1

AA displacement theme seabuckthorn seed oil-nutraceutical containing omega 3 (18:3) and omega 6 (18:3) fatty acids

2

BODY FAT ACCUMULATION

Waist - all males and post-menopausal females

Hips - pre-menopausal females

3

Lecture 7a- 23 February 2015

Water-soluble vitamins

4

VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS Individual molecules-structures Do not provide energy-no kcal value but can assist as coenzymes in metabolism that yields energy Are needed in microgram or milligram quantities and therefore are micronutrients 

5

WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B CLASS AND C  B CLASS

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Niacin (vitamin B3)

Vitamin B6

Folate Vitamin B12

Pantothenic acid Biotin

6

B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism

-maintains normal appetite -nervous system functioning

 Sources-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts Deficiencies- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema) Toxicities – none known

7

RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism,

-tryptophan to niacin conversion Sources- milk and other dairy products, whole grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables Deficiencies- dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the cornea Toxicities-none reported

8

NIACIN (VITAMIN B3) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism

-promotes normal nervous system function Sources-all protein foods, whole grain and enriched breads and cereals Deficiencies-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) Toxicities-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure, gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting

9

VITAMIN B6

 Function-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid

metabolism-helps convert tryptophan to niacin-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and

nerve coverings and antibodies

Sources –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts

 Deficiencies-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue,

abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia

 Toxicities-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches

 

10

FOLATE Function -coenzymes in DNA synthesis-vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity Sources-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads) Deficiencies-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia, depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue Toxicities - mask B12 deficiency

11

VITAMIN B12

 

Function-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells -activates folate -maintains nerve cells -metabolism of some fatty and amino acids

 Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs Deficiencies-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory,irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations Toxicities-none reported

12

PANTOTHENIC ACID Function-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism Sources -meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes Deficiencies-rare- general failure Toxicities -perhaps diarrhea

13

BIOTIN Function -coenzyme -energy metabolism

-fatty acid synthesis -amino acid metabolism, -glycogen formation

 Sources-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora Deficiencies- rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin,

heart abnormalities Toxicities-none reported

14

VITAMIN C Function - collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function Sources -citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries, tomatoes Deficiencies -scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration, delayed wound healing) Toxicities -diarrhea, cramps, headache, insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation   

15

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINSIDATMEIngestion- oral, tube, iv

Digestion- none though food must be broken down to release vitamins for absorption

Absorption-directly into blood via facilitated diffusion

Transport-transported freely in blood

Metabolism- to correct forms and to forms for excretion

Excretion-urine and faeces-whole and metabolites of vitamins

-saliva? (whole) -no other routes of excretion

16

FUNCTIONAL FOODS All of foods having significant amounts of various vitamins  Two issues

Concentrations 

Separation of effects- eg cancer

17

VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS) No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional functions of the vitamins Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet (concentration issue) Supplements - get concentration but also potential toxicity

18

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 

Heart disease 

Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL 

Vitamin C-antioxidant

19

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

Stroke 

Niacin-lipid levels 

Vitamin C-antioxidant

20

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED

 

Cancer  Vitamin C - antioxidant

21

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

Metabolic stress: infection, :trauma (e.g. head injury) :burns :surgery

 Increased need, due to fluid loss, for B and C vitamins

-B and C vitamins given through feeding tube or intravenously

22

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED

 

birth defects-neural tube defects (ntds)e.g. spina bifida

 

prior to pregnancy- female use of folate to prevent ntds

23

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED

 

Common cold - vitamin C

24

VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED 

Smoking 

Body vitamin C levels are decreased by smoking

25

WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN RESEARCH? Harris et al. 2013. Vitamin C intake and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Br J Cancer.109(1):257-64.

Increased dietary vitamin C intake before breast cancer diagnosis may give better breast cancer survival.