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Accounting for Income Taxes

Accounting for Income Taxes

Chapter

19Intermediate Accounting12th Edition

Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

Prepared by Coby Harmon, University of California, Santa Barbara

Fundamental Differences between Financial and Tax

Reporting

Fundamental Differences between Financial and Tax

Reporting

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BackgroundBackground

• Deferral approach to tax allocation (APB Opinion 11)– Income tax expense = amount of taxes that

would be paid if income statement numbers appeared on the current year's tax return.

• Deferred taxes was the plug figure (difference between taxes payable and tax expense).

• The effect of subsequent changes in tax rates on deferred tax account were essentially ignored.

Matching Approach

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BackgroundBackground

• A method that was proposed theoretically (but has never been GAAP in US)– Assets and liabilities would be recorded NET of

any deferred tax related to the item

Net-of-Tax Approach

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BackgroundBackground

• Liability approach to tax allocation (FASB 96, 109)– Income tax expense = taxes currently payable

plus change in deferred taxes. • If tax rates change, the effect on deferred tax

amounts affect income tax expense in the year the change is enacted.

• If there are no changes in tax rates, income tax expense should be approximately the same as under APB Opinion 11.

Asset/Liability Measurement Approach

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Tax Code

Exchanges

Investors and Creditors

Financial Statements

Pretax Financial Income

GAAP

Income Tax Expense

Taxable Income

Income Tax Payable

Tax Return

vs.

Fundamentals of Accounting for Income Taxes

Fundamentals of Accounting for Income Taxes

LO 1 Identify differences between pretax financial income and taxable income.

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A Temporary Difference is the difference between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported (carrying or book) amount in the financial statements that will result in taxable amounts or deductible amounts in future years.

Future Taxable Amounts

Future Deductible AmountsDeferred Tax Liability

represents the increase in taxes payable in future years as a result of taxable temporary differences existing at the end of the current year.

Deferred Tax Asset represents the increase in taxes refundable (or saved) in future years as a result of deductible temporary differences existing at the end of the current year.

Illustration 19-22 Examples of Temporary Differences

LO 2 Describe a temporary difference that results in future taxable amounts.

Temporary DifferencesTemporary Differences

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Example – Deferred Tax Liability

Example – Deferred Tax Liability

• Assume that Sales Company recognizes $15,000 gross profit from installment sales for financial accounting in 2006. The gross profit will be taxable at $3,000 each year for the next five years. The company earns $10,000 additional income each year and the tax rate is 40%. The following schedule shows taxable income, income tax payable, financial income, and income tax expense for the five year period.

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Solution – Sales CompanySolution – Sales Company

For tax purposes, we are postponing recognition of revenue until later years. This revenue will be reported on future tax returns and the taxes will be paid at that time (rather than immediately)

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Sales Co. - Solution - continued

Sales Co. - Solution - continued

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Example – Deferred Tax Asset

Example – Deferred Tax Asset

Financial Magazine Company received $15,000 of subscriptions in advance for 2006. Subscription revenue will be recognized equally in 2007, 2008, and 2009, for financial accounting purposes but all of the $15,000 will be recognized in 2006 for tax purposes. There is additional income of $50,000 each year and the tax rate is 40%.

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Financial Magazine Co. Solution Continued

Financial Magazine Co. Solution Continued

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Financial Magazine Co. Solution Continued

Financial Magazine Co. Solution Continued

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E19-1 South Carolina Corporation has one temporary difference at the end of 2007 that will reverse and cause taxable amounts of $55,000 in 2008, $60,000 in 2009, and $65,000 in 2010. South Carolina’s pretax financial income for 2007 is $300,000, and the tax rate is 30% for all years. There are no deferred taxes at the beginning of 2007.

Instructions

a) Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for 2007.

b) Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2007.

South Carolina CorporationSouth Carolina Corporation

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South Carolina CorporationSouth Carolina Corporation

Ex. 19- 1 Current Yr.

INCOME: 2007 2008 2009 2010

Financial income (GAAP)

Temporary Diff .

Taxable income (IRS)

Tax rate

Income tax

b. Income tax expense (plug)

Income tax payable

Deferred tax liability

a.a.

a.a.

20LO 2 Describe a temporary difference that results in future taxable amounts.

South Carolina Corp. (Solution)South Carolina Corp. (Solution)

Ex. 19- 1 Current Yr.

I NCOME: 2007 2008 2009 2010

Financial income (GAAP) 300,000

Temporary Diff . (180,000) 55,000 60,000 65,000

Taxable income (I RS) 120,000 55,000 60,000 65,000

Tax rate 30% 30% 30% 30%

I ncome tax 36,000 16,500 18,000 19,500

b. I ncome tax expense (plug) 90,000

I ncome tax payable 36,000

Deferred tax liability 54,000

a.a.

a.a.

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Columbia Corporation has one temporary difference at the end of 2007 that will reverse and cause deductible amounts of $50,000 in 2008, $65,000 in 2009, and $40,000 in 2010. Columbia’s pretax financial income for 2007 is $200,000 and the tax rate is 34% for all years. There are no deferred taxes at the beginning of 2007. Columbia expects to be profitable in the future. Instructions

a) Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for 2007.

b) Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2007.

Columbia CorporationColumbia Corporation

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Columbia Corp. Current Yr.

INCOME: 2007 2008 2009 2010

Financial income (GAAP)

Temporary Diff .

Taxable income (IRS)

Tax rate

Income tax

b. Income tax expense

Income tax payable

Deferred tax asset

Columbia CorporationColumbia Corporation

a.a.

a.a.

Temporary Differences (1)Temporary Differences (1)

• Revenues and gains, recognized in financial income, are later taxed for income tax purposes.– Installment sales

• Expenses and losses are deducted for income tax purposes before they are recognized in financial income.– MACRS depreciation– Goodwill deduction on tax return

Called “taxable temporary differences”

• Revenues and gains are taxed for income tax purposes before they are recognized in financial income.– Subscription revenue – Prepaid rent

• Expenses and losses, recognized in financial income, are later deducted for income tax purposes.– Warranty expense

Called “deductible temporary differences”

Temporary Differences (2)Temporary Differences (2)

TransactionWhen recorded

in booksWhen recordedon tax return

Deferredtax effect

Rev or Gain Earlier Later Liability

Rev or Gain Later Earlier Asset

Exp or Loss Earlier Later Asset

Exp or Loss Later Earlier Liability

Summary of Temporary Differences

Summary of Temporary Differences

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Sources of Permanent Differences

No deferred tax effectsfor permanent differences

Some items are recordedin Books

but NEVERon tax return

Other items are NEVERrecorded in books

but recordedon tax return

Permanent DifferencesPermanent DifferencesPermanent DifferencesPermanent Differences

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Permanent Differences: Examples

Permanent Differences: Examples

• Items, recognized for financial accounting purposes, but not for income tax purposes:– Interest revenue on Municipal Bonds– Life insurance premiums and proceeds when corporation is

beneficiary– Fines and penalties

• Items, recognized for tax purposes, but not for financial accounting purposes:– Dividend exclusion– Statutory depletion

Deferred Tax Asset & Deferred Tax Liability:

Sources

Deferred Tax Asset & Deferred Tax Liability:

Sources• Deferred taxes may be a:

– Deferred tax liability, or– Deferred tax asset

• Deferred tax liability arises due to net taxable amounts in the future.

• Deferred tax asset arises due to net deductible amounts in the future.

If the deferred tax asset appears doubtful, a Valuation Allowance account is needed.

Journal entry: Income Tax Expense $$

Allowance to ReduceDeferred Tax Asset toExpected Realizable Value $$

The entry records a potential future tax benefit that is not expected to be realized in the future.

Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax AssetsValuation Allowance

for Deferred Tax Assets

• The deferred tax classification relates to its underlying asset or liability.– Classify the deferred tax amounts as current or

non-current.

• Presentation is – NET amount related to current items

• If DR>CR, current deferred tax asset• If DR<CR, current deferred tax liability

– NET amount related to noncurrent items • If DR>CR, noncurrent deferred tax asset• If DR<CR, noncurrent deferred tax liability

Balance Sheet Presentation

Balance Sheet Presentation

• Basic Rule: Apply the yearly tax rate to calculate deferred tax effects.– If future tax rates change: use the enacted tax rate

expected to apply in the future year.– If new rates are not yet enacted into law for future

years, the current rate should be used.

• The appropriate enacted rate for a year is the average tax rate [based on graduated tax brackets].

What Tax Rate to ApplyWhat Tax Rate to Apply

Let’s do an exampleLet’s do an example

• Second Best Company– Working paper style – working paper blank

will be provided on Exam 2

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Net operating loss is tax terminology.A net operating loss occurs when tax deductions for a year exceed taxable revenues.

Net loss or operating loss is a financial accounting term.

Net Operating Loss (NOL)Net Operating Loss (NOL)

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NOL Rule (subject to change)

NOL Rule (subject to change)

• NOL for each tax year is computed.• The NOL of one year can be applied to

offset taxable income of other years, possibly resulting in tax refunds

• Current rule: NOLs can be:– carried back 2 years and carried forward

20 years (carryback option), – or carried forward 20 years (carryforward

only)

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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

NOL2004

NOL2004

Tax years

Apply first

next

Loss carryforward20 years forward

Expect tax refund

here

Expect tax refund

hereRecord all

tax effects hereRecord all

tax effects here

Expecttax

shieldhere

Expecttax

shieldhere

NOL CarrybackNOL Carryback

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2001 2002 2003 2004 2053 2006 2007 2001 2002 2003 2004 2053 2006 2007

NOL2004NOL2004

Tax years

Loss carryforward20 years forward

Record alltax effects here

Record alltax effects here

Expecttax

shieldhere

Expecttax

shieldhere

Forgo 2year rule

NOL CarryforwardNOL Carryforward

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Zoop Inc. incurred a net operating loss of $500,000 in 2007. Taxable income was $200,000 for 2005 and $200,000 for 2006. The tax rate for all years is 40%. Zoop elects the carryback option. Prepare the journal entries to record the benefits of the loss carryback and the loss carryforward.

Zoop Inc. (NOL)Zoop Inc. (NOL)

LO 8 Apply accounting procedures for a loss carryback and a loss carryforward.

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Zoop Inc. (NOL)Zoop Inc. (NOL)Zoop Inc. 2005 2006 2007 2008

Financial income

Diff erence

Taxable income (loss)

Rate

Income tax

NOL Schedule

Taxable income

Carryback from 2007

Taxable income

Rate

Income tax (revised)

Refund

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Zoop Inc. (NOL) - SolutionZoop Inc. (NOL) - SolutionZoop Inc. 2005 2006 2007 2008

Financial income 200,000$ 200,000$

Diff erence

Taxable income (loss) 200,000 200,000 (500,000)

Rate 40% 40% 40%

Income tax 80,000$ 80,000$

NOL Schedule

Taxable income 200,000$ 200,000$ (500,000)

Carryback from 2007 (200,000) (200,000) 400,000

Taxable income - - (100,000)

Rate 40% 40% 40%

Income tax (revised) -$ -$ (40,000)

Refund 80,000$ 80,000$

$160,000$160,000 Deferred Tax AssetDeferred Tax Asset

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Zoop’s Journal Entries for 2007

I ncome tax refund receivable 160,000

Benefit due to loss carryback 160,000

Deferred tax asset 40,000

Benefit due to loss carryforward 40,000

Zoop Inc. (NOL) - SolutionZoop Inc. (NOL) - Solution

LO 8 Apply accounting procedures for a loss carryback and a loss carryforward.

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Now assume that it is more likely than not that the entire net operating loss carryforward will not be realized by Zoop Inc. in future years. Prepare all the journal entries necessary at the end of 2007.

Zoop Inc. (Variation)Zoop Inc. (Variation)

LO 8 Apply accounting procedures for a loss carryback and a loss carryforward.

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Zoop Inc. - Journal Entries for 2007

I ncome tax refund receivable 160,000

Benefit due to loss carryback 160,000

Deferred tax asset 40,000

Benefit due to loss carryforward 40,000

Benefit due to loss carryforward 40,000

Allowance for deferred tax asset 40,000

Zoop Inc. (Variation) - SolutionZoop Inc. (Variation) - Solution

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Whether the company will realize a deferred tax asset depends on whether sufficient taxable income exists or will exist within the carryforward period.

Valuation Allowance Revisited

Valuation Allowance Revisited

Text Illustration 19-37 Possible Sources of Taxable Income

If any one of these sources is sufficient to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is unnecessary, a company need not consider other sources.Text Illustration 19-38 Evidence to Consider in Evaluating the need for a Valuation Account

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Valis Corporation had the following tax information.

Valis Corporation (NOL)Valis Corporation (NOL)

LO 8 Apply procedures for a loss carryback and a loss carryforward.

Taxable Tax TaxesYear I ncome Rate Paid

2004 300,000$ 35% 105,000$

2005 325,000 30% 97,500

2006 400,000 30% 120,000

In 2007 Valis suffered a net operating loss of $450,000, which it elected to carry back. The 2007 enacted tax rate is 29%. Prepare Valis’s entry to record the effect of the loss carryback.

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Valis Corporation – Solution (NOL)

Valis Corporation – Solution (NOL)

Valis Corp. 2004 2005 2006 2007

Financial income

Diff erence

Taxable income (loss)

Rate

Income tax

NOL Schedule

Taxable income

Carryback from 2007

Taxable income

Rate

Income tax (revised)

Refund

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Valis Corp - Journal Entry for 2007

I ncome tax refund receivable 135,000

Benefit due to loss carryback 135,000

Valis Corporation – Solution (NOL)

Valis Corporation – Solution (NOL)

At the end of 2002, the corporate tax rate is changed from 40% to 35%. The new rate is effective January 1, 2004.The deferred tax account (1/1/2002) is as follows:

Excess tax depreciation: $3 million Deferred tax liability: $1.2 million

Related taxable amounts are expected to occur equally over 2003, 2004, and 2005.

Provide the journal entry to reflect the change.

Example: Revision of Future Tax Rate

Example: Revision of Future Tax Rate

The deferred tax liability end of 2005 is as follows: 2003 2004 2005Future tax inc $1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000Tax rate 40% 35% 35%Deferred tax $400,000 350,000 350,000liability Entry:

Deferred Tax Liability $100,000 Income Tax Expense

$100,000*

*$1,200,000 – $1,100,000

Example: Revision of Future Tax Rate

Example: Revision of Future Tax Rate

Let’s return to Second Best

Let’s return to Second Best

• In the third year:– A change in enacted tax rates– A net operating loss

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Income tax expense, is allocated to:• Continuing operations• Discontinued operations• Extraordinary items• Cumulative effect of an accounting change,– we

won’t see this one any more after FAS154

• Prior period adjustments

Disclose other significant components, such as:

• current tax expense, • deferred tax expense/benefit, etc.

Intraperiod Tax AllocationIntraperiod Tax Allocation

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Other Items AffectedOther Items Affected• Comprehensive income items

– Holding gain/loss on AFS securities– Certain gains/losses related to foreign currency

and derivatives– Pension & post-retirement benefit amounts not yet

recognized on income statement• Correction of error/change in accounting

principle that affects beginning retained earnings

• Expenses for employee stock-based compensation

• Existing deferred amounts in quasi-reorganization

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First Place ExampleFirst Place Example

• Go to Excel and work the problem– Identify temporary and permanent

differences– Compute tax payable (or refund)– Compute change in deferred taxes and

income tax expense– Show where deferred tax will be reported

on the balance sheet

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Deferred TaxesDeferred Taxes

IAS 12 vs FAS 109

versus

US GAAP

• Enacted tax rates

Which Tax Rate to UseWhich Tax Rate to Use

• Enacted or substantively enacted tax rat

IFRS

US GAAP

• Use an allowance account to reduce to net realizable value

• Uses same “more likely than not” criteria

Deferred Tax AssetsDeferred Tax Assets

• Don’t recognize at all unless it is “more likely than not” to be usable in the future

IFRS

US GAAP

• Current items netted

• Noncurrent items netted

Balance Sheet PresentationBalance Sheet Presentation

• Always is noncurrent

• Plans to revise to do it the FASB way

IFRS

Essential KnowledgeEssential Knowledge

• Be able to tell a permanent difference from a temporary difference

• Know the impact of temporary differences:– Is it a future deductible item?– Is it a future taxable item?

• Textbook Illustrations 19-22 & 19-24:– If all else fails, memorize!– I’ll also provide a “study guide” for Exam 2

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• A current tax liability or asset is recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on the tax return for current year.

• A deferred tax liability or asset is recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carryforwards.

• The measurement of current and deferred tax liabilities and assets is based on provisions of enacted tax law, effects of future changes in tax law or rates are not anticipated.

• The measurement of deferred tax assets is reduced, if necessary, by the amount of any tax benefits that are not expected to be realized.

Review – Basic PrinciplesReview – Basic Principles

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Do the following generate: • Future Deductible Amount = Deferred Tax Asset• Future Taxable Amount = Deferred Tax Liability• A Permanent Difference

1. The MACRS depreciation system is used for tax purposes, and the straight-line depreciation method is used for financial reporting purposes.2. A landlord collects some rents in advance. Rents received are taxable in the period when they are received.

3. Expenses are incurred in obtaining tax-exempt income.

4. Costs of guarantees and warranties are estimated and accrued for financial reporting purposes.

Specific DifferencesSpecific Differences

LO 6 Describe various temporary and permanent differences.

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Do the following generate: • Future Deductible Amount = Deferred Tax Asset• Future Taxable Amount = Deferred Tax Liability• A Permanent Difference

5. Sales of investments are accounted for by the accrual method for financial reporting purposes and the installment method for tax purposes.

6. Proceeds are received from a life insurance company because of the death of a key officer (the company carries a policy on key officers).

7. Estimated losses on pending lawsuits and claims are accrued for books. These losses are tax deductible in the period(s) when the related liabilities are settled..

Specific DifferencesSpecific Differences

LO 6 Describe various temporary and permanent differences.

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Zurich Company reports pretax financial income of $70,000 for 2007. The following items cause taxable income to be different than pretax financial income. (1) Depreciation on the tax return is greater than depreciation on the income statement by $16,000. (2) Rent collected on the tax return is greater than rent earned on the income statement by $22,000. (3) Fines for pollution appear as an expense of $11,000 on the income statement.

Zurich’s tax rate is 30% for all years, and the company expects to report taxable income in all future years. There are no deferred taxes at the beginning of 2007.

Instructions Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense, deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2007.

Review ProblemReview Problem

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Review Problem – Abbreviated Working Paper

Review Problem – Abbreviated Working Paper

Current Yr. Deferred Deferred

INCOME: 2007 Asset Liability

Financial income (GAAP)

Permanent diff

Book TI

Temp diff

Temp diff

Taxable income (IRS)

Tax rate

Income tax

Income tax expense

Deferred tax asset

Deferred tax liability

Income tax payable