1. 2 3 every grespectsevery f some grespectsevery f every grespectssome f some grespectssome f...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
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3
Examples of Polyadic PredicationExamples of Polyadic Predication
every Grespectsevery F
some Grespectsevery F
every Grespectssome F
some Grespectssome F
Kayrespectsevery F
Kayrespectssome F
every FrespectsJay
some FrespectsJay
KayrespectsJay
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Example 1 Example 1
Jay respects x
Rjxx
x is respected by Jay there is some x :
who is respected by Jay there is someone
Jay respects someone
R is always read in “active voice”
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Example 1 - redone Example 1 - redone
Rjxx
Jay respects xthere is some x :
Jay respects him (her)there is someone :
whom Jay respects there is someone
Jay respects someone
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Example 2 Example 2
Rxkx
x respects Kay no matter who x is
you respect Kay no matter who you are
everyone respects Kay
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Example 3 Example 3
Rxjx
x respects Jay there is no x :
who respects Jay there is no one
no-one respects Jay
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Example 4 Example 4
x respects everyonex
x respects everyoneno matter who x is
you respect everyone no matter who you are
everyone respects everyone
x y Rxy
Rxyy
x respects yno matter who y is
x respects you no matter who you are
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Example 5 Example 5
x respects someonex
x respects someonethere is some x :
who respects someone there is someone
someone respects someone
x y Rxy
Rxyy
x respects ythere is some y :
whom x respects there is someone
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Example 6 Example 6
x respects everyonex
x respects everyonethere is no x :
who respects everyone there is no one
no one respects everyone
x y Rxy
Rxyy
x respects yno matter who y is
x respects youno matter who you are
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Example 7 Example 7
everyone respects xx
x is R’ed by everyonethere is no x :
who is R’ed by everyone there is no one
no one is respected by everyone
x y Ryx
Ryxy
y respects xno matter who y is
you respect xno matter who you are
everyone respects x
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A Scope AmbiguityA Scope Ambiguity
everyone respects someone
everyone respects someone or other
vs.
everyone respects someone (the same one)
=
there is someone whom everyone respects
is ambiguous
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What is the Difference?What is the Difference?
Situation 1
Jay Jay
Kay Kay
Elle Elle
does everyone respect someone?
is there someone whom everyone respects?
YES
NO
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What is the Difference? (cont.)What is the Difference? (cont.)
Situation 2
Jay Jay
Kay Kay
Elle Elle
does everyone respects someone?
is there someone whom everyone respects?
YES
YES
NOTE: the latter implies the former
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Example 8 Example 8
x respects someonex
x respects someoneno matter who x is
you respect someone no matter who you are
everyone respects someone (or other)
x y Rxy
Rxyy
x respects ythere is some y :
whom x respects there is someone
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Example 9 Example 9
everyone respects xx
everyone respects xthere is some x :
whom everyone respectsthere is some one
everyone respects someone (the same)
x y Ryx
Ryxy
y respects xno matter who y is
you respect xno matter who you are
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Example 10 Example 10
x respects no onex
x respects no onethere is some x :
who respects no onethere is some one
x y Rxy
Rxyy
x respects ythere is no y :
whom x respectsthere is no one
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Example 11 Example 11
no one respects xx
no one respects xthere is some x :
whom no one respectsthere is some one
x y Ryx
Ryxy
y respects xthere is no y :
who respects xthere is no one
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Example 12 Example 12
Jay does not respect xx
Jay does not respect xno matter who x is
Jay does not respect you no matter who you are
Jay doesn’t respect anyone
x Rjx
Rjx