1-2, 35-36 - cover page & advertisement · interior spaces in terms of comfort. human habitable...

2017 MAY VOLUME 82 ISSUE 04 100

Salute to All Time Architect -

Frank Lloyd Wright!

A Comprehensive Approach to Develop

Sustainable HeritageCities in India :Lessons from ContemporaryUrban Development Theories

Efficient Planningof Smart Units -An appropriate way to overcome landshortage with exaggerating prices andrising population in countries like India

Role of Architecturein Historic Context

Understanding the Theory of

Sustainabilityand Role for Designers

VOL-82/ISSUE-04 MAY 2017

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2006. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.

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Printed & Published by Ar Anand Palaye on behalf of The Indian Institute of Architects andprinted by Foto Copy Design Studio, M-2, Sai Vihar, 22, Mint Back Road, Fort, Mumbai 400 001 and Published at , Prospect Chambers Annexe, 5th Floor, Dr D N Road, Fort,The Indian Institute of Architects Mumbai – 400 001.

Tel. : +91.22.22046972/22818491/22884805 Fax : +91.22.22832516 Email : [email protected] / [email protected] : www.indianinstituteofarchitects.comEditor : Ar Divya Kush R.N.I. No.9469/57Email : [email protected]’s Email : [email protected]

Ar Divya Kush - President

Ar Prakash Deshmukh - Imm Past President

Ar Vilas V. Avachat - Vice President

Ar Amogh Kumar Gupta - Jr Vice President

Ar Sunil R. Degwekar - Hon Treasurer

Ar C. R. Raju - Jt Hon Secretary

Ar Lalichan Zacharias - Jt Hon Secretary

Ar Anand Palaye - Chairman - Publication Board & Executive Editor, JIIA

IIA OFFICE BEARERS 2015-2017

06 Editorial - Ar. Anand Palaye

07 President’s Message - Ar. Divya Kush

09 An Appeal

10 Understanding the Theory of Sustainability and Role for Designers - Ar. Ashima

Charnalia Grover

15 A Comprehensive Approach to Develop Sustainable Heritage Cities in India :

Lessons from Contemporary Urban Development Theories - Dr. Jayprakash

Chadchan

21 Advertorial

22 JIIA One Year Subscription Form

23 Student Membership Form

24 Welcome New IIA Members

26 Role of Architecture in Historic Context - Prof. Shireesh Deshpande

28 Efficient Planning of Smart Units - An appropriate way to overcome land

shortage with exaggerating prices and rising population in countries like India -

Ar. Ankur Prabhakar & Prof. (Dr.) Karamjit S. Chahal

33 Salute to All Time Architect - Frank Lloyd Wright! - Mr. Ajit D. Nagpurkar

MAY 201706 www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

EDITORIAL

EDITORIALAr. Anand Palaye

Dear Members and Readers,

As The Indian Institute of Architects continues its journey in the next century, we will be

presenting a dedicated issue of JIIA showcasing glimpses of events celebrating the

centenary year throughout the country very shortly.

This will be followed another dedicated issue to one of the most glorious event in the

Architectural fraternity i.e. ARCASIA 2017, grandly conducted and hosted by IIA Rajasthan

recently at Jaipur.

In the present issue of JIIA we present you the following papers and articles which will surely

be of interest to our readers.

Ar. Ashima Grover presents another viewpoint about the role of architects and designers in

the gamut of Sustainability in the context of building design and efficiency.

Dr. Jayaprakash Chadchan elaborates on a comprehensive approach to develop

sustainable heritage cities in India drawing lessons from contemporary urban development

theories.

Prof. Shireesh Deshpande has presented a paper on the role of architecture in historic

context.

Ar. Ankur Prabhakar and Prof. (Dr.) Karamjit Chahal analyse the design components that

will enhance the efficiency of dwelling units in urban areas where land is at a very high

premium.

Finally, we have a brief article which is a salute to Sir Frank Lloyd Wright – an all-time great

architect by Mr. Ajit Nagpurkar.

We are sure our readers will find these papers interesting.

Ar. Anand PalayeChairman - Publication Board & Executive Editor, JIIA

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

Ar. Divya KushPRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

MAY 2017 www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com 07JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS

Dear Fellow Architects,

Warm Greetings

The Indian Institute of Architects on the auspicious day, the 12th of May 2017 completed its

100 years of service to the profession of architecture and the society. The centenary year

2017 was celebrated with great enthusiasm by organising various events at all chapters and

centres of IIA throughout the country. The grand finale of the centenary events was

celebrated at the historic city of Jaipur to coincide with another important international

event Arcasia Forum-19. The event was attended by over 1000 members of the fraternity

from India and abroad. The theme of the centenary celebration as well as the Arcasia Forum

was very thoughtfully chosen to be “Happiness through Architecture”.

As the Indian Institute of Architects continues its journey in the next century, I congratulate

all the members of the institute on this historic moment of completing 100 years of IIA and

join you all in rededicating ourselves to the service of the profession in the society through

our great organisation, The Indian Institute of Architects.

We will be shortly bringing out a dedicated issue of JIIA showcasing the Centenary

Celebration events held at various chapters and centres throughout the year culminating

with the grand finale at Jaipur which will be followed by another dedicated issue of JIIA

covering the Arcasia event.

This issue of JIIA covers papers and articles on subjects related to intricacies of Smart City

Planning, Sustainability and Role of Architecture in historic context.

I hope the contents of this issue of the Journal will make for an interesting and informative

reading.

Ar. Divya KushPresident,

The Indian Institute of Architects

AN APPEAL

Dear Friends,

It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction to inform you that a long cherished

desire of the members of the Institute of owning the IIA Head Office premises at

Prospect Chambers Annexe, Fort, Mumbai of which we are the tenants for the last

several decades has fructified.

Friends, we have finally entered into an agreement to purchase, with the Owners of

the premises for a price of Rs. 1.25 crores. Applicable Stamp Duty and other fees

amounting to Rs.6.55 lakhs along with a token advance of Rs. 1 lakh has already been

paid.

I congratulate all the members of the Institute for this achievement in the Centenary

Year of I.I.A.

I also take liberty of appealing to all the Chapters/Centres/Sub-Centres and also

individual members of the Institute to handsomely contribute to meet the

requirement of the balance payment to be made to the Owners.

“Wishing you all the Best once again”.

With warm regards,

Ar. Divya KushPresident

The Indian Institute of Architects


Introduction :-

The relationship between architecture and nature has long

been the subject of critical attention. Now, fuelled by popular

concerns about the sustainability of the planet, the

relationship has been given fresh emphasis as the new

scientific and technological advances associated with energy 1conservation are applied to the design of buildings.

Nature, climate and environment the basic attributes of

human survival. Different terms used in different contexts for 2our surroundings.

When a structure is built it interacts with the surrounding and

creates sub-environment inside and outside its envelope.

Structures do response to its surroundings but matter in what

sense and appropriateness. Buildings forman interior zone for

human habitat which protects it from exterior climatic

conditions, in doing so the building do responses back to the

surroundings which may differ according to the building's

design parameters. It's like setting a micro environment under

a macro context and their interaction depend mutually on the

parameters of their design. Exterior environment will

response to built interior environment and buildings in return

will response in a specific way, which on analysing can define

interior spaces in terms of comfort. Human habitable spaces

are interlinked outcome of this interaction of micro and macro

environment, of build and surrounding and of their interaction

system. Designing of a built environment is based on the way

it's form and structure, which moderates the environment of

human wellness and comfort. Environmental responsiveness

of a built structure may vary from region to region, design to

design and can be analysed on various parameters.

Touching the issue of sustainability of our built environment,

and asking our self some basic questions on our survival like,

how environmentally sustainable we are? What we are

constructing today will it last a harsh impact on our future

generations? Will the never-ending needs of the today leave

anything left for the further generations? If we response to our

environment in a healthy way will it be sustainable?

All these are the issues which need to be added in the

designer's account of scope of work. Designer's individualistic

thrust, competing to stand in the global market has taken the

practise far more away from principles of their field. What we

create today is an icon for the world or region, which shoot

your mouth off amazement but issues mentioned above are

never asked from the designer, is your design sustainable?

To have that aptitude a designer need to be sensitive enough

to understand nature, ecosystem, what ecology preaches us,

and how can it be interpreted in building science? To design

sustainably one need to understand and integrate design into

the existing ecology of the place - working out the flows of

material and energy residing in the regional community.

Background :-

The relationship of building and environment is after all not

just a recent concern. It has been a vital force throughout the

history. Architects must design structures which utilize the

free energy available from the environment rather than simply

erecting an environmental barrier and creating an artificial

internal climate. Since past architects are concerned in

analysing and achieving this appropriate responsiveness

towards the environmental surrounding by evolving their

designs. This responsiveness of design outcome has evolved

with time and has changed its appearances with change in

social, economical life of people. If we trace the history of

design development towards this environmental

responsiveness, one can see its initial step from the time when

human started building for shelter from climate. Since then

there has been continuous evolutions of beliefs which tried to

touch this responsiveness towards nature and environment in

various appearances. The first architectural written theory by

Vitruvius also incorporates the consciousness and

responsiveness towards environment in architecture.

UNDERSTANDING THE THEORY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND ROLE FOR DESIGNERS

Ar. Ashima Charnalia Grover - Email : [email protected]

Ar. Ashima is a Certified Griha Evaluator and Principal Architect of Motif architects and design associates, a firm Based at Jabalpur (M.P.). She holds specialization in energy efficiency and sustainability-Master’s Degree from CEPT University, Ahmedabad. She holds experience of 8 years as Green building facilitator and energy analyst. Prior to this she completed her BArch Degree from MITS Gwalior.

Understanding the Theory of Sustainability and Role for Designers

1Source :- Hawkers Dean, McDonald Jane and SteemersKoen/The Selective Environment/Spon Press/London and NewYork/20022Source :- Steele James/ecological architecture: a critical History/Thames& Hudson/London/2005

Source :- William Daniel E./Sustainable Design /John Willey & sons/Canada/2007



The earliest surviving account of codified environmental principles in architecture is in Vitruvius's De architectura. In book VI, Vitruvius provided guidelines for the design of houses

3in the diverse climates embraced by the geographical span.

Since then there has been plurality in thoughts and actions which has segregated the architectural practice in various notions of belief, leading to one basic aim of environment conscious architecture.

Regarding this, efforts are being made since 1830.

• Ebenezer Howard came up with garden city concept in 1830.

• Wright's concept of an organic architecture however had a strong influence on today's bioclimatic practioners, merging natural surrounding within the built and responding back to the surrounding was the main ides.

• John Ruskin was the first one to identify the green objectives in the built structure.

• The arts and crafts pioneer William Morris shifted the ideas of Ruskin from the critical theoretical to the practical.

• Works of architects like Hassan Fathy, Laurie Baker and Bernard Rudolfsky deliberately set out their work in conducting extensive research into vernacular architecture to discover the reasons for their climatic effectiveness in absence of mechanical systems.

The modern architecture is a direct outcome of social phenomenon and technological advancements that brought on many vast global environmental problems. The shift in concrete actions towards the environment responsiveness began in 1970's and it was a response of to higher oil prices. This gave rise of the solar house movements, home built to use clean renewable energy from sun. This was the time when researches on natural renewable resources were extensively conducted and the new potential to drive the world were identified.

In 1980's came the next big shock – climate change, it was then the rate of depletion in the ozone layers and the increase in green house gases and global warming became apparent but what is deeply worrying is the revealed rate and scale of change that is now happening. The main green house gas is

4co2 and one of the major sources is buildings.

The increasing concern for environmental impacts of buildings and the quality of their internal environment has raised the

question on the role of architects. Due to too much dependency on the mechanical artificial systems architect have an aptitude to cut the interior space from the outside world, creating a universal indoor ambience which can be created regardless of region and climate anywhere in the world. The interior spaces now lack in providing regional experience to the visitor. This has raised the questions on the architects, asking about their design identity and its linkage to region and climate. Secondly in doing so they creates an isolated interior zone which has no interaction with the exterior and the effect they leave on their surroundings are thoughtlessly uncounted from the scope of architect's work.

The issue of sustainability :-

The word sustain has roots in the Latin word sustineo, meaning “to hold up” or “to endure.”

"Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste, and often involve weighing the preservation of buildings that have historical significance against the desire for the development

5of newer, more modern designs." - The Earth Pledge

The terms sustainable, ecological and green are often used interchangeably to describe environmentally responsive architecture but at a deeper level each term is also heavily freighted with social and political implications which need to clarify.

The precise provenance of the term 'sustainability', in relation to the built environment, makes it far ambiguous than other terms such as 'ecological' or 'green', that is used to describe environmental responsive architecture.

The first use of 'the word 'sustainability' in connection with the environment was in 1980 in a publication produced by the international union for the conservation of nature (UCN) entitled world conservation strategy, in which sustainability was in extricably linked to development. This was intended to diffuse the growth /no-growth debate that had raged throughout the 1970s between those who argued that economic progress was necessary to finance environmental protection on the one hand and those who were against such growth because it's inevitable result was resource degradation

6and waste on other hand.

In today context this word is used in almost all spheres of life. The meaning of the term is strongly dependent on the context in which it is applied and on whether its use is based on a social, economic, ecological or over all perspectives.


3Source :- Hawkers Dean, McDonald Jane and SteemersKoen/The Selective Environment/Spon Press/London and New York/20024Source: - Roaf Sue /Ecohouse 2 A design guide/Architectural press/20035Source: -www.earthpledge.org

Source: - Hyde Richard/Climate Responsive Design/Sponpress/London/20016 Source: - Steele James/ecological architecture: a critical History/Thames& Hudson/London/2005


Environmental sustainability :-

The idea of environmental sustainability is to leave the earth in as good or better shape for future generations than we found it for ourselves. By a definition, human activity is only environmentally sustainable when it can be performed or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment.

• Resource consumption would be minimal

• Materials consumed would be made entirely of 100% post-consumer recycled materials or from renewable resources (which were harvested without harm to the environment and without depletion of the resource base)

• Recycling of waste streams would be 100%

• Energy would be conserved and energy supplies would be entirely renewable and non-polluting (solar thermal and electric, wind power, biomass, etc.).

Sustainable architecture and Role of the designer : -

Sustainability requires that people scarifies short term interests for long term gain. It cannot be treated as a target or aim that needs to be achieved; it's a process or way of planning our actions for better results. It needs to come into our daily actions and naturally intuitive habits, for the change to ignite and this change should be initiated by the designers. Designers touch every aspect of human life from daily products to high rise urbanscapes. Here, a very important role for planners, architects and designers in general can be identified, a role defined by establishing and pointing out the existing value and beauty intrinsically available in their environment. Architects play an indispensable role in overall development of built environment; they are required to apply creative thinking in shaping the society. They are apt with technological and managerial skills to conceptualise physical infrastructure and development of the communities. To attain sustainability designers, need to think beyond the overall design. A sustainable design is a collaborative process that Involves thinking ecologically, studying systems, relationships and interactions, to design in ways that remove rather than contribute stress from the existing ecosystem systems.

Sustainability, as it applies to building design, consists of a focused, integrated, systems approach to developing and achieving a healthy and efficient building by jointly addressing economic, environmental, and human issues.

Sustainability as it applies to architecture; there are several aspects of a building that are important to consider:

• Atmosphere

The atmosphere of a building is the mood and feeling that it engenders when a user is inside, it is very much a result of sufficient lighting and appropriate indoor air quality. A sustainable building will take into account all of these factors because the health of a building's users is intrinsically intertwined with the use of the building.

• Longevity

The longevity of a building also plays an important role in its sustainability. Spaces that remain of use to their occupants for a long duration are more sustainable.

• Energy

Reducing the energy impact of a built space is one of the most important considerations to be taken when constructing spaces. Building energy use comes in two forms: embodied energy and operating energy. Embodied energy, the energy required to create, transport and install the materials that make up a building, surprisingly make up a large portion of a building's energy costs. Operating energy is the energy a building uses everyday to heat and cool a space, run appliances and power any electronics within. An effort should also be made on relying on renewable sources of energy other than nonrenewable one.


What is Sustainable Development?

"Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs." -- World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, pp. 4, Oxford University Press, New York, 1987.

This definition has been formulated by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), led by the Norwegian prime minister G. Harlem Brundtland, in 1987. 6

Figure 1: Three sustainability area.

Source : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S1367578812000089

Environmental - EconomicEnergy Efficiency

Subsidies / Incentives foruse of Natural Resources

Adopted from the 2002University of MichiganSustainability Assessment

SocialStandard of Living

EducationCommunity

Equal Opportunity

EconomicProfit

Cost SavingsEconomic Growth

Research &Development

Economic - SocialBusiness Ethics

Fair TradeWorker’s Rights

Sustainability

The Three Spheres of Sustainability

Socio - EnvironmentalEnvironmental Justice

Natural Resources StewardshipLocally & Globally

EnvironmentalNatural Resource Use

Environmental ManagementPollution Prevention

(air, water, land, waste)



• Interface

When creating architecture with a conscious effort

towards improving Sustainability, one must take into

account the way a building interacts with its

Surroundings.

• Equity

An aspect of sustainability that is often overlooked is that

of equity. Too often money is the solution to

unsustainable situations. However, if technology and

design are too expensive for the average person, they can

never be sustainable because they won't be widely

adopted therefore if expensive technology is embraced;

it is likely to become more affordable. If sustainable

architecture is ever to make a significant impact, it must

be affordable to the masses.

The advantages gained from incorporating sustainable

concepts into a building include : Long-term financial savings

derived from operating and maintaining efficiencies,

Enhanced comfort and productivity of building occupants,

reduced skiving and illnesses, a positive contribution to the

environment.

Way towards sustainability : -

The first maxim of sustainable architecture is that buildings

should exemplify

Principles of conservation, living/existing in synergy with

nature/human ecosystem :

As If we aim to achieve sustainability it's obvious that it has to

be a natural (not artificial or mechanical) way for towards it.

What we have disturbed, is to be treated now, in its way, for

the human survival. Therefore, it's essential to study the

composition of nature and their relations with the built

environment. If we just touch the five elements of the nature

that is the basic composition of the nature, and relate their

forms and role in built structures, can be a small way to

approach the big problem.

Sustainability of five elements -

Each of the five elements- land, water, fire (energy), wind and

space has been adversely affected by environmental crises

and issues related them: -

Water

• Water harvesting

• Safe drinking water facility

• Waste water treatment and reuse

• Promote water saving and scarceness.

Fire

• Use of Renewable energy resources instead of fossil fuels

• Use of energy efficient electrical appliances

• Use of building materials, which are energy efficient.

Earth

• Use of earth as construction material

• Energy and cost effective

Wind and space

• Use of wind for energy generation

• Enhanced indoor spaces for achieving occupant comfort

Sustainable interior architecture : -

Interior architecture is basically has been designing of interior

realm of the existing space within the building. As much

cannot be acted upon the orientation, stretching the

dimensions and location of the functions but an opportunity

of setting the feel of the space and its functionality can be

worked. A space can be related to its exterior, existing

renewable resources and sustainable functional solutions for

lighting, heating/cooling and indoor air quality can be

approached.

Orientation of the functional design layout to exterior based

elements (example- reflectance of other buildings, prevailing

breeze, solar heat gain and day lighting) can have positive

impacts on user performance and well being while reducing or

eliminating use of non-renewable. As in sustainable

architectural design, interior architecture that addresses the

natural context of the project site has an opportunity to 7improve sustainability for the user.

Modern Architects towards sustainability : -

Modern architects with contemporary and technological

expressions in their design are trying to set a new trend

towards environment responsive architecture. With the

advancements in science and technology they approach

towards this issue of sustainability, in a diverse manner. They

had impulse to solve this issue with combining nature and

technology in the building design. Established architects over

the globe like Richard Roger, Norman Foster, Glenn Murcutt,

Ken Yeang, Renzo Piano and many others has their

individualist approach towards sustainability. Architects like

Ken Yeang as developed environmental design solutions for

high-rise buildings in the tropics. He is regarded as the 'father'

or 'inventor' of the bioclimatic skyscraper. Today many

architects are sensitive in approaching, with their ideologies

towards it.

7Source: - William Daniel E. /Sustainable Design /John Willey & sons/Canada/2007


REFERENCES :

Books

1. Roaf Sue/Ecohouse 2 A design guide/architectural press/2003

2. Steele James/Ecological architecture: a critical History/Thames & Hudson/London/2005

3. Hyde Richard/Climate Responsive Design/Spon press/London/2001

4. William Daniel E./Sustainable Design /John Willey & sons/Canada/2007

5. Hawkers Dean, Mcdonald Jane and Steemers Koen / The Selective Environment/Spon Press/London and New York/2002

Internet links

1. An Architect's Guide to Designing for Sustainability/ commonwealth association of Architects/CSIR Built Environment Unit, Pretoria, South Africa/November 2006

2. www.earthpledge.org

3. Garrett moon/ sustainable architecture/research paper

4. Sam C M Hui/Sustainable Architecture and Building/http://www.arch.hku.hk/…/sustain.htm

5. SwamyVimala / Sustainable Architecture and Development- Critical studies in Architectural and planning theories/ Architecture - time space & people august 2008

6. Becky j. Brown, Mark e. Hanson, Diana m. Liverman, Robert w. Merideth, jr./Forum Global sustainability: toward definition/ Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison/ Environmental Management Vol. 11, No, 6

Many of these diverse individualistic efforts in the field of architecture need to culminate together, to aim the global issue of sustainability.

Inferences : -

Sustainability is about the appropriate quality and quantity of essential living elements upon which one can survive. Over using and over exploiting those elements can perturb directly or indirectly our present and future survival, the way scarcity of those elements can do. It can also be define like this, extremes and insufficiency of everything is not sustainable it deals with aptness of our subsistence.

Sustainable architecture is also about aptness of its identity and cause. Nature exists but what we are going to construct is to alter the existing environment therefore it's the job of architects to create his designed building as an organism living in the natural conditions and treat the building's surrounding as an ecosystem. Then the architect should evolve his design with the essential aim of constructing and practical working of this ecosystem.

There can be various environment responsive acts through which sustainability can be approached. Energy efficiency, Green architecture, bioclimatic architecture, energy conservation and all historic events touching the built environment impact on ecology, can be counted as those environment conscious acts. Various events in diverse field has now culminated to a biggest issue of global concern called sustainability of the planet and now talking about present, what is left do to, is to set the path to achieve what we can say towards major aim of sustainability.

“Then I say the earth belongs to each . . . generation during its course, fully and in its own right, no generation can contract debts greater than may be paid during the course of its own existence.” -Thomas Jefferson, September 6, 1789.


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ABSTRACT : Heritage is deemed to mean those buildings, artefacts, structures, areas and precincts that are of historic, aesthetic, architectural or cultural significance and should include natural features within such areas or precincts of environmental significance or scenic beauty such as sacred groves, hills, hillocks, water bodies, open areas, wooded areas, etc. It must be recognized that the 'cultural landscape' around a heritage site is critical for the interpretation of the site and its built heritage and thus is very much its integral part. The renovation of a historic property is often a starting point and anchor for the redevelopment of a block, street, or district, and an important part of a smart growth approach. In this paper, author makes an attempt to carry out comparative empirical study of contemporary sustainable urban growth theories mainly smart growth, compact city and new urbanism principles. Suitable lessons are drawn from the comparative study and relevant planning policies and guidelines are outlined to develop sustainable heritage cities. In conclusion author states that, smart growth, new urbanism and compact city principles act as pre-requisite for sustainable urban planning and efficiency of heritage cities cannot be enhanced without considering and adopting principles of contemporary urban growth theories.

KEYWORDS : Sustainable, Heritage City, Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Compact City

A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE CITIES IN INDIA :LESSONS FROM CONTEMPORARY URBAN DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

A Comprehensive Approach to Develop Sustainable Heritage Citiesin India : Lessons from Contemporary Urban Development Theories

INTRODUCTIONCities are now home to more than 50% of world's population and face a plethora of issues such as social inequity, poor governance, unemployment, urban sprawl, increasing land prices, congestion, pollution etc. India is endowed with different cultures, religions, traditions, art & handicrafts, architectural styles, music and literature. Urban heritage represents a social, cultural and economic asset and resource reflecting the dynamic historical layering of values that have been developed, interpreted and transmitted by successive generations and an accumulation of traditions and experiences recognized as such in their diversity. Urban heritage comprises urban elements (urban morphology and built form, open and green spaces, urban infrastructure), architectural elements (monuments, buildings) and intangible elements. Urban heritage conservation or urban conservation relates to urban planning processes aimed at preserving cultural values, assets and resources through conserving the integrity and authenticity of urban heritage, while safeguarding intangible cultural assets through a participatory approach (UN, 2015).

The conservation of built heritage is generally perceived to be in the long term interest of society. This can be better understood if categorized under 'economic', 'cultural', and 'environmental', although they are not mutually exclusive and, indeed, they are often interlocked. Most buildings are

capable of beneficial use, whether for their original purpose or for some other use. Buildings and their precincts need to be used in order to survive and such use can be made into an economically viable enterprise. Heritage comprises archaeological sites, remains, ruins, and monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and their counterparts in the States, and also a large number of unprotected buildings, groups of buildings, neighborhoods, and public spaces including landscapes and natural features which provide character and distinctive identity to cities. Conservation plans and projects for cities must take into account both the protected and unprotected components of the heritage (CPWD, 2013).

Not that there haven't been any efforts to conserve historic and cultural resources in Indian cities, but most of them have been carried out in isolation from the immediate aspirations of the local communities. Often, main urban development issues, such as local economy, urban planning, livelihoods, service delivery and infrastructure provision have been neglected. Basic amenities like toilets, signages, street lights are missing at heritage areas. Multiple institutions and unclear regulatory framework for financing and managing urban heritage assets, combined with the weak capacity of Urban Local Bodies have created major challenges for managing these heritage cities. It is essential to note here that the development of a heritage city is not just about development

Dr. Jayprakash Chadchan - Email : [email protected], [email protected]

He is an Architect/ Planner by professional background having more than sixteen years of combined experience in teaching, research and industry. Since august 2015, he is serving as an Associate Professor at Mysore School of Architecture (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum). He completed his B.Arch. degree in 1999 from Karnatak University, Dharwad. In the year 2009, he earned his doctorate degree in the field of Urban and Regional Planning from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee. His specialized area of interest is “Sustainable Urban Design, Planning and Development” with special focus on application of contemporary urban growth theories (Smart Growth, Smart City, New Urbanism, Compact City, TOD).

and conservation of a few monuments, but development of the entire city, its planning, its basic services, quality of life of its communities, its economy and livelihoods, cleanliness, security, reinvigoration of its soul and an explicit manifestation of its character.

REVIEW OF CONTEMPORARY THEORIES ON DESIRABLE URBAN FORMS

Compact city :

In late 1990's the concept of compact cities was created by the idea of sustainable urban planning in the European countries.

According to Jenks et al., (1996) compact development will reduce development costs in providing infrastructure to new development sites as well as transportation costs. Compact urban form can be a major means in guiding urban development to sustainability.

According to Burton (2000), a compact city is relatively a high-density, mixed-use city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling.

Compact city refers to urban land use planning with focus on higher density and better accessibility, which reduces automobile dependency (Nallathiga, 2008). The objectives of compact cities are:

• To control urban sprawl and reduce vehicle kilometers driven by compact spatial structure.

• To support a high transit share; and

• To keep walking and cycling attractive.

Compact city policies have often been designed primarily to reduce the use of private cars and to minimise the loss of open countryside. However, proponents of the concept claim more than just environmental benefits out of intensifying urban areas; 'higher density settlements are argued to be more socially sustainable because local facilities and services can be maintained, due to high population densities, and therefore accessibility to goods and services is more equitably distributed (Williams, 1999).

According to Tong C. O and Wong S. C (1997), a compact urban form like that of Hong Kong has a manifold advantage: the economic use of land through vertical space utilization; the high accessibility enjoyed by residents and short journeys-to-work; few roads and commercially viable public transport.

According to CPRE (Campaign to protect rural England) (2006) compact community is well designed, higher density, medium-rise housing and mixed-use developments focused on town and local centres and other public transport hubs, large enough to offer a range of social and economic amenities within walking distance of people's homes.

In the early 1990s, EU has found an advantage in the compact city approach as a sustainable urban form, which is expected to achieve maximum quality of urban life with the given

resources and energy (Kaji, H., 2004). For EU, the compact city approach seemed to be appropriate to achieve the goals of:

• Saving resources and energy (land use, transportation, pollutant emission, wastes).

• Revitalization of inner city to control an infinite expansion to the suburbs of urban area resulting from automobile dependent society.

According to Pawlukiewicz and Deborah (2002) the national joint forum in the United States with a group of 40 real estate professionals, designers, developers, architects, planners, and elected officials, as well as leaders of citizens, community, and environmental organizations agreed that more compact residential development can benefit communities and the environment in many ways.

A recent study by Carruthers and Ulfrasson (2003) across 283 metropolitan areas in the US suggests that per capita spending on infrastructure declines at greater densities and increases with the spatial extent of urbanized land area.

New Urbanism :

Peter Katz, who served as the first Executive Director of the CNU (Congress for New Urbanism), was responsible for bringing together Peter Calthorpe, Andres Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Stefanos Polyzoides, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Daniel Solomon (all architects) to form the Congress for New Urbanism with the purpose of spreading the word about New Urbanism. These founders were interested in creating neighborhoods that provided a high quality of life while protecting the natural environment through their buildings and designs. Founded in 1993, in Chicago, CNU today has more than 2,300 members in 20 countries and 49 states (CNU, 2003).

“Preservation and renewal of historic buildings, districts, and landscapes affirm the continuity and evolution of urban society.”

Charter of the New Urbanism, 1996

Perhaps the most pressing concern for New Urbanism today is the re-compaction and reurbanization of existing cities and suburbs, promoting denser new development that weaves together new construction and existing buildings, transforming places without destroying their valued character.

Congress for New Urbanism (CNU) advocates the “restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent metropolitan regions…stand for reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of our built legacy”.





New Urbanist design principles have resonated and been incorporated within the goals and agendas of individuals and organizations from other fields, including environmental protection, sustainable development, historic preservation, growth management/smart growth, transit, pedestrian and bicycle planning, and main street programs. The housing field is no exception.

New Urbanism is viewed as a strategy consistent with the pedestrian qualities, mixed uses, interconnected streets, and urban housing types that have historically defined the neighborhoods and that support concepts of sustainable development based on compact, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly environments (Bohl, 2000).

According to Hikichi (2003), New Urbanism promotes for neighborhoods with open space for civic opportunities, sidewalks and streets based on the grid system, connectivity with developments and surrounding residential areas, and an integrated use of mixed-residential, retail, and office space within walking distance from residential units.

New urbanism, also known as “traditional neighborhood design” and “neo-traditional neighborhood design” is a planning principle that provides for more livable and walkable neighborhoods in a more pedestrian friendly environment (Hikichi, 2003). Some argue that new urbanism is the answer to suburban sprawl and it's an effective way to counter communities so dependent on the automobile that every trip made is by car. New urbanism combines elements of the 18th and 19th century American and European towns to give that “neighborhood feel where everyone knows your name” with interconnected streets, easy access to transit, and bicycle and pedestrian pathways.

New urbanism advocates sidewalks, grid network, an integration of housing, retail and office, a neighborhood/town center within walking distance to residents, and bicycle paths. Residential areas that are gated or have “tree-like street system” do not constitute new urbanism. New urbanism promotes connectivity with “surrounding neighborhoods, developments, or towns, while also protecting regional open space.” Land use designated for single use, whether it's for just residential or retail or office does not constitute new urbanism. In addition, new urbanism supports having a neighborhood/town center that is within walking distance from all residential units in the neighborhood, and has open space for public use (Hikichi, 2003).

By reducing vehicle use and using land more efficiently, walkable neighborhoods provide a higher quality of life. Transit-oriented development has various definitions, but it is basically a “mixed-use community that encourages people to live near transit services and to decrease their dependence on driving (TOD, 2003).

According to Vuchic (1999), “Transit” is the most effective mode and, for many trips, the only feasible alternative to the

car, transit must be included in the basic decision about the form and character of the city and its metropolitan area. The availability of transit adds to the diversity of transportation options and can help create more livable cities…congestion and environmental problems could be mitigated by the availability of competitive transit…by increasing accessibility to retail, office, and civic spaces, congestion can be reduced.

Smart Growth :

Though origin of smart growth is unclear, the credit goes to Maryland USA as the pioneer of smart growth. In 1996, following an extensive listening campaign, many meetings, and frequent forums, the Governor's office of Maryland developed five initiatives that made Maryland the undisputed leader of smart growth policy reforms.

The Surface Transportation Policy Project (STPP) was established in 1990 in Washington and it was instrumental in the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), which in turn led to the creation of the UEDD (Urban Economic Development Division) within the U.S. Under the leadership of Harriet Tregoning, the UEDD created the Smart Growth Network and provided funding for a variety of smart growth activities. Members of the network are active all over the nation, but the headquarters of most are located in Washington.

Smart Growth Network (2002) defined Smart growth as development that serves the economy, community, and the environment. It provides a framework for communities to make informed decisions about how and where they grow. Smart growth makes it possible for communities to grow in ways that support economic development and jobs; create strong neighborhoods with a range of housing, commercial, and transportation options; and achieve healthy communities that provide families with a clean environment. Smart growth looks forward to provide solution for the wide range of concerns faced by many communities mainly impact of dispersed development patterns, economic costs of abandoning infrastructure, travel costs and time, conservation of prime agricultural land etc.

Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in the center of a city to avoid urban sprawl; and advocates compact, transit-oriented, walk able, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, streets that work for everyone, mixed-use development with a range of housing choices.

The smart growth movement aspires to transform the way cities grow and function. In response to congestion, environmental degradation and high infrastructure costs, it proposes urban forms and dynamics that are more compact and less reliant on the automobile (Filion, 2007). Increasing residential density and transit use is uppermost on the list of smart growth objectives.


According to Smart Growth Network (2002), the ten smart growth principles to be put into practice are as mentioned below :

1. Mix land uses

2. Evolve compact building design

3. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices

4. Create Walkable Communities

5. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place

6. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas

7. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities

8. Provide a variety of Transportation choices

9. Make development decisions predictable, fair and cost effective

10. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.

COMPARISON AND LESSON DRAWING

The Indian metropolitan cities, particularly the mega cities, hardly adopt any of these characteristics, whereas these are applied successfully at different scales of planning and development mainly in revitalizing the old congested city areas as well as preserving heritage buildings and zones, agricultural land and other resources at regional level, in American and European cities. The concept of mixed development is still at its infancy, and on the other hand the psychological mindset of the Indian planners is to encourage rigid low FSI and other non-flexible development controls (for instance, the height restrictions) which have led to the low density sprawl pattern of development occurring in leap-frog manner outside the urban limits.

The three urban development concepts mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs are not just theoretical utopia, but workable ideas of alternative patterns of urban development which have evolved in response to the increasing need for a resource-conserving, sustainable, and people-centric city ensuring high quality of urban life. These possible alternative patterns have already found enthusiastic supporters among governments, urban development agencies, planners and urban designers. Though the important characteristics of compact, mixed use development, pedestrian and bicycle friendly environment, walkable communities and transit-based development are common, there are a few distinctive differences among the three concepts (see Table : 1).

POLICY GUIDELINES AND CONCLUSIONS

It is clearly evident from the comparative analysis of contemporary urban growth theories that, although all theories come from different contextual backgrounds, their common goal is to achieve sustainable urban development. All of the above discussed theories, fundamentally focus on achieving and promoting overall sustainable development by means of addressing issues related to redevelopment of central city core areas including historic preservation. In order to address the current key urban development issues and challenges mainly land scarcity, infrastructure services, housing, transportation etc. faced by metropolitan and mega cities of India, it is need of the hour to rethink, adopt and implement the above discussed principles in an integrated manner with little modification to suit to the local context. Heritage conservation is fundamental to smart growth. Redevelopment of existing heritage buildings in city cores and old industrial areas as a method to achieve Smart Growth objectives is more advantageous than other Smart Growth options. Rejuvenating already developed areas conserves remaining open space, eliminates outward expansion and the need to create new and expensive infrastructure. The redevelopment of existing buildings has environmental, social, and economic advantages. The redevelopment of existing buildings is most effective in achieving the following goals :

• Reduction in automobile use, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions

• Preservation of more scenic vistas and farmlands, and disruption of fewer ecosystems

Table 1 : Matrix showing comparison betweenContemporary Urban Development Theories

Mixed use

Compactness

Pedestrian/ Bicycle friendly environment

Public Transport / Transit oriented Development

Easy Accessibility / Walkable Neighborhood

Compact Spatial / Building Design

Affordable Housing choices

Sense of place / community

High Density Development

Preserving Farmland

Reduction in Infrastructure Development costs

Community / stakeholder collaboration in development decisions

Connectivity / Grid Network

Conservation of Natural / Built Environment

Source : Author

P P PP P P

P P P

P P P

P P P

P P PP PP PP PP P

P P

P

P

P

SmartGrowth

NewUrbanism

CompactCityAttributes / Characteristics

Theories




• Reduction in automobile accidents

• Increased physical health due to work/school accessibility via walking and bicycling

• Lower infrastructure costs and increased property taxes for local jurisdictions

• Reduction in the deterioration of inner cities

From the mix of various characteristic attributes of the three contemporary urban development concepts discussed above, the appropriate alternative sustainable urban development pattern for Indian Heritage Cities would include necessarily the following :

1. Compact, high density, mixed land use development in terms of walkable, bicycle-oriented and anthropo-centric communities which are safe, secure and universally accessible.

2. Availability of housing choices which are affordable and easily accessible to all.

3. Multi-modal transport corridors connecting the communities.

4. Use of diverse modes of slow and medium speed transport with in communities including walking, cycling, and other environment friendly para- transports.

5. Conservation of agricultural land by containing urban expansion.

6. Creating and maintaining aesthetically appealing, functionally efficient and healthy environment.

The characteristics mentioned above are primarily meant to be applied for urban extensions of existing cities and new towns. There is enormous scope for developing city extensions and new cities along the existing and proposed express ways and metro corridors.

In case of “Redevelopment” within the metro cities, the following retrofitting measures can be adopted.

a) Densification along the existing corridor development by way of increasing FSI.

b) Bringing waste and unused public and private land within the city for redevelopment.

c) Integration of land use and transport.

d) Encouraging Mixed land use development.

e) Replacing old dilapidated buildings with new-high rise group housing complexes.

f) Developing transport infrastructure facilities above and beneath the ground surface.

In view of the growing urban problems turning more complex and threatening to make urban life in India increasingly miserable, it is imperative to adopt a different development paradigm which would make urban development not only sustainable but also immensely livable, anthropo-centric and environmentally attractive.

REFERENCES :

1. Burton E. (2000). 'The Compact City: Just or just compact? A preliminary analysis' Urban Studies, 37(11): 1969-2007.

2. Bohl, Charles C. (2000). New Urbanism and the City: Potential Applications and Implications for Distressed Inner-City Neighborhoods, Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 11, Issue 4, Fannie Mae Foundation.

3. CPRE (2006). Compact Sustainable Communities, Campaign to Protect Rural England, London.

4. Carruthers, J. and Ulfarsson, G. (2003). 'Urban sprawl and the cost of public services,' Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30: 503-522.

5. CNU (2003). Congress for New Urbanism, Available at http://www.cnu.org.

6. Filion, Pierre and McSpurren, Kathleen (2007). Smart Growth and Development Reality: The Difficult Co-ordination of Land use and Transport objectives, Journal of Urban Studies, Vol. 44. No. 3, pp. 501-523, March 2007.

7. Hikichi , Lynda (2003). New Urbanism and Transportation, University of Wisconsin.

8. Jenks, M., Burton, E. and Williams, K. (1996). “Compact Cities and Sustainability: An Introduction”, in Jenks, M., Burton, E., and Williams, K. (eds.), The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form? London: E &FN Spon, pp. 11-12.

9. Kaji, H. (2004). Compact City and Sustainable Urban Form: Is compact city approach appropriate as an urban development policy for cities in developing countries? Available at http://web.sfc.keio.ac.jp/ unodb/fasid/lec_note/1201p.pdf

10. Nallathiga, R (2008). Contradictions of Sustainable Urban Development: The Choice of Compact City Development approach, ITPI Journal, 5: 2 (2008) 55-59.

11. Pawlukiewicz, Michael and Myerson, Deborah L. (2002). ULI / NMHC / AIA Joint Forum on Housing Density, Urban Land Institute, Washington, D.C.

12. Smart Growth Network (2002), Getting to Smart Growth: 100 Policies for Implementation, International City / County Management Association, New York.

13. Tong, C.O. and Wong, S.C. (1997). The advantages of a High density, mixed land use, linear urban development, Journal of Transportation, 24, pp. 295-307.

14. TOD (2003). Transit-Oriented Development. Available from: http://www.realtor.org/SG3.nsf/Pages/ transitdev?Open Document

15. Vuchic, V.R., (1999). Transportation for Livable Cities, pg. 253, Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

16. Williams, K. (1999) 'Urban intensification policies in England: problems and contradictions', Land Use Policy, 16(3): 167-178.


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The visit was a of great learning and education for the several door manufacturers and their comments post visit are

• The trip and tour you had prepared for your factory and other door producing factory is very educational and the trip was excellent stated Mr. Serafin Chan of LATIMCO Philippines

• It was a great experience for us, understanding firsthand how the tubular core is produced and understanding its properties especially the fire and acoustic properties of the core. The visit to the two door factories further reinforced our knowledge of what we learnt at the Sauerland factory. A special word of thanks to the wonderful Dr. Steffen, whose valuable insights on the use of Sauerland cores in door making were invaluable. The fire test demonstration at the factory by Dr. Steffen's team was very informative. Above all, your organization skills and attention for detail to make us comfortable, made our tour memorable stated Mr. Hemant Pandit, Vice President Doors Division of Talin Modular Office Furniture Systems Pvt. Ltd.

• It was good to see your operations in Gotha, it gives us more in depth understanding about your company and operation which help us to understand to sell your products forward said Mr. Bhakti Sadeli of PT. Kayu Permata Indonesia.

• Visit to Sauerland factory actually really make me more convincing to promote more doors. The test of Fire Door was excellent and provided answers to all our queries. We were very impressed with the factory and the fire test organized for our benefit. The technical information shared to us was also very informative and we have a better understanding of the Sauerland hollow core door core and its application. We hope to put some of this to good use in the near future stated Mr. Vipul Parekh and Mr. Nilesh Parekh of Shreeji Woodcraft Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai

• The tubular core presentation was very informative particularly on fire protection, sound/accoustic insulation. Also stressed was the importance of thickness precision to avoid telegraphing and of course how extrusion method provides impact resistance. Equally enlightening is the actual production in our tour at door factories commented Mr. Mahendra Gala of Timex, Mumbai.

The 14 member team was led by Mr. Nitin Vaze CEO of Sleek Boards Marketing Services LLP for exposure and education for the ASEAN door industry.

SAUERLAND CONCLUDES 5TH TOUR FOR ASEAN AREA

The fifth educational trip from ASEAN area, having door manufacturers from India, Indonesia and Philippines visited the Sauerland factory in Gotha Germany. The following days they toured the massive factory and witnessed the fire test of all 100% Engineered material door which exceeded 60 minutes. It showed the most economical way to make the fire rated doors, lighter in weight with no additives or inorganic fillers. Later they visited two leading door factories They saw that none of the door manufacturers use any flat pressed board as infill or filler board in door manufacture due to it's swelling in thickness property which can be a great disaster in life, durability and finishing of the door.

Sauerland started supplying in fill or the tubular filler boards to the ASEAN door industry in 2007 and has deeply impacted on the use of timber use and has grown in its use in internal doors and main doors. Although the product is in use for over 65 years globally and exported to over 78 countries with approx. 100,000 doors being made daily somewhere in the World the ASEAN area is yet decades behind in the specifications with timber infill whilst rest of the World is already manufacturing the modern and ecofriendly door.

Key improved properties in doors with tubular in fill are :

1. Sound Insulation: Extruded tubular and solid boards offer a wide range of sound insulation results for light weight construction as well as high end solutions.

2. Fire Resistance: The board being produced by Extrusion method the particle direction is predominantly vertical to surface which in case of exposure to fire provide a low rate of burning. Sauerland offers full support for safe fire door constructions.

3. Construction: The density in solid areas i.e. walls of board is high 500 Kgs/m3 minimum. Further the arch principle as in case of construction of dams or bridges give high impact resistance.

4. Thickness Tolerance: Critical thickness tolerance of +/-0.1mm in the board gives rid of telegraphing as the board calibrated board gives a beautiful surface finish and a good bond between the skin and the board.

5. Weight Reduction: Tubular boards as an engineered product ideally suits light weight strategy, value feeling in handling the door and high technical performance.

6. Low Emission: All Sauerland products are E1 norm for formaldehyde emission. Lower levels are also possible against special production runs.

7. Straightness: The tubular structure also helps the door to maintain straightness under climatic variations.

8. PEFC/FSC Certified: Save the tree for reducing climate change. All our products are certified with PEFC. We can also cater FSC requirements.

9. Swelling in thickness: Almost zero thickness swelling in Sauerland board compared to flat pressed board/timber infill, ensures long life for door.

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147 Ar. AbhijIt Vijaysingh Deshmukh A22049 Maharashtra

148 Ar. Aditya Madhukar Adep A22050 Maharashtra

149 Ar. Arshad Maheboop Shaikh A22051 Maharashtra

150 Ar. Arun Krishna Gavade A22052 Maharashtra

151 Ar. Ashok Kale A22053 Maharashtra

152 Ar. Dhanashri Pandurang Khetmalis A22054 Maharashtra

153 Ar. Kailash Pharate A22055 Maharashtra

154 Ar. Kanhaiya Chandrakant Gandhi A22056 Maharashtra

155 Ar. Kavita Sushil Jain A22057 Maharashtra

156 Ar. Mohd. Hazuddin Shahabuddin A22058 Maharashtra

157 Ar. Manisha Sureshkumar Hooda A22059 Maharashtra

158 Ar. Manojkumar Raghunath Jadhav A22060 Maharashtra

159 Ar. Mayur Anant Kothari A22061 Maharashtra

160 Ar. Mayuresh Deshmukh A22062 Maharashtra

161 Ar. Namdeo Shivaji Makune A22063 Maharashtra

162 Ar. Nandkishor Nagnath Ghodke A22064 Maharashtra

163 Ar. Pavan Shinde A22065 Maharashtra

164 Ar. Prafull Surana A22066 Maharashtra

165 Ar. Pralhad Shashikant Joshi A22067 Maharashtra

166 Ar. Pravin Trimbak Aru A22068 Maharashtra

167 Ar. Pritam Harakchand Mutha A22069 Maharashtra

168 Ar. Pritesh Anil Gugale A22070 Maharashtra

169 Ar. Rohit Anil Salunke A22071 Maharashtra

170 Ar. Rupali Dattatraya Harde A22072 Maharashtra

171 Ar. Sanjay Vinayak Sowani A22073 Maharashtra

172 Ar. Santosh Vinayak Palaskar A22074 Maharashtra

173 Ar. Santosh Gaikwad A22075 Maharashtra

174 Ar. Shital Sunil Bhutada A22076 Maharashtra

175 Ar. Sonali Gangadhar Shelke A22077 Maharashtra

176 Ar. Sonu Bothe Salunke A22078 Maharashtra

177 Ar. Suraj Ramnath Zine A22079 Maharashtra

178 Ar. Sumitesh Subhash Zinjurde A22080 Maharashtra

179 Ar. Swapnil Raosaheb Sathe A22081 Maharashtra

180 Ar. Tejas Darokar A22082 Maharashtra

181 Ar. Trupti Sanjaykumar Bhalagat A22083 Maharashtra

182 Ar. Vaibhav Vinayak Deshmukh A22084 Maharashtra

183 Ar. Sanjaykumar Popatlal Patwa A22085 Maharashtra

184 Ar. Gaurav Vishwanath Awati A22086 Maharashtra

185 Ar. Abhishek Nandkishor Mundada A22087 Maharashtra

186 Ar. Suvarna Mahadev Nimse A22088 Maharashtra

187 Ar. Akshay Bapusaheb Inamke A22089 Maharashtra

ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORIC CONTEXT

Prof. Shireesh Deshpande - Email : [email protected]

Prof. Shireesh Deshpande is a reputed personality in Architecture Education. He has authored and published over 50 Technical Papers in National and International Conferences. He has authored a Book titled 'Design Dialog' published by NIASA of the Council of Architecture India in 2013. His next Book 'The Ultimate Taj Mahal' is in the process of Publication shortly.

Role of Architecture in Historic Context

ABSTRACT : The Paper attempts to study the Historic context of the Modern Architecture in the 20th Century in the developed and the developing countries of the World. Physical and Social impacts on the form have been studied to understand the role of construction techniques and materials on architectural form.

Architecture is the art and technique of building employed to fulfill the practical and expressive requirement of civilized people in the World. Almost every settled society that possesses the techniques for building produces architecture. The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other manmade structures, essentially are :-

a) suitability to use by humans

b) the stability and permanence of its construction, and

c) its communication of experience and ideas through its 'Form'

However, the types of architecture are established not by Architects but by the society, which sets the objectives and goals. In retrospect, the art of architecture has been categorized as:-

1. Domestic

2. Religious

3. Governmental

4. Recreational

5. Welfare and Educational and

6. Commercial and Industrial etc.

The form of architecture is seen to be influenced by Materials and Methods of Construction. The techniques and methods of construction, historically as well as in modern times, have

been challenging for the architects to design and build structures that document the activities and aspirations of the society. The challenge to architecture in general, is to design and build in a way that satisfies the aspirations of a society!

The history of architecture is concerned more with religious buildings than any other type because in most of the past cultures the universal appeal of religion made a place of worship more expressive and more permanent and influential than others.

The temple or a church served as a place of worship and a shelter for the images and idols. In Hinduism it was considered as the 'residence of the deity'! The buildings have evolved in similar plans because a common requirement of many worshipers to be able to face the object of worship. Shelter however, is not required for worship as always!

The complex religious requirements of various activities resulted in interconnected spaces within. Space for religious education adjoining the place of worship was found necessary. Importance of such structures connected to the places of worship were also used for scholarly functions of the place of worship.

The form of a 'shikhara' of the Hindu temple or the hemispherical mound of a Buddhist Stupa themselves became the object of worship! The Egyptian Pyramid and the Indian Stupa have no meaningful interior spaces; these are



architectural in function and technique and have sculptural expression!

The distinction between the History and Theory of Architecture as two separate academic disciplines is of fairly recent occurrence. The modern concept of architectural history as taught in contemporary architecture education, the distinction between 'architecture' and 'building' in its pedagogical context resulted in the field of aesthetics`!

The term architecture then, is applicable to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal! However, structural stability, appropriate spatial accommodation and attractive appearance are the qualities that Ruskin supports in his book the `Seven Lamps of Architecture'. Vitruvius however, mentions in his texts the three terms- “Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas” – stability, function and beauty.

The techniques of architecture are simply the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials. These materials are influenced by the availability and character of materials and the total technological development of the society. The nature of architecture depends on an organized labour-force, availability of tools and skills necessary to secure, manufacture and transport durable building materials. Techniques evolved rapidly when the economic requirements increased. New forms demanded new methods of construction procedures, stability of structures that resulted in all their parts in stable equilibrium. Some materials are strong in compression and others in tension.

Expression in Architecture is through communication of quality and meaning. Techniques and Methods of building are then, interpreted and transformed by expression into 'Art'. The life span of styles may be long!

Tradition however, is experience of earlier architecture and the space that it defined. The pyramids and the stupas have no meaningful interior spaces, they are architectural in function and technique, sculptural in expression.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The term 'Modern Architecture' in the present context, is generally applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of 20th century.

Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant thereafter. It was based upon new technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, reinforced concrete; and upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture of the Beaux-Arts styles that were popular in the 19th century.

In Modern Architecture the biological term 'organic' is used to describe a process of composition. The term `modern` in the present context, is generally pertaining to present and recent times, not ancient or remote.

Early examples of Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 19th century and became dominant after it was based upon new

technologies of construction, particularly the use of Glass and Steel as in the Crystal Palace in London, upon a rejection of the traditional neoclassical architecture and Beaux-art styles that were popular in the 19th century.

Modern architecture continued to be the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into 1980s, when it was challenged by Postmodernism and then by Neo-modernism.

A history of the World's architecture would be incomplete if we did not pass in review not only those allied and progressive styles which we have designated as historical but also those other styles such as Indian, Chinese, Saracenic, European, American etc. The term 'Modern' today, has given way to 'Contemporary' which is not perishable and closely related to the timeframe of a society. In the words of Edward D. Stone:

Whatever happened to that old modern architecture?

Modern Architecture or modernistic architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the early decades of the 20th Century. It was based upon new technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass and steel and reinforced concrete. Modern architecture continued to be the dominant architectural style upon rejection of the 'Neo classical' style of the early 20th century in Europe and America.

Modern Architecture also continued to be the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings in Europe and America. It was gradually superseded by 'Postmodernism' and 'Neo modernism'.

Great Architecture of any period, anywhere in the World has blended the aesthetic considerations of the observers with the available tectonic possibilities.

ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORIC CONTEXT

REFERENCES :

1. A History of Architecture – Banister Fletcher

2. Encyclopaedia Britannica Volume 2

3. Guide to Modern Architecture – Reyner Banham

4. Indian Architecture – Percy Brown

5. Space, Time and Architecture – S. Giedion

6. Images downloaded from Internet & acknowledged

EFFICIENT PLANNING OF SMART UNITS - AN APPROPRIATE WAY TO OVERCOME LAND SHORTAGEWITH EXAGGERATING PRICES AND RISING POPULATION IN COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA

Efficient Planning of Smart Units - An appropriate way toovercome land shortage with exaggerating prices andrising population in countries like India

ABSTRACT : Availability of land is a major issue of concern due to rising population to have a living with all the facilities available in a small existing area, which does not meet the user's needs. The use of space optimally means: to use the minimum required space for various purposes which can produce an area of living unit with desired requirements in the limited size. For the units to be accepted by all there has to be some guidelines to be followed while designing. The design and the allocation of spaces must comply with the user needs, depending upon the type of user, number of using the space, the age group etc. The paper deals with the design parameters, various studies and examples dealing with the less space issues in developing countries taking the case of India.

Urbanisation has lead to a major shortage of land and hence

affected the supply of housing to a major proportion of

population, generating a gap in the supply of housing and

increasing the demand of housing. There has been an increase

in the number of family units as a result of urbanization in

India's cities. The rising urban population has put an immense

pressure on the urban infrastructure and resources. Out of all

resources, land is the most required and demanded resource

to the people belonging to different income categories to find

a place to live. Those belonging to Lower Income Categories

who cannot afford to own or use such resources are forced to

live in temporary shelters in slums. The population belonging

to Middle Income Class or Upper Middle Class categories

prefer to live in rented accommodations. Despite of having a

vibrant housing market in India, a moderate housing in the

formal sector is beyond the reach of a vast majority of lower

income households and to an extent also to Middle Income

Population.

As a global trend of increasing urbanization, India is also setting a trend showing advancement in urbanization. More than half population in entire world is living in cities.

With high population growth and the density as a result of rapid urbanisation, a huge demand for land in the form of suitable housing units in urban India has increased. To overcome these issues, there is an alternative to the issue of land by using space most appropriately and not wasting a single inch of land. The need to design housing units utilising minimum land areas or housing units is required. This issue of providing all the daily need facilities in the units can be made available by the provision of “Smart Units.” These are the dwelling units which cater all the basic necessities of a human being within a short span of space and lesser requirement of land.

1. Parameters of Smart Units

For housing to be self sufficient, it should have some considerations, related to the design as well as quality which


Ar. Ankur Prabhakar - Email : [email protected]

Graduated in Architecture from Guru Nanak Dev University in 2009. Done Masters in Urban Planning in 2011. Also has taught in the Department of Architecture for a year and a half. Pursuing PhD in Architecture from Department of Architecture, GNDU, Amritsar. Currently working as Assistant Professor at Chandigarh University.

Prof. (Dr.) Karamjit S. Chahal - Email : [email protected]

Working as Professor at Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Also holding various prestigious posts such as Dean Faculty of Physical Planning and Architecture, G.N.D.U, Amritsar.

Dean Faculty (Architecture and Planning), Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda.

Dean Faculty (Architecture and Planning), Punjab Technical University, Jallandhar.


are achieved by adopting them. Housing requires a number of features for being projected as a single autonomous unit. The aspects include the following considerations -

a. Good Design

A project which is well designed, well built and fits into a neighborhood is considered good for its occupants, its community and development team. If the end product is good, each has a win. (Connel Bettye Rose and Jones Mike, 1997).

The Value of Good Design is always measured due to the reason that it -

• Meets user's each and every need,

• Enhance its neighborhood,

• Respond well to its context and is built to persist.

A good design should also have the attribute of being a Universal Design. The design is to be accepted universally, the environment has to be usable by all people without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Making built environment more usable by as many people as possible at no additional cost. It should be beneficial to people of all ages and abilities.

Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government states that “Design input and quality of planning determines the accomplishment of a successful housing.” The housing should be constructed by appropriately using building land, durability of materials used in construction leading the way for cost-effective design techniques accessible to residents in an environment which is healthy and visually attractive.

b. Lifestyle oriented Design

The emphasis is more on the encoding of space to enhance the livability and enjoyment of home.

• Changing household compositions - The family sizes keep on changing, thus the design of a house should be such that it should accommodate various family sizes.

• Since the employment trends are changing. Mostly the houses with latest housing trends collaborate workplaces of the people.

• Personnel values - People want to spend more time in the comfort and security of a well designed home environment.

c. Quality of housing

Housing is defined as a bundle of attributes. It has been said that “Not only the physical aspects of the house, but all the other services which one purchases or gains access to, by buying (or renting) a house. The price that a buyer (or renter) is

willing to pay is an indication of how much value that person places on the attributes of the house they will occupy”. Assessment of housing quality needs to consider some sets of elements and these are:

• Accessed by the durability of the materials used.

• The access to basic infrastructure and services - easy access to utilities like electricity, water supply and sanitation. Self-contained housing units have the maximum access where as the rooms having shared services are considered to be of low quality.

The most important of these are the Functional Considerations:

While designing of Space, it needs to determine the family size, functions of daily living along with normal possessions of the family. The Living units should accommodate space sufficient to adapt the appropriate furniture or equipment for each habitable room.

Another important aspect is the Circulation

The circulation plays an important part in small spaces. Throughout a living unit it should function satisfactorily avoiding the conflicts in each room catering the furniture and equipment. Spaces which are expanded vertically using mezzanines, the heights are to be considered for each floor or sub-floor. The irrelevant placing of furniture in the units can affect the circulation space which can minimise the areas not only functionally but visually also.

Fig 1. Circulation in smart units


Use of Built-in furniture

In small rooms the use of built-in furniture or adaptable furniture can be advantageous as space savers. The challenge is to make provision of it affordably, offering comfort and also enhance privacy. This type of furniture uses the negligible areas which are often rendered unused while arranging the furniture. The built-in furniture will make the living unit compact with the provision of all comforts required.

Provision of Combined Rooms

The combination of more than one living function into a single space is a most common method of using space intensively and economically. For two adjacent spaces to be considered a combined room, the clear opening between the spaces should permit the common use of spaces for the expansion of the different functions. In general, the common opening between combined spaces should be atleast 8 ft.

Fig 2. Designing mezzanines and Sub-floors(Image Source – www.cgsociety.org)

Fig 3. Use of Built-in Furniture in small spaces

Fig 4. Combined functions in a room




Different functions or uses such as living cum dining, kitchenette cum living, living cum sleeping room can be adjusted in small sized units using built-in or multi-functional furniture equipments. This will not only save space but also the overall required area for a living unit.

Use of separators to distinguish the functions

While designing compact spaces, it is also required to screen some activities from the other combined activity. For example- A combined living-dining-kitchen area should have the food preparation-cooking area screened from the living room-sitting area. This may be done using screens creatively made with recycled or reusable material in case of making provision in a cost effective housing unit. Though small spaces accommodate maximum usable functions but these also offer restrictions to the number of persons using the space.

Fig 7. Designing efficiency apartments

Fig 6. Use of screens to separate different functions visually andfunctionally

3. Universal Design

The concept of Universal design describes the standard sizes required for a living unit. This concept was designed in Pedras Brancas, Brazil. This concept of Universal design was taken into consideration keeping in mind the requirement of low income families having small spaces. Depending on the family needs and growth, the dwelling should provide more number of rooms in addition, which could be extended as required. As per the concept, the sizes for the units have been worked out-

Extendable houses

The housing units can be extended depending on the family needs and is to be done by the inhabitants themselves.

Modular system

This concept offers a modular system of construction making a grid of two x two squares suggesting simplicity, thereby achieving a universal design. (Fig. 8)

2. Efficiency Apartment

The efficiency apartment consists mainly of one large room with a combination of activities such as living, eating and sleeping etc. A kitchen may be provided in an alcove with minimum required facilities. The apartment is also provided with a bathing area.

Design consideration - This requires multi-use of space for which the design of such apartment is to be flexible because of the alternate use of living, dining and sleeping when required.


Fig 8. Addition of Elements within the Design (Image Source - Social Housing/Universal Design, Brazil)

ONE EXTENSION TWO EXTENSIONS THREE EXTENSIONS FOUR EXTENSIONS FIVE EXTENSIONS

5. Optimum Utilisation of Spaces (From Indian Context)

It suggests the efficient use of spaces vertically and horizontally within a specified area. The study of housing units designed by architect Charles Correa depicted the use of intermixing of various sizes and categories of units.

PREVI Housing

It is a housing complex with proto types consisting of 1500 houses. The concept is given by Charles Correa covering four objectives-

1. To accommodate Highest density possible

2. Land ownership to each individual;

3. Minimum costs of road and services;

4. Separate circulation for Pedestrians and vehicles.

The ground floor was developed as Stage one of the design adequate for a single family consisting of a front porch, living area, a bedroom, a central patio, bathroom, a kitchen and a patio at the back. In future, if required, other stages of development can be added with bedrooms and bathroom. The narrow houses have an access on both sides of the house one at front and the other at the back which are equipped with porches and backyards. (Fig. 9) (Correa, 1999)

Conclusion

The growing need of appropriate housing is uniquely desired by most of the population. Smart units planned with great efficiency and considering user needs can be an outcome to the growing housing needs. Such type of apartments will prove to be a decent option to accommodate maximum population belonging to whether lower income groups or middle income groups. Creating Expandable spaces within a unit suggests the prototyping of the single unit. As the family needs and requirements grow, the units can be expanded, or each module is prototyped along with the existing, thus causing less wastage and time consumption, along with reduction in cost of labor. The use of space optimally suggests the use of minimum required space for various purposes which can produce an area of living unit with desired requirements in the limited size. For the units to be accepted by all there has to be some guidelines which are required to be followed while designing. The design and the allocation of spaces must comply with the user needs, depending upon the type of user, number of using the space, the age group etc.

Fig 9. Layout of Housing and Bird's eye view (Image Source – archnet.org)

REFERENCES :

1. CABE, C. f. (2010). improving-the-design-of-new-housing. Retrieved February 24, 2014, from w w w . d e s i g n c o u n c i l . o r g . u k : www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/improving-the-design-of-new-housing

2 Department of Environment, H. a. (2007). Quality Housing for Sustainable Communities. Ireland: Statutory Publications.

3 Leaf, M. (1993). Urban Housing in Thied World Economies: An overview of the Literature. Vancouver: The University pf British Columbia.

4 Chiara Joseph De, Housing and Residential Development, Time Saver Standards, Mc Graw Hill.

5 Post Rachael, The Guardian, Are tiny homes or Micro units the future of Urban Homes, August 25, 2014.

6 Architectural Digest, Living Room Designs for open floor plan, December 31, 2007.

7 www.Houzz.com



Salute to All Time Architect - Frank Lloyd Wright!

I had a “dream come true” visit to the Residence of the internationally famous Architect Frank Lloyd Wright on 14th November'2016. It was an amazing experience ! The large Boulevard was the Winter Home which is now turned into a Museum as also the University of Organic Architecture at Taliesin, Scottsdale, Arizona, U.S.A.

From 1867 to 1959 Frank Lloyd Wright lived 91 years out of which he was active for 70 years. “The seven decades : 1889-1959. Seven masterworks taken from the decades of Frank's pioneering” Winslow, Unity Temple, Midway Gardens, Imperial Hotel, S.C. Johnson, Florida Southern College, Beth Sholom. The Guggenheim Museum that was his latest and


Mr. Ajit D. Nagpurkar - Email : [email protected]

Mr. Ajit D. Nagpurkar - Project and Management Consultant from Mumbai.

Publisher and Publishers' Representative, does sculptures in clay n fibre, with interest in arts, crafts and architecture. Edits Newsletters for Prism Publications on www.journals-magazines.com.

The angular piece of wall with round pot of fountain welcomes the visitors in the entrance

The entire complex is on a total of 640 acres of land, mountains, rocks & variety of cactus surrounding it. For his team of draftsmen, he had a single storied drawing room with north light and sky light arrangement.

In front of the house there is a typical triangle of the swimming pool.

The sprawling living room presented an astonishing view, with a uniform daylight coming from almost 4 different angles on each wall.

SALUTE TO ALL TIME ARCHITECT - FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT!

most controversial building and the Taliesin was his own home. The above pictures are from his own winter home. Frank has created new kind of space every time he designed his Projects whether it be Music building, Museums, Theatre Centres, Offices, Churches, Schools, Sky scrappers, Hotels etc. He was exceptionally interested in interior designing. Humanity and Nature had a great impact on his mind. A popular lecturer in USA and Europe, he wrote several books. American Institute of Architects recognized him in 1991 as “The Greatest American Architect of All Time”. The architects all over the world know him by his best ever designing work named as “Falling Water” (1935).

Taliesin Publications were published by Frank Llyod Wright and the Taliesin Fellowships. Frank was constantly writing and publishing his concepts and architectural philosophy and was a brilliant promoter.

As a Master of Architectural space, he used to advocate his theory and concept e.g. “Quality and Quantity must be partners' Science and Art must live together”. Many consider Frank to be the foremost living American architect, since he has always been far ahead of the times in his thinking, planning and designing.

My impression is he was constantly inspired by the 'smell of a desert' and 'a sight of cactus'.

In the same living room, I found his most 'special corner' designed never before.

Inspired from his visit to china, he designed his meeting room. The specialty of his Presentation / Auditorium was the diffused lighting from top.

He wrote around 18000 pages of Books and papers etc. from his favorite table on the upper floor, with natural lighting which spreads equally all over the room.

One of his sculptor students who stayed with him, rendered Frank Lloyds' bust sculpture.

SALUTE TO ALL TIME ARCHITECT - FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT!


HOSTED BY :IIA ODISHA CHAPTER

IIANATIONAL

CONVENTION2017

NOVEMBER10-12, 2017

JANATA MAIDAN,BHUBANESWAR

“BHUBANESWAR” Known as the “Temple City” has a unique position by virtue of the ability to seamlessly integrate its rich cultural heritage with a strong regional economic base. Founded during the Kalinga Empire over 3,000 years ago, Bhubaneswar today boasts of a cluster of magnificent temples, constituting a complete record of Odisha temple architecture from its early beginnings to its culmination.

Bhubaneswar is an ancient city in India's eastern state of Odisha, formerly Orissa. Many temples built from sandstone are dotted around Bindu Sagar Lake in the old city, including the 11th-century Hindu Lingaraja Temple. Outside Rajarani Temple are sculpted figures of the guardians of the 8 cardinal and ordinal directions. Jain antiques, weaponry and indigenous pattachitra paintings fill the Odisha State Museum.

The Modern city of Bhubaneswar, which has already been laid by Pioneers like German architect Otto Konigsberger and Julius Vaz in 1946 for this wonderful “Lord of the Earth (TRIBHUBANESWAR)” better known as Bhubaneswar now.

The citizens of Bhubaneswar can take pride in the several distinctions bestowed to the city, including:

1. Only Tier-2 city in the country to host the top five Indian IT companies : Infosys, Wipro, Tata Consultancy Services, Tech Mahindra and Mindtree;

2. Ranked 3rd Best Place to “Do Business in India” by World Bank;

3. One of the planned four “Information Technology Investment Regions” in India.

Further, Bhubaneswar also plays an important role as a regional gateway to the Golden Tourist Triangle of Puri, Konark, and Chilika Lake. Its strategic geographic location along the east coast of India, has positioned Bhubaneswar to serve as the gateway to South-east Asia with easy access to existing and emerging ports, petrochemical and steel hubs at Paradeep, Kalinganagar, Dharma and Gopalpur. Additionally, a number of new ports are being proposed along the Odisha coast, which will further improve connectivity required for exports.

So IIA Odisha Chapter is privileged to host the IIA NATCON 2017 on 10th to 12th of November 2017 @ Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. We seek your valuable presence and participation to make the event Grand Success.

With Best RegardsAr. Sagarendra MohapatraChairman IIA Odisha Chapter.

POSTAL REGD. NO.MCS/007/2015-17

82/04IIA PUBLICATION

RNI NO.9469/57POSTED AT PATRIKA CHANNEL SORTING OFFICE, MUMBAI-400001

PUBLISHED ON 14TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH ANDPOSTED ON 15TH & 16TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH

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