1 7.4 trigonometric functions of general angles in this section, we will study the following topics:...
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7.4 Trigonometric Functions of General Angles
In this section, we will study the following topics:
Evaluating trig functions of any angle
Using the unit circle to evaluate the trig functions of quadrantal angles
Finding coterminal angles
Using reference angles to evaluate trig functions.
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In 7.3, we looked at the definitions of the trig functions of acute angles
of a right triangle. In this section, we will expand upon those definitions
to include ANY angle.
We will be studying angles that are greater than 90° and less than 0°,
so we will need to consider the signs of the trig functions in each of the
quadrants.
We will start by looking at the definitions of the trig functions of any
angle.
Trig Functions of Any Angle
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Definitions of Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
Let be an angle in standard position with (x, y) a point on the
terminal side of and
Definitions of Trig Functions of Any Angle
2 2r x y
sin csc
cos sec
tan cot
y r
r y
x r
r xy x
x y
y
x
(x, y)
r
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Let (-12, -5) be a point on the terminal side of . Find the exact values of the six trig functions of .
Example*
r-5
y
x
(-12, -5)
-12
First you must find the value of r:
2 2r x y
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Example (cont)
13-5
y
x
(-12, -5)
-12
sin
cos
tan
csc
sec
cot
y
rx
ry
xr
y
r
xx
y
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Let (-3, 7) be a point on the terminal side of . Find the value of the six trig functions of .
You Try!
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Since the radius is always positive (r > 0), the signs of
the trig functions are dependent upon the signs of x
and y.
Therefore, we can determine the sign of the functions
by knowing the quadrant in which the terminal side of
the angle lies.
The Signs of the Trig Functions
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The Signs of the Trig Functions
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A trick to remember where each trig function is POSITIVE:
A
CT
S
All Students Take Calculus
Translation:
A = All 3 functions are positive in Quad 1
S= Sine function is positive in Quad 2
T= Tangent function is positive in Quad 3
C= Cosine function is positive in Quad 4
*In Quad 2, sine is positive, but cosine and tangent are negative; in Quad 3, tan is positive, but sine and cosine are negative; ...
**Reciprocal functions have the same sign. So cosecant is positive wherever sine is positive, secant is positive wherever cosine is positive, …
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Determine if the following functions are positive or negative:
Example
sin 210°
cos 320°
cot (-135°)
csc 500°
tan 315°
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Given and , find the values of the five other
trig function of .
Example*
8cos
17 cot 0
8cos
17
x
r
2 2 2
2 22
Using the fact that , we can find .
-8 17
x y r y
y
Solution
First, determine the quadrant in which lies. Since the cosine is negative and the cotangent is positive, we know that lies in Quadrant _____ .
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Now we can find the values of the remaining trig functions:
Example* (cont)
sin csc
cos sec
tan cot
y r
r y
x r
r xy x
x y
8 15 17x y r
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Given and , find the values of the five
other trig functions of .
Another Example
3cot
8 2
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Trig functions of Quadrantal Angles
To find the sine, cosine, tangent, etc. of angles whose terminal side
falls on one of the axes , we will use the unit
circle.
3(..., , , 0, , , , 2 ,...)
2 2 2
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(-1, 0)
(0, -1)
0
2
3
2
Unit Circle:
Center (0, 0)
radius = 1
x2 + y2 = 1
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Now using the definitions of the trig functions with r = 1, we have:
sin csc1
cos sec1
tan cot
1
1
yy
x
y y r
r y
xy x
x
x
y
x r
r x
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Find the value of the six trig functions for
Example*
2
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(-1, 0)
(0, -1)
0
3
2
2
sin2
cos2
tan2
1csc
2
1sec
2
cot2
y
x
y
x
y
x
x
y
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Find the value of the six trig functions for
Example
7
sin 7
cos 7
tan 7
1csc 7
1sec 7
cot 7
y
x
y
x
y
xx
y
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Coterminal Angles
In each of these illustrations, angles and are coterminal.
is a negative angle
coterminal to is a positive angle (> 360°)
coterminal to
Two angles in standard position are said to be coterminal if they
have the same terminal sides.
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Example of Finding Coterminal Angles
You can find an angle that is coterminal to a given angle
by adding or subtracting multiples of 360º or 2.
Example:
Find one positive and one negative angle that are coterminal to 112º.
For a positive coterminal angle, add 360º : 112º + 360º = 472º
For a negative coterminal angle, subtract 360º: 112º - 360º = -248º
Note: There are an infinite number of angles that are coterminal to 112 º.
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Find one positive and one negative coterminal angle of 3
4
Example
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(a) sin 390 (b) cos 420
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7sec
4
(c) csc 270 (d)
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I will use the notation to represent an angle’s reference angle.
The values of the trig functions for non-acute angles (Quads II, III, IV) can be found using the values of the corresponding reference angles.
Reference Angles
'
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Reference Angles
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Example
Find the reference angle for 225
Solution y
x
'
By sketching in standard position, we see that it is a 3rd quadrant angle. To find , you would subtract 180° from 225 °.
'
225 180'
' _____
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More Examples
Find the reference angles for the following angles.
1. 2. 3. 210 5
4
5.2
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So what’s so great about reference angles?
Well…to find the value of the trig function of any non-acute angle, we just need to find the trig function of the reference angle and then determine whether it is positive or negative, depending upon the quadrant in which the angle lies.
For example,
1sin 225 (sin 45 )
2
45° is the ref angleIn Quad 3, sin is negative
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Trig Functions of Common Angles
Using reference angles and the special reference triangles, we can find the exact values of the common angles.
To find the value of a trig function for any common angle
1. Determine the quadrant in which the angle lies.
2. Determine the reference angle.
3. Use one of the special triangles to determine the function value for the reference angle.
4. Depending upon the quadrant in which lies, use the appropriate sign (+ or –).
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More Examples
Give the exact value of the trig function (without using a calculator).
1. 2.
5sin
6
3cos
4
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More Examples
Give the exact value of the trig function (without using a calculator).
3. 4.
cot 6604
csc3
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End of Section 7.4