1 259201 computer programming for engineer intro to computer
TRANSCRIPT
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IntroIntro In the current Information Technology system
Data is stored in Digital format Computer can perform complicated tasks
(calculations) with high precision, if programmed appropriately.
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Definition of Definition of ComputerComputer
Functions of Computer: Perform calculation
electronically Execute the set of tasks stored
in its memoryProcess the input, and display
output (Data) (Information)
(Processing)
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Advantages of Advantages of ComputerComputer
High Speed Calculation The speed of the central processing unit
(CPU) depends on its clock in Hz unit Reliability: (Deterministic Machine)
With the same set of input, the output is always the same.
If the codes contain errors, the errors are always repeated.
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Advantages of Computer Advantages of Computer (Cont’)(Cont’)
High Storage Capability: Keeping data with minimal losses
Communication Capability: Multimedia Devices, Internet, Wireless
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Communication in Communication in Computer-NetworkComputer-Network
Electronics Mail, Home page, Voice over IP, and File Transfer
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Types of Media Types of Media Production: ExamplesProduction: Examples
(Word Processor): MS Word, LaTeX
Pictures: Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw
Design: AutoDesk AutoCAD
Animation and Music (Multimedia) : Adobe Premiere, Macromedia Flash
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CalculationsCalculations Programs in market such as
MATLAB and Mathemetica are user-friendly for performing complex calculations.
In case of high number of calculations need, (instead of sequential programming we are using), we can program using Parallel Processing or Distributed Processing.
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Parallel Processing / Parallel Processing / Distributed Distributed ProcessingProcessingParallel Processing
Increase the speed of the overallSplit the task into small parallel tasks
and perform them at the same timeDistributed Processing
Use many computers to perform many small tasks
Computers can be at different locations such as SETI@home
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History of History of ComputersComputers
Chinese invented the Abacus
Abacus in the early ageAbacus in the present
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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers
Napier’s Bones by John Napier or Pascaline Calculator by Blaise
Pascal
Napier’s Bones Pascaline Calculator
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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
Punch Card was invented 1801 by Joseph Marie Jacquard. Punch card is to the past computer as a program is to the current computer
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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integer and Calculator) by John Mauchly and Presper Exkert in 1942-1946
Dr. John Von Neumann invented EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
ENIAC
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Generation of Generation of Computers Computers
We split history of computers in to 4 period. Other People could split them differently.
1st Generation -1951
1958
Technology: High-Temperature high-current Vacuum tubes
Speed: 1 Command / sec Storage: Punch Card Language: (Machine
Language)
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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
The 2nd Generation 195-91964
Technology: Transistor: Smaller, faster
Speed: 100 Command/ sec Storage: Magnetic Core Language: Assembly Language Examples: IBM1620, IBM401
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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
3rd Generation -196519
70
Technology: (IC – Integrated Circuit). Each IC consists of many small transistors which use low level of energy
General Purpose Computer and for business
OS – Operating System: Multi-tasking
Language: Basic and Fortran
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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
4th Generation ( -1971 Present) Technology: LSI (Large Scale Integrated)
and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) help created
Micro computer, Personal Computer, Mini-computer
Mainframe Super Computer
In 1971: The release CPU Intel 4004 which has
CPU, Memory, and Input-Output Unit.
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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)
1981: IBM released PC 1984: Apple released Macintosh Languages: C, C++, Pascal, SQL
(Structured Query Language)
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HardwareHardware Main Hardwares in Computers are CPU,
Memory, Input/Output and (Bus) (CPU)
Works as the brain of computer Execute one set of command at a time Consist of
Processing Control Unit: ALU: Arithmetic & Logic Unit:
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Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’) CPU (cont)
Contain many small registers (1-55 Million registers)
Typical Processing Speed of 300MHz – 3GHz
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Memory 2 Types based on how they are stored.
ROM (Read Only Memory) Can only be read (after being
manufactured) Can store memory even without
electricity. This is needed for booting the computer
RAM (Random Access Memory) Can read and write all the time Does not function without electricity
Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)
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Memory: store data in Binary system 1 binary unit is 1 bit (b) 8 bit Byte (B) 1 Kilobyte is 1024 B 1 Megabyte is 1024 x 1024 B 1 Gigabyte is 1024 x 1024 x 1024 B 1 Terabyte is 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x
1024 B
Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)
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Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’) หน่�วยความจำ�า (ต่�อ)
Register: store data inside CPU Cache: both internal and
external of CPU, storing copy of data, and some commands in the memory
Main Memory: Connect to the bus and store info to be processed
Secondary Memory: Connect to the bus specifically for input/output and store info to be processed
Small Close to Processing Unit High speed High Price
Big Far from Processing Unit Low Speed Low Price
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Input/Output Input and output devices perform as the
means to communicate info between the computer and the user. Examples are Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Sound Card
They need Device Drivers to perform properly.
Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)
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BusThe route for sending information between
CPU, Memory and Input/output devices Data Bus Instruction Bus Address Bus
Each bus has different structures and speeds So, we bus with similar speeds are grouped together
Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)
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Operating SystemOperating System System Program
Interface between program, user, and computer
Managing the running of the program efficiently
Managing resources Time in processing Memory Priorities in connection with input/output devices
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Programs Multi-tasking the running of many programs
at the same time Files
Create/Delete/Change Support Multi-user such as UNIX
Input Output Devices Communicate with devices through drivers
Memory Allocate memory to different programs->
Virtual Memory
OS-the connections OS-the connections withwith
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MS Windows 2000 Professional: MS Windows 2000 Server: File
Server, Print Server, Mail Server MS Windows XP Home Edition: MS Windows XP Professional: Add-
on Security MS Windows Vista, 7.
OSOS
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Computer NetworkComputer Network(Computer Network)
The collection of computers for sending and receiving information
Need to have the same rule of sending/receiving information called, Protocol
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Components Server: Serve through the network Client: Use the service Network Equipment: Device used
for the network connection such as Cable, Hub, Network Interface Card
Network Operating System: support protocal such as TCP/IP
Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)
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Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)
LAN (Local Area Network) Internal Network
at high speed (10-1000 Megabit per second – Mbps)
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Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)
WAN (Wide Area Network)Network in large
area.Connect different
LAN networks Lower speed
compared to LAN due to high cost
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InternetInternet Deployed in1969 under the name ARPANET
(Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
Adopted the method of Packet-Switching Split the info into small and equal size
called Packet
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The standard protocal is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) Interoperability: Allow the
communication between different computers and different operating systems.
Routability: Can send the info to desirable direction/locations
IP (IP Address – Internet Protocol Address) In the same network, IP address of each
device must be different.
Internet (Cont)Internet (Cont)
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IP address is stored in 32-bit Binary Usually written in (Decimal) 4 groups, 8
bit each. Each group has number between 0-255
Ex: 202.28.25.66 or 192.168.1.0 2 Parts for IP address
Network Part: Host Part:
InternetInternet
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(Class) of IP A Class: 128 or less for the first
number such as 26.104.0.199 B Class: 128-191 for the first number
128.66.12.1 C Class: 192-223 such
as192.178.16.1 Reserved Class: 224 and above
InternetInternet
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(Private IP) Private IP is used with in the network
where the number of public IP is not enough
For example, computers in this room have the same public IP but different private IP
InternetInternet
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Internet-Different Internet-Different servicesservices
WWW is known the most. But there are others such as E-Mail, File Sharing, etc.
Client-Server based system where Client has programs such as web Browser, E-mail Client
The program at the client requests a service from the server and the server has programs such as Web Server, Email Server for servicing.
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Domain Name Service (DNS)Domain Name Service (DNS)
Translate the Domain name into IP Address
Since the IP Addresses are hard to memorize, the domain name is to help memorizing the location of the server.
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World Wide Web World Wide Web (WWW)(WWW) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) is used Need to have a web
browser.
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File TransferFile Transfer Another service for sending/receiving information. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)