0930 oliver revin hort congress 1-17-20121/19/12 3 foodborne%infecbons%caused%by% salmonella!!...

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1/19/12 1 Foodborne Pathogens Haley Oliver Assistant Professor Department of Food Science Purdue University Foodborne Disease Disease resulBng from the consumpBon of food contaminated with: Pathogenic protozoa Bacteria Fungi (yeasts and molds) Toxins Pathogenic viruses 2 Types of Microorganisms in foods Food producBon Food spoilage Pathogenic Food producBon Food spoilage Pathogenic Pathogenic Mold Fig. 2.1, Ray and Bhunia Bacteria www.cdc.gov Virus Yeast 3 Food producBon Food spoilage Pathogenic Pathogenic Bacterial pathogens Food producBon Protozoa hOp://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/136995 hOp://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/ Bacteriophage Requirements for Foodborne Disease Occurrence Microorganism or toxin (the eBological agent) must contaminate the food EBological agent must be present in high enough number to cause an illness (depends on the agent) Consumer must be suscepBble to the agent Sufficient quanBBes of affected food must be consumed 4 Types of Foodborne Disease Intoxica@on – ConsumpBon of toxin that is preformed in food Infec@on IngesBon of M/O in food that colonize intesBnal tract and cause a negaBve health reacBon 5 Sources of Microorganisms (M/O) in Foods M/O are everywhere. Human/mammalian body: Microbial cells outnumber human cells by 10:1 Food (e.g.) Raw milk, pasteurized milk Raw ground beef Raw spinach Peanuts So how do M/O get into foods? “Farmtofork” contaminaBon events Natural and external sources of microorganisms 6

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Page 1: 0930 oliver revIN Hort Congress 1-17-20121/19/12 3 Foodborne%InfecBons%caused%by% Salmonella!! Leading%cause%of%foodborne%disease] related%death%in%the%U.S.! 13 • All%Salmonella%enterica!

1/19/12  

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Foodborne  Pathogens  

Haley  Oliver  Assistant  Professor  

Department  of  Food  Science  Purdue  University  

Foodborne  Disease  Disease  resulBng  from  the  consumpBon  of  

food  contaminated  with:      

– Pathogenic  protozoa  – Bacteria  – Fungi  (yeasts  and  molds)  – Toxins  – Pathogenic  viruses    

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Types  of  Microorganisms  in  foods        • Food  producBon    • Food  spoilage  • Pathogenic    

• Food  producBon    • Food  spoilage  • Pathogenic    

     • Pathogenic        

 

Mold    

Fig.  2.1,  Ray  and  Bhunia  

Bacteria    

www.cdc.gov  

Virus  

Yeast    

3  

•  Food  producBon  •  Food  spoilage  •  Pathogenic          • Pathogenic        

 • Bacterial    pathogens  • Food  producBon    

       

   

Protozoa  

hOp://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/136995  

hOp://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2003/Keogh/plasmids.html  

Bacteriophage  

Requirements  for  Foodborne  Disease  Occurrence  

•  Microorganism  or  toxin  (the  eBological  agent)  must  contaminate  the  food  

 •  EBological  agent  must  be  present  in  high  enough  number  to  cause  an  illness  (depends  on  the  agent)  

 •  Consumer  must  be  suscepBble  to  the  agent  

 •  Sufficient  quanBBes  of  affected  food  must  be  consumed  

4  

Types  of  Foodborne  Disease  

•  Intoxica@on  –  ConsumpBon  of  toxin  that  is  pre-­‐formed  in  food    

•  Infec@on-­‐    IngesBon  of  M/O  in  food  that  colonize  intesBnal  tract  and  cause  a  negaBve  health  reacBon  

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Sources  of  Microorganisms  (M/O)  in  Foods  

•  M/O  are  everywhere.  –  Human/mammalian  body:    Microbial  cells  outnumber  human  cells  by  10:1  

–  Food  (e.g.)  •  Raw  milk,  pasteurized  milk  •  Raw  ground  beef  •  Raw  spinach  •  Peanuts  

•  So  how  do  M/O  get  into  foods?  –  “Farm-­‐to-­‐fork”  contaminaBon  events  

 –  Natural  and  external  sources  of  microorganisms  

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Food  ProducBon:  Farm-­‐to-­‐Fork  Where  can  contamina-on  happen?  

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Farm   Product  Distribu@on  

Food  Manufacturing  Plant  

Retail   Consumer    

Foodborne  Pathogens  =        Transmission  and  Cross-­‐contamina@on  Challenges  

Wild  animals  

Food  animals        

Environment      soil,  water  

Food  products  meat,  produce  

Humans  

Newest  Es@mates  of  Foodborne  Disease    •   31  major  pathogens  caused:  

–   9.4  million  episodes  of  foodborne  illness  –  55,961  hospitalizaBons  –  1,351  deaths  

•  Most  (58%)  illnesses  are  caused  by  norovirus,  followed  by:  –   Nontyphoidal  Salmonella  spp.  (11%)  –  Clostridium  perfringens  (10%)  –  Campylobacter  spp.  (9%)  

•  Leading  causes  of  death:  –  Nontyphoidal  Salmonella  spp.  (28%)  –  Toxoplasma  gondii  (24%)  –  Listeria  monocytogenes  (19%)  –  Norovirus  (11%).  

EsBmated  annual  human  health  burden  of  selected    known  foodborne  diseases,  United  States  

Pathogen    Illnesses  Deaths              Case-­‐fatality                    Campylobacter      1,322,137            119        0.1%  

Salmonella      1,229,007            452        0.5%  E.  coli  O157:H7              96,534              31        0.5%  Listeria  (LM)                  1662          266    15.9%  

Scallan, et al., Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011

Who  is  Responsible  for  Food  Safety?  

Farm   Product  Distribu@on  

Food  Manufacturing  Plant  

Retail   Consumer    

FoodNet  -­‐-­‐  Foodborne  Diseases  Ac@ve  Surveillance  Network  

•  Determine  the  burden  of  foodborne  illness  in  U.S.  •  Monitor  trends  of  specific  foodborne  illness  over  Bme  •  IdenBfy  specific  foods  and  sehngs  causing  disease  •  Disseminate  informaBon  that  can  lead  to  improvements  in  public  health  and  development  of  intervenBons  to  reduce  foodborne  illnesses  

•  Laboratory  tesBng  of  samples  from  paBents  for:  Campylobacter,  Cryptosporidium,  Cyclospora,  Listeria,  Salmonella,    

             Shiga  toxin-­‐producing  Escherichia  coli  (STEC)  O157  and  non-­‐O157,                  Shigella,  Vibrio,  and  Yersinia    

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Foodborne  InfecBons  caused  by  Salmonella  

 Leading  cause  of  foodborne  disease-­‐

related  death  in  the  U.S.  

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•  All  Salmonella  enterica  –  IntesBnes  of  mammals,  especially  poultry      

•  Food  associaBon  –  Poultry,  beef,  pork,  lamb,  raw  milk  and  dairy  products,  eggs,  produce  –  Presence  in  meat/poultry  products  and  produce  –  fecal  contaminaBon  –  Presence  in  eggs  –  usually  a  different  story    –  Produce    

 •  Most  common  culprits  

–  S.  Typhimurium  –  poultry/meat,  some  produce  –  S.  EnteridiBs  –  eggs  –  Others  –  S.  Tennesee,  S.  Dublin,  etc…..  New  outbreaks  with  produce,  

peanut,  nuts  and  some  meat/poultry  

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Natural  Habitat  and  Presence  of  Salmonella  in  Food  

•  Salmonellosis  •  Onset:  8-­‐24h  aker  consumpBon  of  contaminated  food  •  Dura@on  of  illness:    2-­‐3  days  

•  Infec@ve  dose  >  105  cells  •  Target  popula@on:    Everyone,  but  higher  in  YOPIs  •  Primary  symptoms:    GastroenteriBs  

–  Nausea  ,  VomiBng,  abdominal  cramping,  diarrhea  (someBmes  bloody),  fever  

•  Secondary  symptoms:  chills,  aches  •  Mortality  rate:      

–  0.0078  for  nontyphodial  serotypes  

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Disease  caused  by  Salmonella   Salmonella  -­‐  Pathogenesis  Overview  

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PrevenBon  of  Salmonellosis  

•  On  farm:    Reducing  animal  carriage  of  Salmonella  –  SanitaBon  –  SubtherapeuBc  anBbioBcs,    –  ProbioBcs,  reducBon  of  stress  

 •  At  home:      

–  Thoroughly  cook  poultry  products  –  Proper  cooling  –  AVOID  CROSS  CONTAMINATION  

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Campylobacter  •  Genus  Campylobacter    

–  18  species  and  6  subspecies    

•  C.  jejuni  and  C.  coli  are  most  common  cause  of  human  diarrheal  disease  worldwide  –  First  recognized  in  1979  –  5-­‐14%  of  all      

•  Gram-­‐negaBve,  moBle,  nonsporulaBng,  spiral  rod-­‐shaped  bacterium    

 •  Microaerophilic    •  Fragile  cells      

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•  Enteric  M/O      •  Skin/feathers  

– Presence  of  Campy:  105  cfu/carcass  rinse  – EffecBveness  of  saniBzer  or  hot-­‐water  dips:    

•  Ovarian  follicules  (15%)  •  ReproducBve  tract  (42-­‐48%)  •  Eggs  (30%)  

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Natural  Habitat  of  Campylobacter-­‐-­‐Poultry  •  Campylobacteriosis  

•  Onset:  2-­‐5  days  aker  consumpBon  of  contaminated  food  

•  DuraBon:  1-­‐10  days      •  InfecBve  dose:    Very  low  –  500  cells  

•  Target  populaBon:  Everyone  •  Primary  symptoms:    Abdominal  cramps,  profuse  diarrhea,  

nausea,  vomiBng  and  fever  –  occasional  bloody  diarrhea  

•  Secondary  symptoms:    fever,  headache,  and  chills  

•  Rarely  fatal  

20  

Disease  caused  by  Campylobacter  

Campylobacter  –  Mechanism  of  Pathogenesis  

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Flagella  

CDT  toxins  

Inflamma@on,  Cell  damage,  Diarrhea  

Campylobacter  

Chemotaxis  and    

mo@lity  

Invasion  and  entrapment  inside  the  vacuole  

Loss  of  absorp@ve  microvilli  

Fig  25.5,  Ray  and  Bhunia  

E.  coli  •  Gram-­‐negaBve  rod  •  FacultaBve  anaerobe  •  MoBle  •  Non-­‐sporeforming  •  Normal  inhabitant  of  intesBnal  tract  of  humans  and  warm-­‐blooded  animals  and  birds  

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E.  coli:  Pathogens  vs  Non-­‐Pathogens  

•  Most  E.  coli  are  nonpathogenic  –  Nonpathogenic  E.  coli  may  be  beneficial  in  intesBne        

 

•  Use  of  E.  coli  as  indicator  microorganism    

•  E.  coli  as  a  model  organism  –  Used  to  study  many  cellular  processes  due  to  its  rapid  growth  rate  and  simple  nutriBonal  requirements  

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Shiga-­‐Toxin  Producing  E.    coli  STECS  

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•  “Emerging”  pathogens  –  Common  serovars:    O157:H7    –  O26,  O111,  O103,  O121,  O45  and  O145  (i.e.,  non-­‐O157:H7)  –  Produce  Shiga-­‐like  toxins  (Stx)      

•  Disease  symptoms:    (Enterohemorrhagic  coliBs)  –  Bloody  diarrhea  –  Some  vomiBng  –  Severe  abdominal  cramping  –  Occasional  fever      –  HemolyBc  Uremic  Syndrom  

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STECs  

•  InfecBve  dose:    10-­‐100  cells    

•  Onset:  3-­‐9  d  

•  DuraBon:    4-­‐10  d  

•  Severity:    1-­‐2%  mortality  rate  

•  Food  industry  response:    Zero  tolerance  for  O157:H7  •  non-­‐O157:H7  in  ground  beef  and  beef  trim    March  2012  

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PrevenBon  of  Foodborne  E.  coli  InfecBon  •  On-­‐farm      

–  PrevenBon  of  E.coli  contaminaBon  of  water/soil  –  PrevenBon/limitaBon  of  STEC  in  animals  

•  Hygiene  •  SubtherapeuBc  anBbioBcs,  probioBcs  

•  Food  industry  –  Processing  steps      –  SanitaBon  –  RouBne  tesBng  of  products  and  plant  environment    

•  Food  retail/at  home  –  Avoid  contaminaBon  by  human  handlers  –  hygiene  –  Proper  cooking  –  RefrigeraBon  –  Avoid  cross  contaminaBon  

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E.  coli  O1O4:H4  

–  May  21  –  July  26  2011,  Germany,  largest  documented  outbreak  –  IniBally  the  outbreak  was  associated  with  consumpBon  of  cucumbers  

–  Subsequent  invesBgaBons:    consumpBon  of  fresh  sprouted  seeds  from  a  single  sprouted  seed  producer  in  Germany.  

–  Contaminated  seeds  used  for  the  sprout  producBon  were  the  most  likely  source.    

–  STEC  isolates  responsible  for  the  outbreaks  in  France  and  Germany  were  found  to  be  indisBnguishable.  It  was  therefore  concluded  that  there  was  a  common  source  for  both  outbreaks.    

–  One  consignment  (lot)  of  fenugreek  seeds  imported  from  Egypt  was  the  most  likely  link  between  the  outbreaks  

–  STEC  O104  is  a  very  rare  serogroup  in  humans  –  A  total  of  3911  cases  were  reported  to  the  ECDC  and  WHO  –  773  cases  of  HUS  

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•  Foods  –  can  be  a  natural  contaminant  of  many  foods      

–  Raw  products  •  Produce      •  Raw  meat      •  Raw  milk/dairy  products        

–  Ready-­‐to-­‐Eat  (RTE)  products      •  Because  it  is  present  everywhere  in  the  environment,    Listeria  contaminates  food  processing  plants.      

•  Psychrotrophic  nature  allows  it  to  survive/thrive  in  cold  storage  areas,  drains,  etc  

•  Deli  meat      •  Soa  cheeses      •  Smoked,  refrigerated  fish  •  Refrigerated,  cooked  shrimp  •  Hotdogs      

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Listeria  monocytogenes  in  Food  

•  Target  Popula@on  –  YOPIs  •  Two  types  of  disease:  

–  Febrile  gastroenteriBs  –  healthy  adults  –  Listeriosis  –  YOPIs;  serious,  systemic  disease    

•  Infec@ve  Dose-­‐    –  YOPIs:  100-­‐1000  cells  –  Healthy  adults:  106  –  1010  cells    

•  Onset:    –  GastroenteriBs  –  1-­‐7  days    –  Listeriosis  –  A  few  days  to  two  months    

•  Dura@on  of  illness:      –  GastroenteriBs  –  2-­‐5  days      –  Listeriosis        

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Disease  caused  by  Listeria   Symptoms  of  Listeria  infecBon  •  Febrile  Gastroenteri@s  

–  Mild  flu-­‐like  symptoms  with  fever  –  Abdominal  cramps  –  Diarrhea  –  Self-­‐limiBng  

•  Systemic  Listeriosis  –  Primarily  affects  pregnant  women,  unborn  fetuses,  infants,  the  elderly,  immunocompromised  individuals  or  cancer  paBents  taking  high  doses  of  steroids  or  chemotherapy  –  Fever,  headache  –  MeningiBs,  encephaliBs  –  Spontaneous  aborBon  or  sBllbirth  in  pregnant  women  –  EndocardiBs  –  Liver  abcesses  

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Successive  Steps  of  Human  Listeriosis  

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Lecuit,  2007    Listeria  can  cross  three  Bght  barriers  in  the  human  host  

T.  gondii  and  foods  

•  Source:  – Cat  feces  – Foods:  Pork,  poultry,  muOon    

•  InacBvaBon  in  foods:  – Proper  cooking  is  effecBve    – Microwaving  not  always  effecBve  – Freezing  <-­‐10°C  for  several  days  is  effecBve  

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Toxoplasma  gondii  

•  Intracellular  protozoan  parasite    

•  Infect  warm-­‐blooded  animals  and  birds    

•  Complicated  life  cycle  with  mulBple  hosts  (including  domesBc  cats,  food  animals  and  humans)  

•  In  humans  –  muscle  cysts  –  ComplicaBons  in  pregnant  women  

•  60  million  carriers  in  the  U.S.  •  Neglected  Infec@on  of  Poverty  (NIP)  •  2nd  leading  cause  of  foodborne  death  

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T.  gondii  infecBon  cycle  

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Disease  cause  by  T.  gondii  •  Toxoplasmosis  •  Onset:  3-­‐20  days  •  DuraBon:  a  few  weeks  •  Symptoms  

–  Flu-­‐like:  ExhausBon,  fever,  rash,  swollen  lymph  nodes  –  Pregnant  women  –  complicaBons,  miscarriage  –  Rare  complicaBons:  cysts  in  muscle/nervous  Bssue          

•  Target  populaBon:  Everyone  ,  but  especially  YOPIs      

•  Mortality  <1%  for  healthy  adults;  up  to  30%  in  YOPIs  

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T.  gondii  and  foods  

•  Source:  – Cat  feces  – Foods:  Pork,  poultry,  muOon    

•  InacBvaBon  in  foods:  – Proper  cooking  is  effecBve    – Microwaving  not  always  effecBve  – Freezing  <-­‐10°C  for  several  days  is  effecBve  

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