1. 14 points and treaty of versailles
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PPT for Unit 5-1TRANSCRIPT
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I. Fourteen Points and Treaty of Versailles
Mr. Klein
Spring 2013
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A. Wilson’s Fourteen Points“To End All Wars”
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Goal 1: End Causes of WarTerms should eliminate the root causes (MANIA)
of WWI.
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Goal 2: Ethnic Self-Determination• Ethnic Groups should be able to control
own political futures.
– Pan-Slavism (and A-H domination of Southern Slavs) had motivated Ferdinand’s assassination and alliances
• National boundaries should be re-drawn allow ethnic self-government
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Goal 3: League of Nations• International organization to ensure world
peace.
– Provides forum to resolve disputes without war
• Member nations agree to protect each other’s independence and territorial integrity.
– Article 10 of charter requires members to defend one another’s borders (Territorial Integrity)
– This is most controversial provision
• Precursor to United Nations
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So what do 14 Points Specifically Say?
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Point 1: No Secret Pacts
Countries would not make secret treaties and alliances.
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Point 2: Freedom of Seas• Ships can travel freely in times of war.
• Why important to Wilson?
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Point 3: Free TradeFree trade between nations:
• Low (or no) tariffs
• Promotes economic growth
• Reduce trade conflicts.
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Point 4: Reduce Military Arms• Countries will reduce their militaries and
stockpiles of weapons
• Militarism had been a cause of WW I.
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Point 5: Respect for Colonies• Desires of colonial peoples would be considered
in their governance.
• Imperialism had been a cause of WW I.
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Fourteen Points: 6-13• Restore land taken from countries by war to restore
respect for international law.• Borders redrawn using self-determination to reduce
conflicts among ethnic groups. (nationalism)
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Point 14: League of Nations• Resolve conflicts before war erupts.
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B. The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919
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The Big FourWoodrow Wilson
USADavid Lloyd-George
Great Britain
Georges Clemenceau France
Vittorio Orlando Italy
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NOT Present…
• GER (Weimer Republic)
• Russia (Bolsheviks – Lenin)
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The Big Four in Paris
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Four Differing Views of What Treaty Should Include…
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Orlando
Italy
• Italy expects territory on Adriatic and in N. Africa
• Becomes clear Italy will NOT get these lands
• Orlando leaves
• Italy incurred MASSIVE debt in war – got little of spoils
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Clemenceau
FranceSecurity:
• Disarm Germany• Prevent any future attack
Revenge/Reparations:
• GER must pay for all damage to France
• FR gets back Franco-Prussian War losses
• GER loses all colonies
• Make example of GER
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David Lloyd-George
Great BritainIn Public:
• Punish GER• “War Guilt Clause”
“Squeeze them until the pips squeak”
In Private:
• Wants GER to recover
• Relatively strong GER good for GB
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David Lloyd-George
Great BritainWhy a strong GER?
• Important trade partner
• Serve as a barrier to keep communism from spreading
Why not say this publically?
• British people VERY thirsty for revenge
• Political suicide to say be lenient
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Wilson
United States
• Implement 14 points
• Subject GER to JUST punishment (not too harsh)
• Avoid resentments
• League of Nations = #1 Priority
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So What Terms Make
it into the Treaty?
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Germany’s Military Limited• Army limited to 100,000
• No Tanks
• No submarines or large battleships
• No Air Force
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Rhineland De-Militarized
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Treaty of Guarantee
• FR believes GER will attack again unless FR takes control of all land West of Rhine:
– GB and US make pledge to guarantee FR security from future GER attack
– FR then accepts German border that extends to Rhine
– Rhineland is part of GER (but no troops allowed there)
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Rhineland De-Militarized
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Germany Loses Other Territories
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Central Europe Map Redrawn
1. Austria2. Hungary3. Czechoslovakia4. Yugoslavia5. Turkey
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Squeeze “Until the Pips Squeak”
• War Guilt Clause Included:
– GER accepts sole blame for war
• GER must pay $33 billion in reparations.
– Last payment made in October 2010!
• May seem unfair – but GER forced FR to pay after Franco-Prussian War
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League of Nations Chartered
• Membership Excludes:
–Russia–Germany
• Remember that pesky Article 10!
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Article 10: Collective SecurityCollective security is a commitment by all League members to deal with a nation that threatens any other League nation.
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So…Let’s Review
Point 1:Point 2:Point 3:Point 4:Point 5:Points 6-13:
Point 14:
GER not humiliated?
NO!NO!NO!NO! (GER only)NO!
Partly (YG, A-H separate, AL back to FR, OE gone)
YES!
NO!
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But…Treaties Must be Ratified!• 2/3 vote in Senate to
ratify
• Wilson never consulted Senate!
• Many Senators had RESERVATIONS
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Opposition in US SenateReservationists:• League of Nations is
biggest problem– Article 10!!
• Fear will draw U.S. into wars without approval from Congress.
• Also opposed “Treaty of Guarantee”
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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Taking It to the People• Wilson goes on tour to
rally public support for LON.
• Collapses on 9/25/1919
• Stroke makes him an invalid for rest of term
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Treaty Rejected by Senate• Lodge offers amendments to treaty
– Wilson opposes any changes– Amended treaty fails to pass
• Original treaty voted upon– Fails to pass
• US never joins League of Nations– Negotiates separate treaty with Germany
• Treaty of Guarantee rejected– GB also rejects (passage conditional on US)
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What is Result of Peace Process?• Is France Happy?
– Heavy penalties on Germany, BUT– No security from German attack
• Is Britain Happy?– German Navy limited and no freedom of seas,
BUT– Heavy Sanctions mean slow GER recovery
• Is US happy?– Wilson traded most goals for LON– Allowed humiliation of Germany– Gained little other than self-determination
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Italy VERY Unhappy• Italy feels betrayed that
Allies broke promises
• Huge debts can’t repay– Triggers massive
economic depression
• Lose many lives for little gain
• Orlando and his gov’t blamed – clears way for new gov’t Benito Mussolini - Fascists
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Germany MOST Unhappy• Feels betrayed that 14
Points not followed
• Considers treaty a “diktat”– Forced to accept or attack
threatened
• Resents War Guilt Clause and Reparations– Economy destroyed
• Humiliation blamed on new “Weimer” Gov’t
• Clears way for new Gov’t Adolf Hitler - Nazis