pH - from the Danish: “power of Hydrogen”
pH = - log [H+]
or pH = - log [H3O+]
The log function converts the exponents with a base of 10 to a whole number.
The negative sign at the front of the equation cancels out with the negative sign in the exponent.
[H+]: 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-1310-14
pH : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
[H+] Concentration
pHAcid, Base, or
Neutral?
10-2 2 Acid
10-8
10-5
10-7
13
Acids/ bases
Oven cleanerHair remover
Detergent
Coffee
Soda
2aq + aq aq lHCl( ) NaOH( ) NaCl( ) H O( )
neutralization: when an acidic solution (with hydrogen ions) and a basic solution (with hydroxide ions) react to form water
salt: an ionic compound formed from the cation of a base and an anion of an acid.
forms water
forms salt
A solution that resists changes in pH◦ What are some solutions that need to maintain a
certain pH level?
g + l aq3 2 2 4SO ( ) H O( ) H SO ( )
NO, NO2, CO2, SO2, and SO3 are gases from industrial processes that dissolve in atmospheric water to produce acidic solutions.◦ Example:
Very acidic rain is known as acid rain.