1 18 april 2007 viznet-leeds-pres-0002-070418 a rough guide to data visualization – part 2 viznet...
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A Rough Guide to Data Visualization – Part 2
VizNET 2007 Annual Event
Ken BrodlieSchool of ComputingUniversity of Leeds
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Outline of Session Visualizing Tables of Information
Scatter plot matrices Parallel coordinates Glyphs
Visualizing Structures of Information Interacting with a Visualization
Focus and context
Visualizing Time
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Visualizing Tables of Information
Multivariate datasets
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Data Tables Multivariate datasets can be
expressed as a data table Each entry in table is an
observation An observation consists of
values of a set of variables, or variates
A B C
1 .. .. ..
2 .. .. ..
variables
observations
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What are these?
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Multivariate Visualization
Example of iris data set 150 observations of 4
variables (length, width of petal and sepal)
Check wikipedia for explanations of petals & sepals
Techniques aim to display relationships between variables – the analytical task
Challenge in visualization is to design the visualization to match the analytical task
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Scatter Plot For two variates, we have
already met the scatter plot technique
It is useful for showing what happens to one variable as another changes…
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Scatter Plot Matrix – Iris Data Set
For a data table of N > 2variables, we can lookat all pairs of variables in a matrix of scatterplots.
What can you observe?
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Parallel Coordinates – Iris Data One axis per variable
Scaled to range Each observation is
plotted as a ‘polyline’ Correlations may start
to appear
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Parallel Coordinates Concept due to Alfred Inselberg Conceived the idea as a
research student in 1959… … idea gradually refined over
next 40 years
http://www.math.tau.ac.il/~aiisreal/
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The Screen Space Problem
All techniques, sooner or later, run out of screen space
Parallel co-ordinates Usable for up to 150
variates Unworkable greater than
250 variates
Remote sensing: (5 variates, 16,384 observations)
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Brushing as a Solution Brushing selects a
restricted range of one or more variables
Selection then highlighted
Note outlier
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Glyph Techniques – Star Plots
Each observation represented as a ‘star’
Each spike represents a variable
Length of spike indicates the value
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Glyph Techniques – Star Plots – Iris Data
Each observation represented as a ‘star’
Each spike represents a variable
Length of spike indicates the value
Iris data set
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Multivariate Visualization Techniques
Software: Xmdvtool
Matthew Ward Techniques designed for any number of variables
– Scatter plot matrices
– Parallel co-ordinates
– Glyph techniques
http://davis.wpi.edu/~xmdv
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Visualizing Structures of Information
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Examples of Networks of Information
My Window filestore
Automobile web site- visualizing links
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Suppose user hasthree subdirectories:A, B and C
First partition in Xaccording to totalsize of each sub-directory
A B C
Tree Map of Filestore
Note we are seeingthe relative sizesof directories
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A B C
Then within eachsubdirectory, wecan partition in Yby the size ofindividual files,or furthersubdirectories
Tree Map of Filestore
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Treemap Example
Usenet newsgroups
For history oftreemaps see:www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap-history
Developed over many years by Ben Schneiderman and colleagues
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Tree Maps – A Filesystem
Download SequoiaView from:http://www.win.tue.nl/sequoiaview/-Developed by Jarke van Wijk andcolleagues
Can be hard to decipher so..
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Visualizing Structure of Web Pages Star trees have been successfully used to visualize web site
structures Place home page in centre
with linked pages connected by hyperbolic arcs further arcs link to further links
Escher woodcut… .. inspired:
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Star Trees
Automobilesweb site
Home pagein centre
Click on linkyou want ...
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Star Trees
Auto Historymoves to centre of screen
Click on nextlink... And so on
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Star Trees Commercially available from
Inxight Spun out of Xerox PARC www.inxight.com
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Visualizing Web Searches
www.kartoo.co.uk
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Interacting with Visualizations
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Interaction
Major difference between paper and computer-based visualization is ability to interact with picture and alter the presentation of the data
We have already seen brushing and here we look at the idea of focus and context
A recurring problem in visualization is lack of screen real estate
Want to achieve: Focus: to see detail of immediate interest Context: to see the overall picture
Want to do this interactively…
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Bifocal Display Magnify focus, demagnify
context A possible application is in
map reading This London underground
application was developed by Marcelo Cohen in Leeds
Zoom / pan Focus /context
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What is the Bifocal Display Doing? Transforming the information
space to the display space Visual transfer functions
Informationspace
DisplaySpace Normal
display
Informationspace
DisplaySpace
Bifocaldisplay
context
focus
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The Perspective Wall
2D layout wrappedaround a 3D structure
Space utilisation:-detail on centrepanel 3x size ofequivalent flat wall fitting field ofview
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Multiple Views Multiple views can also be used
to provide focus and context Powerpoint uses this to good
effect!
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Time Visualizations
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Visual Metaphors : Long time periods
Special techniques have been proposed for visualization over very long time periods
Themeriver technique has been used to depict evolutionary behaviour…
.. Possible with Excel
Evolution of baby names.... Try it at:http://babynamewizard.com/namevoyager/lnv0105.html
Laura and Martin Wattenberg
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Themeriver Themeriver for climate change… …
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River Metaphor Taglines
Visualizing tags attached to Flickr online image sharing
Evolution over time Show tags that are specific to a
time period
http://research.yahoo.com/taglines/
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Cluster and Calendar based Visualization of Time Series Data
Jarke van Wijk has shown how visualization can be used in analysis of time series data
Opposite is power demand within ECN (Netherlands Energy Research Centre)…
… hard to pick out patterns of usage
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Visualizing the Main Clusters By clustering the 365 days
into 6 clusters of similar behaviour, we are able to visualize the key patterns of use…
… but better still, in next slide we link to a calendar
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Calendar View of Power Demand
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Calendar View of Number of Employees at Work
http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/clv.pdfWhat can you observe? (NB Dec 5th)
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Spiral Graphs Spiral graphs are a space-
efficient way of visualizing long time series…
From Alexa et al
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Time Wheel The Time Wheel allows several
time series to be viewed simultaneously…
… how successful is this? … rotation can help, why? … again cf parallel coordinates?
Tominski, Abello, Schumann - Rostock