1 © 2009 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc psychosocial development in adolescence chapter 12
TRANSCRIPT
1© 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
Chapter 12
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Did You Know…
Today, more teenage girls than teenage boys are sexually experienced?
Sex education programs that encourage both abstinence and safe-sexual practices are more effective than abstinence only programs?
More than 4 out of 10 adolescent girls in the US have been pregnant at least once before age 20?
Most adolescents say they have good relationships with their parents?
The influence of peers peaks in early adolescence?
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Erikson’s Crisis of Identity versus Confusion
Struggle to become an adult with unique sense of self and role in society– Adolescence provides psychosocial
moratorium, or ‘time out’ period to explore identity
– However, seldom fully resolved in adolescence
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How Does Identity Develop?
Identity: a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, ad beliefs to which the person is solidly committed
When discussing identity most refer to work of Erik Erickson
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Resolving Erikson’s Identity Crisis
Successful resolution leads to ‘fidelity’– Feeling of belongingness to friends or
family– Identification with a set of values
The danger is identity confusion– Although some degree of confusion is
normal
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Components of Identity
According to Erickson, adolescents attempt to resolve three issues:
1. Choice of occupation
2. Adoption of values
3. Development of sexual identity
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Consider the following four cases:
Olivia as considered her interests and her talents and plans to become an engineer. She has narrowed her college choices to 3 schools that offer good programs in this field.
Isabella knows exactly what she’s going to do with her life. Her mother, a union leader at a plastics factory, has arranged an apprenticeship for her. Isabella has never considered doing anything else.
Josh, on the other hand, is agonizing over his future. Should he attend a community college or go to the army? He cannot decide what he wants to do now or what he wants to do eventually.
Jayden still has no idea what he wants to do, but he isn’t worried. He figures he can get some sort of job and he will figure it out when he’s ready.
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Marcia: Identity Status
Identity Achievement Crisis leading to commitment (example: Olivia)
Foreclosure Commitment without crisis (example: Isabella)
Moratorium Crisis with no commitment yet (example: Josh)
Identity Confusion No commitment, no crisis (example: Jayden)
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Gender Differences in Identity Development
Research supports Erickson’s idea that for women identity and intimacy develop together.
Adolescent girls also tend to have lower self-esteem than adolescent boys.
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Four Stages of Ethnic Identity
For many young people in minority groups, race or ethnicity is central to identity formation.1. Diffuse: “Why do I need to learn about who was the first black woman to do this or that? I am just not interested” (Black Female)
2. Foreclosed: “I don’t go looking for my culture. I just go by what my parents say and do, and what they tell me to do. They way they are” (Mexican American male)
3. Moratorium: There are a lot of non-Japanese people around and it gets pretty confusing to decide who I am” (Asian American male)
4. Achieved: “People put me down because I am Mexican, but I don’t care anymore. I can accept myself” (Mexican American female)
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Racial/Ethnic Identity
Connectedness to one’s ethnic group Awareness of racism Embedded achievement Cultural socialization---parental practices that
teach children about racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural customs & traditions and cultural pride
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Sexual Identity
Seeing oneself as a sexual being, recognizing one’s sexual orientation, coming to terms with sexual stirrings, and forming romantic or sexual attachments are all part of developing a sexual identity.
Technology, such as the internet, has changed sexual attitudes and behaviors.
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What is Sexual Orientation?
Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest– Homosexual – persons of same sex– Heterosexual – persons of opposite sex– Bisexual – persons of both sexes
– Isolated experiences do not determine orientation
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Biological Views of Sexual Orientation
Conclude orientation is, at least in part, genetic – moderately heritable– 3 stretches of DNA on chromosomes 7, 8, &
10 appear to be involved
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Homosexual or Bisexual Identity
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual adolescents often feel isolated in a hostile environment.– There is no association between homosexual
orientation and emotional or social problems
…apart from those caused by societal treatment of homosexuals.
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Sexual Behavior
According to surveys, 77% of young people in the US have had sex by age 20.
African Americans and Latinos are tend to begin sexual activity earlier than white youth.
Although teenage boys have been thought to be more sexually experienced than girls, trends are shifting.– According to a 2002 study, 49% of boys and 53% of girls
ages 15 to 19 reported having had sexual intercourse.
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Sexual Behavior
Average age at first intercourse– Females: 17 years– Males: 16 years
Top reasons for NOT having sex:– Religion or morals– Not wanting to get (or get a girl) pregnant
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Factors Associated with Early Sex
Early puberty Poverty Poor school performance History of sexual abuse Neglect Cultural or family patterns Perception of peer norms
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Use of Contraceptives
Who uses contraception during first intercourse?
– 83% of girls and 91% of boys – The older a girl is at her first intercourse, the greater the
likelihood she will use protection– Only 63% of sexually active high school students reported
having used condoms the last time they had intercourse
Best safeguard is condoms– Protection against STDs and pregnancy
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Where do Teens get Information about Sex?
FriendsParentsSex education at school
Abstinence only debates
Should abstinence only be promoted?Media
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What Type of Sex Education Works?
WorksPrograms that encourage abstinence AND discuss STD prevention and safe-sex practices
Delay initiation & increases contraception use
Does Not Work Abstinence Only/Virginity Pledges
Do not delay initiation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdM5sDXPu9w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_KL92oBWcQ
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STDs and Pregnancy: Risks of Adolescent Sex
Teens at highest risk :– Younger – Multiple partners– Not regularly using contraception– Misinformed about contraception
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Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevalence
About 1 in 4 new cases in the U.S. occurs among 15-19 year olds
Prevalence in teens due to:– Early sexual activity– Failure to use condoms or use them correctly– Tendency for girls to have older partners
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Most Prevalent STDs
HPVTrichomoniasisGenital Herpes SimplexChlamydia and gonorrhea (both
curable)
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Teens and HIV
Of 4.1 million new infections, about half are in young people 15-24 years old.
In the U.S., 1 in 4 people living with HIV were infected in their teenage years
Early detection important
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Teenage Pregnancy Trends
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Traits of Teen Mothers
Many are sexually inexperienced Many grew up without a father Likely as children to have been abused
and/or exposed to parental divorce Likely exposed to substance abuse Likely exposed to family member with
mental illness or criminal behavior
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Teenage Parents
Teen mothers at risk for:– Dropping out of school or being poorly
educated– Financial hardship– Additional pregnancies
Teenage fathers– Limited financial resources, poor academic
performance and high dropout rates
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Children of Teenage Mothers
At increased risk for:– Prematurity and low birthweight– Fetal, neonatal or infant death– Health and academic problems– Abuse and neglect– Developmental disabilities
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Preventing Teenage Pregnancy
Why are U.S. rates so high?Reduced stigma on unwed motherhood
Media glorification of sex
Lack of clear message about sex and parenthood
Childhood sexual abuse
Failure of parents to communicate with children
Less contraceptive use
Requires multifaceted solution
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Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
Stereotype of adolescent rebellion:– A time of emotional turmoil– Conflict within the family– Alienation from adult society– Reckless behavior– Rejection of adult values
Only 1 in 5 teens fits this pattern
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Adolescent Use of Time
US teens have a great deal of discretionary time. Time with family members declines dramatically. More time is spent alone and with opposite sex. Weekend partying is common for older teens. African-American teens spend more time with
family than white teens.
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Adolescents and Family Conflict
Individuation—adolescent’s struggle for autonomy and personal identity
Most arguments over day-to-day matters:– Chores– School work– Dress– Money – Curfew– Dating, friends
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Factors That Affect Adolescent Family Conflict
Parenting styleFamily structureMothers’ employmentEconomic stress
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Adolescents and Siblings
Teens are less close to siblings than to parents or peers– Less influenced by their siblings than when
younger– Become more distant from siblings throughout
adolescence– Sibling relations tend to reflect parents’
marital relationship and parent-child relations
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Adolescents Crowds
Crowds serve several purposes:– Help establish teen identity– Reinforce alliances– Makes it easier to make
friendships within the same group
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Adolescent Cliques
Clique - A structured group of friends Become more common in adolescence Membership types:
� Member – ties are to one group
� Liaison- ties to more than one group
� Isolate – not connected to any group
Cliques can be harsh to outsiders
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Adolescent Friendships
More important than in any other life period More reciprocal and stable than in childhood
Increased intimacy
Adolescents choose friends similar in:– Gender– Race/ethnicity– Academic attitude– Risky or problem behavior
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AdolescentRomantic Relationships
Contribute to development of intimacy and identity
Include risk of STDs and pregnancy Affects quality of relationship with parents and
peers
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Two Phases of Teen Romantic Relationships
1. Mixed groups or group dates
2. One-on-one relationships involving intimacy
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Becoming a Delinquent
An interaction between influences: Parental
– Authoritative parenting may protect against delinquency
– Shaping of prosocial or antisocial behavior Peers
– Similar in achievement and social tendencies Community
– Collective efficacy – how do neighbors support each other?
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Preventing Delinquency: Intervention Programs
Offer family assistance and support Help with interactions between home & school Create supportive parent networks Offer follow-up services & after-school
activities Prevent gang recruitment Offer adult-guided support groups
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