08 chaves vs gonzales

8/12/2019 08 Chaves vs Gonzales

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-27454. April 30, 1970.]

ROSENDO O. CHAES, pl!i"#i$$-!pp%ll!"#, &'. (R)C*)OSO GON+ALES, %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%%.

C!&%', Elio, C!&%' A''o/i!#%' $or pl!i"#i$$-!pp%ll!"#.

Slpi/io E. l!#o" $or %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%%.

SLLAB)S

1. CL LA CON*RAC*S BREACH O( CON*RAC* (OR NON-ER(OR6ANCE (NG O(EROD BE(ORE (LNG O( CO6LAN* (OR NON-ER(OR6ANCE, ACADE6C.8 %r% #% #i% $or/opli!"/% ! %:pir% !" #%r% ;!' <r%!/ o$ /o"#r!/# <= "o"-p%r$or!"/%, i# ;!' !/!%i/ $or #% pl!i"#i$$ #o !&%

$ir'# p%#i#io"% #% /or# #o $i: ! p%rio $or #% p%r$or!"/% o$ #% /o"#r!/# <%$or% $ili"> i' /opl!i"#.

2. D. D. D. DE(ENDAN* CANNO* NO?E AR*CLE 1197 O( *HE CL CODE O( *HE

HLNES.8 %r% #% %$%"!"# &ir#!ll= !i##% "o"-p%r$or!"/% o$ #% /o"#r!/# <= r%#r"i"> #% #=p%;ri#%r#!# % ;!' o<li>% #o r%p!ir i" ! "o"-;or@i"> /o"i#io", ;i# %''%"#i!l p!r#' i''i">, Ar#i/l% 1197 o$ #% Ci&il Co% o$

#% ilippi"%' /!""o# <% i"&o@%. *% $i:i"> o$ ! p%rio ;ol #' <% ! %r% $or!li#= !" ;ol '%r&% "o prpo'%#!" #o %l!=.

3. D. D. D. DA6AGES RECOERABLE CASE A* BAR.8 %r% #% %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%% /o"#r!&%"%#% #%"or o$ i' o<li>!#io" <%/!'% % "o# o"l= i "o# r%p!ir #% #=p%;ri#%r <# r%#r"% i# i" '!<l%', % i' li!<l% $or

#% /o'# o$ #% l!<or or '%r&i/% %:p%"% i" #% r%p!ir o$ #% #=p%;ri#%r, ;i/ i' i" #% !o"# o$ 5.75, <%/!'% #%o<li>!#io" or /o"#r!/# ;!' #o r%p!ir i#. " !i#io", % i' li@%;i'% li!<l% "%r Ar#. 1170 o$ #% Co%, $or #% /o'# o$ #%i''i"> p!r#', i" #% !o"# o$ 31.10, $or i" i' o<li>!#io" #o r%p!ir #% #=p%;ri#%r % ;!' <o", <# $!il% or"%>l%/#%, #o r%#r" i# i" #% '!% /o"i#io" i# ;!' ;%" % r%/%i&% i#.

4. D. D. D. CLA6S (OR DA6AGES OR A**ORNES (EES NO* RECOERABLE NO*ALLEGED OR ROED N NS*AN* CASE.8 Cl!i' $or !!>%' !" !##or"%=' $%%' '# <% pl%!%, !" #%

%:i'#%"/% o$ #% !/#!l <!'i' #%r%o$ '# <% pro&%. A' "o $i"i">' o$ $!/# ;%r% !% o" #% /l!i' $or !!>%' !"!##or"%=' $%%', #%r% i' "o $!/#!l <!'i' po" ;i/ #o !@% !" !;!r #%r%$or.

5. RE6EDAL LA AEALS AEAL (RO6 CO)R* O( (RS* NS*ANCE *O S)RE6E CO)R*ONL )ES*ONS O( LA REEABLE.8 %r% #% !pp%ll!"# ir%/#l= !pp%!l' $ro #% %/i'io" o$ #% #ri!l/or# #o #% Spr%% Cor# o" %'#io"' o$ l!;, % i' <o" <= #% F>%"# o$ #% /or# ! o o" i#' $i"i">' o$ $!/#.

D E C S O N

REES, .B.L., p

*i' i' ! ir%/# !pp%!l <= #% p!r#= ;o pr%&!il% i" ! 'i# $or <r%!/ o$ or!l /o"#r!/# !" r%/o&%r= o$ !!>%' <# ;!'

"'!#i'$i% ;i# #% %/i'io" r%"%r% <= #% Cor# o$ (ir'# "'#!"/% o$ 6!"il!, i" i#' Ci&il C!'% No. I513, <%/!'% i#!;!r% i o"l= 31.10 o# o$ i' #o#!l /l!i o$ I90.00 $or !/#!l, #%p%r!#% !" or!l !!>%' !" !##or"%=' $%%'.

*% !pp%!l% F>%"#, ;i/ i' <ri%$, i' %r%"%r o#% i" $ll

" #% %!rl= p!r# o$ l=, 19I3, #% pl!i"#i$$ %li&%r% #o #% %$%"!"#, ;o i' ! #=p%;ri#%r r%p!ir%r, ! por#!<l%

#=p%;ri#%r $or ro#i"% /l%!"i"> !" '%r&i/i">. *% %$%"!"# ;!' "o# !<l% #o $i"i' #% Fo< !$#%r 'o% #i% %'pi#%r%p%!#% r%i"%r' !% <= #% pl!i"#i$$. *% %$%"!"# %r%l= >!&% !''r!"/%', <# $!il% #o /opl= ;i# #% '!%. "O/#o<%r, 19I3, #% %$%"!"# !'@% $ro #% pl!i"#i$$ #% ' o$ I.00 $or #% pr/!'% o$ 'p!r% p!r#', ;i/ !o"##% pl!i"#i$$ >!&% #o #% %$%"!"#. O" O/#o<%r 2I, 19I3, !$#%r >%##i"> %:!'p%r!#% ;i# #% %l!= o$ #% r%p!ir o$ #%

#=p%;ri#%r, #% pl!i"#i$$ ;%"# #o #% o'% o$ #% %$%"!"# !" !'@% $or #% r%#r" o$ #% #=p%;ri#%r. *% %$%"!"#%li&%r% #% #=p%;ri#%r i" ! ;r!pp% p!/@!>%. O" r%!/i"> o%, #% pl!i"#i$$ %:!i"% #% #=p%;ri#%r r%#r"% #o i

<= #% %$%"!"# !" $o" o# #!# #% '!% ;!' i" '!<l%', ;i# #% i"#%rior /o&%r !" 'o% p!r#' !" '/r%;'i''i">. O" O/#o<%r 29, 19I3, #% pl!i"#i$$ '%"# ! l%##%r #o #% %$%"!"# $or!ll= %!"i"> #% r%#r" o$ #% i''i">



p!r#', #% i"#%rior /o&%r !" #% ' o$ I.00 JE:i<i# DK. *% $ollo;i"> !=, #% %$%"!"# r%#r"% #o #% pl!i"#i$$

'o% o$ #% i''i"> p!r#', #% i"#%rior /o&%r !" #% I.00.

O" A>'# 29, 19I4, #% pl!i"#i$$ ! i' #=p%;ri#%r r%p!ir% <= (r%i:!' B'i"%'' 6!/i"%', !" #% r%p!ir Fo< /o'#

i ! #o#!l o$ 9.5, i"/li"> l!<or !" !#%ri!l' JE:i<i# CK.

O" A>'# 23, 19I5, #% pl!i"#i$$ /o%"/% #i' !/#io" <%$or% #% Ci#= Cor# o$ 6!"il!, %!"i"> $ro #%

%$%"!"# #% p!=%"# o$ 90.00 !' !/#!l !" /op%"'!#or= !!>%', 100.00 $or #%p%r!#% !!>%', 500.00 $oror!l !!>%', !" 500.00 !' !##or"%=' $%%'.

" i' !"';%r !' ;%ll !' i" i' #%'#io"= >i&%" <%$or% #i' /or#, #% %$%"!"# !% "o %"i!l' o$ #% $!/#' "!rr!#%!<o&%, %:/%p# #% /l!i o$ #% pl!i"#i$$ #!# #% #=p%;ri#%r ;!' %li&%r% #o #% %$%"!"# #ro> ! /%r#!i" lio

Bo/!li", ;i/ #% %$%"!"# %"i% !ll%>%l= <%/!'% #% #=p%;ri#%r ;!' %li&%r% #o i p%r'o"!ll= <= #% pl!i"#i$$.

*% r%p!ir o"% o" #% #=p%;ri#%r <= (r%i:!' B'i"%'' 6!/i"%' ;i# #% #o#!l /o'# o$ 9.5 'ol "o#, o;%&%r, <%

$ll= /!r>%!<l% !>!i"'# #% %$%"!"#. *% r%p!ir i"&oi/%, E:i<i# C, 'o;' #!# #% i''i"> p!r#' ! ! #o#!l &!l% o$o"l= 31.10.

HERE(ORE, F>%"# i' %r%<= r%"%r% or%ri"> #% %$%"!"# #o p!= #% pl!i"#i$$ #% ' o$ 31.10, !" #%/o'#' o$ 'i#.

SO ORDERED.

*% %rror o$ #% /or# ! o, !//ori"> #o #% pl!i"#i$$-!pp%ll!"#, Ro'%"o O. C!&%', i' #!# i# !;!r% o"l= #% &!l%

o$ #% i''i"> p!r#' o$ #% #=p%;ri#%r, i"'#%! o$ #% ;ol% /o'# o$ l!<or !" !#%ri!l' #!# ;%"# i"#o #% r%p!ir o$ #%!/i"%, !' pro&i% $or i" Ar#i/l% 11I7 o$ #% Ci&il Co%, r%!i"> !' $ollo;'

AR*. 11I7. $ ! p%r'o" o<li>% #o o 'o%#i"> $!il' #o o i#, #% '!% '!ll <% %:%/#% !# i' /o'#.

*i' '!% rl% '!ll <% o<'%r&% i$ % o%' i# i" /o"#r!&%"#io" o$ #% #%"or o$ #% o<li>!#io". (r#%ror% i# != <%

%/r%% #!# ;!# !' <%%" poorl= o"% % "o"%.

O" #% o#%r !", #% po'i#io" o$ #% %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%%, Fructuoso Gonzales, is that he is not liable at all, not even

for the sum of P31.10, because his contract with plaintiff-appellant did not contain a period, 'o #!# pl!i"#i$$-!pp%ll!"# 'ol !&% $ir'# $il% ! p%#i#io" $or #% /or# #o $i: #% p%rio, "%r Ar#i/l% 1197 o$ #% Ci&il Co%, ;i#i"

;i/ #% %$%"!"# !pp%ll%% ;!' #o /opl= ;i# #% /o"#r!/# <%$or% '!i %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%% /ol <% %l li!<l% $or <r%!/ o$ /o"#r!/#.

B%/!'% #% pl!i"#i$$ !pp%!l% ir%/#l= #o #% Spr%% Cor# !" #% !pp%ll%% i "o# i"#%rpo'% !"= !pp%!l, #% $!/#', !'$o" <= #% #ri!l /or#, !r% "o; /o"/l'i&% !" "o"-r%&i%;!<l%. 1

*% !pp%!l% F>%"# '#!#%' #!# #% pl!i"#i$$ %li&%r% #o #% %$%"!"# . . . ! por#!<l% #=p%;ri#%r $or ro#i"% /l%!"i">!" '%r&i/i"> #!# #% %$%"!"# ;!' "o# !<l% #o $i"i' #% Fo< !$#%r 'o% #i% %'pi#% r%p%!#% r%i"%r' !% <= #%

pl!i"#i$$ #!# #% %$%"!"# %r%l= >!&% !''r!"/%', <# $!il% #o /opl= ;i# #% '!% !" #!# !$#%r >%##i">%:!'p%r!#% ;i# #% %l!= o$ #% r%p!ir o$ #% #=p%;ri#%r, #% pl!i"#i$$ ;%"# #o #% o'% o$ #% %$%"!"# !" !'@% $ori#' r%#r", ;i/ ;!' o"%. The inferences derivable from these findins of fact are that the appellant and the

appellee had a perfected contract for cleanin and servicin a t!pewriter" that the! intended that the defendant

was to finish it at some future time althouh such time was not specified" and that such time had passed without

the wor# havin been accomplished, for the defendant returned the t!pewriter cannibalized and unrepaired,

which in itself is a breach of his obliation, without demandin that he should be iven more time to finish the

$ob, or compensation for the wor# he had alread! done. *% #i% $or /opli!"/% !&i"> %&i%"#l= %:pir%, !"

#%r% <%i"> ! <r%!/ o$ /o"#r!/# <= "o"-p%r$or!"/%, i# ;!' !/!%i/ $or #% pl!i"#i$$ #o !&% $ir'# p%#i#io"% #% /or##o $i: ! p%rio $or #% p%r$or!"/% o$ #% /o"#r!/# <%$or% $ili"> i' /opl!i"# i" #i' /!'%. D%$%"!"# /!""o# i"&o@%

Ar#i/l% 1197 o$ #% Ci&il Co% $or % &ir#!ll= !i##% "o"-p%r$or!"/% <= r%#r"i"> #% #=p%;ri#%r #!# % ;!'o<li>% #o r%p!ir i" ! "o"-;or@i"> /o"i#io", ;i# %''%"#i!l p!r#' i''i">. *% $i:i"> o$ ! p%rio ;ol #' <% ! %r%$or!li#= !" ;ol '%r&% "o prpo'% #!" #o %l!= J/$. *i>l!o. %# !l. . 6!"il! R!ilro! Co. 9 il. 11K.

%t is clear that the defendant-appellee contravened the tenor of his obliation because he not onl! did not repair

the t!pewriter but returned it &in shambles&, accordin to the appealed decision. (or '/ /o"#r!&%"#io", !'!pp%ll!"# /o"#%"', % i' li!<l% "%r Ar#i/l% 11I7 o$ #% Ci&il Co%. F! o#, $or #% /o'# o$ %:%/#i"> #% o<li>!#io"



i" ! prop%r !""%r. *% /o'# o$ #% %:%/#io" o$ #% o<li>!#io" i" #i' /!'% 'ol <% #% /o'# o$ #% l!<or or '%r&i/%

%:p%"% i" #% r%p!ir o$ #% #=p%;ri#%r, ;i/ i' i" #% !o"# o$ 5.75 <%/!'% #% o<li>!#io" or /o"#r!/# ;!' #or%p!ir i#.

" !i#io", #% %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%% i' li@%;i'% li!<l%, "%r Ar#i/l% 1170 o$ #% Co%, $or #% /o'# o$ #% i''i"> p!r#',i" #% !o"# o$ 31.10, $or i" i' o<li>!#io" #o r%p!ir #% #=p%;ri#%r % ;!' <o", <# $!il% or "%>l%/#%, #o r%#r" i#

i" #% '!% /o"i#io" i# ;!' ;%" % r%/%i&% i#.

App%ll!"#' /l!i' $or or!l !" #%p%r!#% !!>%' !" !##or"%=' $%%' ;%r%, o;%&%r, /orr%/#l= r%F%/#% <= #% #ri!l

/or#, $or #%'% ;%r% "o# !ll%>% i" i' /opl!i"# JR%/or o" App%!l, p!>%' 1-5K. Cl!i' $or !!>%' !" !##or"%='$%%' '# <% pl%!%, !" #% %:i'#%"/% o$ #% !/#!l <!'i' #%r%o$ '# <% pro&%. 2 *% !pp%!l% F>%"# #'

!% "o $i"i">' o" #%'% /l!i', "or o" #% $r! or !li/% /!r>% #o #% !pp%ll%%. A' "o $i"i">' o$ $!/# ;%r% !%o" #% /l!i' $or !!>%' !" !##or"%=' $%%', #%r% i' "o $!/#!l <!'i' po" ;i/ #o !@% !" !;!r #%r%$or.

App%ll!"# i' <o" <= '/ F>%"# o$ #% /or#, ! o, <= r%!'o" o$ i' !&i"> r%'or#% ir%/#l= #o #% Spr%% Cor#o" %'#io"' o$ l!;.

N E O( *HE (OREGONG REASONS, #% !pp%!l% F>%"# i' %r%<= oi$i%, <= or%ri"> #% %$%"!"#-!pp%ll%% #o p!=, !' % i' %r%<= or%r% #o p!=, #% pl!i"#i$$-!pp%ll!"# #% ' o$ 9.5, ;i# i"#%r%'# !# #% l%>!l r!#%

$ro #% $ili"> o$ #% /opl!i"#. Co'#' i" !ll i"'#!"/%' !>!i"'# !pp%ll%% (r/#o'o Go"!l%'.

Co"/%p/io", C.., Dio", 6!@!li"#!l, +!li&!r, C!'#ro, (%r"!"o, *%%!"@%% !" ill!or, ., /o"/r.

B!rr%o, ., i "o# #!@% p!r#.

(oo#"o#%'

1. %r% &. Ar!"%#!, L-1414, 15 l= 19I, 24 SCRA 43 C%< or#l!" C%%"# Co. &. 6". o$ N!>! L-2411I-17, 22 A>'# 19I, 24 SCRA 70.

2. 6!lo"o &. G!l!">, L-1351, 27 l= 19I0 D!r!"> &. B%li%!r, L-22399, 31 6!r/ 19I7, 19 SCRA 214.

C o p = r i > # 1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 9 C D * % / " o l o > i % ' A ' i !, " /.

G.R. No. L-2749 April 30, 1970

LEONORA *AN*O DA. DE 6ACABEN*A, E* AL. &'. DAAO S*EEDORE *ER6NAL CO6AN

EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-2749. April 30, 1970.]

LEONORA *AN*O DA. DE 6ACABEN*A, $or %r'%l$ !" i" <%!l$ o$ %r i"or /il, RA)EL6ACABEN*A, /l!i!"#'-!pp%ll%%', &'. DAAO S*EEDORE *ER6NAL CO6AN, r%'po"%"#-!pp%ll!"#.

%r%>ri"o 6. A"r%' $or /l!i!"#'-!pp%ll%%'.

H. A. C!<!rro>i' A''o/i!#%' $or r%'po"%"#-!pp%ll!"#.

SLLAB)S

1. LABOR AND SOCAL LEGSLA*ON OR?6ENS CO6ENSA*ON AC* DEENDEN*S O(N)RED E6LOER. 8 (ro #% %:pr%'' l!">!>% o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/#, ! ;io; li&i"> ;i# #%%/%!'% or !/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" i #o#!ll= or p!r#l= !' ;%ll !' %r !>#%r, i$ "%r 1 =%!r' o$ !>% or i"/!p!<l%

o$ 'ppor#i"> i or %r'%l$, !" "!rri%, ;%#%r or "o# !/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" #% %/%!'%, !r% /o"'i%r%%p%"%"#'.



2. D. D. D. NS*AN* CASE. 8 Cl!i!"# %r% i' /l%!rl= #% ;io; o$ #% %/%!'% Co"r!o 6!/!<%"#!.

# i' #r% #!# #% !rri!>% #oo@ pl!/% !$#%r #% $!#!l !//i%"# <# #%r% ;!' "o %'#io" #!# !# #% #i% o$ i' %!# '%;!' !r@% #o i.

3. S*A*)*OR CONS*R)C*ON HERE LA S CLEAR D)* O( CO)R* *O AL *HE LA*O (AC*S AS (O)ND. 8 %r% #% l!; i' /l%!r, or #= i' %!ll= pl!i". % '# !ppl= i# #o #% $!/#' !' $o".

!# i' or%, ;% !&% #!@%" p!i"' #o %$%!# !"= %&!'io" o$ i#' li#%r!l l!">!>% <= r%F%/#i"> !" i"#%rpr%#!#io", %&%" i$

"o# #o#!ll= %&oi o$ pl!'i<ili#=, <# li@%l= #o !##!/ #o i# ! 'i>"i$i/!"/% i$$%r%"# $ro #!# i"#%"% <= #% l!;!@%r'.A p!r!pr!'%' o$ !" !pori' $ro Hol%' i' "o# i"!ppropri!#%. #%r% /!" !l;!=' o//r #o i"#%lli>%"/% o'#il% #o !

pi%/% o$ l%>i'l!#io" ! i'i"#%rpr%#!#io" #!# !=, ;i#o# % r%$l%/#io", <% /o"'i%r% "o# #oo $!r-$%#/%.

4. D. D. SE**LED R)LE. 8 *% Cor# !' /o"'#!"#l= %l $ro #% %!rl= /!'%' o$ *= S% &. Hor, 12 il.45, ! 1909 %/i'io", i" )"i#% S#!#%' &. *ori<io, 15 il. 5 !" !>!i" i" Ri%r! &. !lori, 40 il. 105 J1919K #!# ,

!''i"> ! /oi/% i' "%/%''!r= <%#;%%" /o"$li/#i"> #%ori%', #!# ;i/ <%'# /o"$or' #o #% l!">!>% o$ #% '#!##%!" i#' prpo'% 'ol pr%&!il !" #!# "o /o"'#r/#io" i' #o <% !op#% #!# ;ol #%" #o %$%!# #% prpo'% !"

o<F%/# o$ #% l%>i'l!#or.

5. D. D. HERE OLC O( LA S CLEAR D)* CO)R* *O GE E((EC*. 8 O"/% #% poli/= o$

prpo'% o$ #% l!; !' <%%" !'/%r#!i"%, %$$%/# 'ol <% >i&%" #o i# <= #% Fi/i!r=. E&%" i$ o"%'# o<#' /ol <%%"#%r#!i"%, #%r%$or, !' #o #% %!"i"> o$ #% '#!##or= pro&i'io"', '#ill r%'p%/# $or '/ ! <!'i/ o/#ri"% /!ll' $or !r%F%/#io" o$ #% pl%! o$ #% D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"=.

I. LABOR AND SOCAL LEGSLA*ON OR?6ENS CO6ENSA*ON AC* N*ERRE*A*ONAND CONS*R)C*ON, *O BE N ACCORDANCE *H CONS**)*ONAL 6ANDA*E. 8 *o '#!#% #%/o"'#r/#io"' 'o># #o <% $!'#%"% o" #% /l%!r !" %:pli/i# l!">!>% o$ #% '#!##% i' #o r%F%/# i#. # /o%' i"#o /olli'io"

;i# #% /o"'#i##io"!l /o!" pr'!"# #o #% 'o/i!l F'#i/% pri"/ipl% #!# #% >o&%r"%"# %:#%" pro#%/#io" #ol!<or. Ho; /ol '/ !" i"#%"# #%" <% ip#% #o #% l%>i'l!#i&% <o=. No '/ ''pi/io' o># #o <% %"#%r#!i"%#!# i# ;!' /o"#%pl!#% <= or l!;!@%r' #!# !"= pro&i'io" o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/# /ol <% 'o ;or%!' #o %"= pro#%/#io" #o #% l!<ori"> %l%%"#' !" #%ir %p%"%"#' !" #' $r'#r!#% #% /o"'#i##io"!l o<F%/#i&% o$

'o/i!l F'#i/%.

7. D. D. OR?6ENS CO6ENSA*ON CO66SSON (NDNGS O( (AC* * BASED ON

S)BS*AN*AL EDENCE, NO* DS*)RBED ON AEAL NS*AN* CASE. 8 *% !ll%>% %rror #!# #%!//i%"# r%'l#i"> i" #% %!# o$ Co"r!o 6!/!<%"#! /ol "o# <% /o"'i%r% !' !&i"> !ri'%" o# o$ !" i" #%/or'% o$ %plo=%"# i' "o# #o <% #!@%" #oo '%rio'l=. *% $!/#' !' '%# $or# i" #% %/i'io", ;i/ '# <% !//%p#% <=' i" &i%; o$ #%ir <%i"> <!'% o" '<'#!"#i!l %&i%"/% !r>% !>!i"'# #% /o"%"'!#io" o$ #% D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l

Cop!"=.

. D. D. AEAL (RO6 DECSON O( *HE OR?6ENS CO6ENSA*ON CO66SSON *O

S)RE6E CO)R* ASCER*AN*6EN* O( CREDBL* AND EGH* O( CON(LC*NG EDENCE,BEOND A)*HOR* N AEALS B CER*ORAR. 8 *% #!'@ o$ !'/%r#!i"i"> #% /r%i<ili#= !" ;%i># o$/o"$li/#i"> %&i%"/% i', o;%&%r, <%=o" #% pro&i"/% o$ or !#ori#= i" !pp%!l' <= /%r#ior!ri. E&%" i$ #% po''i<ili#=#!# #% Coi''io"' /o"/l'io"' ;%r% %rro"%o' /ol "o# <% rl% o#, '#ill, #o <orro; #% l!">!>% o$ F'#i/% Dio"

i" ilippi"% R!<<i# B' Li"%', "/. &'. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", '/ %rror' ;ol /o"'#i##% %r%%rror' o$ F>%"# <# o "o# i"&ol&% !"= >r!&% !<'% o$ i'/r%#io" o" i#' p!r#.

D E C S O N

(ERNANDO, p

*% '//%'' o$ #% %plo=%r D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"= i" ip!r#i"> pl!'i<ili#= #o #% "o&%l %'#io" r!i'%!' #o ;%#%r or "o# #% ;io; o$ ! %/%!'% %plo=%% ;o'% !rri!>% o//rr% !$#%r #% !//i%"# !' ;%ll !' #%

po'#o' /il /ol <% /o"'i%r% %p%"%"#' ;i#i" #% %!"i"> o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/# != <%>!>% <= #% $!/# #!# ;% >!&% % /or'% #o #% p%#i#io" $or #% r%&i%; o$ ! %/i'io" o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io"Coi''io" !"';%ri"> #% %'#io" i" #% !$$ir!#i&% !" ''#!i"i"> #% ri># #o /op%"'!#io" o$ #% /l!i!"# L%o"or!*!"#o= !. % 6!/!<%"#! $or %r'%l$ !" i" <%!l$ o$ %r i"or /il, R!%l 6!/!<%"#!. A$#%r %!ri"> #% p!r#i%'

!" i" #% ri># o$ #% l!">!>% o$ #% l!;, i#' !"i$%'# prpo'%, !" #% /o"'#i##io"!l pro&i'io"' o" 'o/i!l F'#i/% !" pro#%/#io" #o l!<or, ;% !"';%r #% %'#io" 'iil!rl=. % !$$ir #% !pp%!l% %/i'io" o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io"Coi''io".



" #% %/i'io" r%"%r% <= #% #%" C!ir!" o$ #% Coi''io", Ni%&%' B!%"' %l Ro'!rio, !#% S%p#%<%r 27,

19II, i# i' '#!#% #!# #%r% i' "o i'p#% #!# !# #% #i% #!# #% %/%%"# %# #% &%i/l!r !//i%"# o" S%p#%<%r 13,19I1 ;i/ l% #o i' %!# o" S%p#%<%r 29, 19I1, #% /l!i!"#-;io; ;!' "o# =%# !rri% #o #% %/%%"# !l#o>

#%= ! !lr%!= <%%" li&i"> #o>%#%r !' '<!" !" ;i$% $or #% p!'# #r%% o"#'. Ho;%&%r. o" #% != $ollo;i"> #%!//i%"#, #%= ;%r% l!;$ll= ;%% i" ! !rri!>% /%r%o"= 'ol%"i% !# S!" %ro Ho'pi#!l i" D!&!o Ci#= ;%r%

#% %/%!'% ;!' o'pi#!li% p #o i' %!#. # i' "o#%;or#= #!# #% !rri!>% ;!' $!/ili#!#% #ro> #% i"#%r/%''io"o$ #% >%"%r!l !"!>%r o$ #% r%'po"%"# /op!"=. 1 *% %/i'io" li@%;i'% "o#% #!# #% /l!i!"# ;io; >!&% <ir#

o" April , 19I2 #o #% po'#o' !>#%r o$ #% %/%!'% ;o ;!' >i&%" #% "!% R!%l *!"#o= 6!/!<%"#!.

A' #o o; #% %/%!'% Co"r!o 6!/!<%"#! %# i' !//i%"#, #% %/i'io", !$#%r '#!#i"> #!# #% %/%!'% ;!' ! l!<or%ri" #% '!;ill o$ #% D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"= !# 6!"!=, !"!<o, D!&!o, !<o# 4 @ilo%#%r' $ro i'r%'i%"/% i" D!&!o Ci#=, ;%"# o" !' $ollo;' Al#o> 'o% 'or# o$ !r#%r' ;%r% pro&i% <= #% r%'po"%"# #o i#'

%plo=%%' !# #% '!;ill, !"= o$ #% !pp!r%"#l= pr%$%rr% #o /o#%, !" #% %/%!'% i" p!r#i/l!r ;%"# o%!<o# #r%% #i%' ! ;%%@. il% #% r%'po"%"#, #ro> i#' lo"% ;i#"%'' !" !# #% '!% #i% pro/#io" !"!>%r,S%r>io D!li'!=, i'/l!i% #% /l!i!"#' %/l!r!#io"' #!# #% /op!"= pro&i% ! '%r&i/% pi/@p #o #r!"'por# i#'%plo=%%' #o !" $ro ;or@, #% '="#%'i' o$ #% &%r= '!% #%'#io"i!l %&i%"/% o%' "o# 'ppor# #i' %"i!l, <# o"

#% /o"#r!r= #%"' #o <ri"> o# #% $!/# #!# #% r%'po"%"# i $r"i' #r!"'por#!#io". 2 A' ! r%'l#, i# r%&%r'% #%$i"i"> o$ #% #%" !/#i"> r%$%r%% o$ i#' r%>io"!l o$$i/% i" D!&!o Ci#= !" !;!r% #o #% /l!i!"# ;io; $or %r'%l$ !"i" <%!l$ o$ %r i"or /il #% !o"# o$ 2,70.00 !' /op%"'!#io" !" #% ' o$ 270.0 !' !##or"%=' $%%'.

H%"/%, #i' p%#i#io" $or r%&i%;, ;i/, !' "o#%, ;!' >i&%" % /or'% pri!ril= % #o #% %'#io" r!i'% <%i"> o"% o$$ir'# ipr%''io". A' !""o"/% !# #% op%"i"> o$ #i' opi"io", ;% pol #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io".

1. (ro #% %:pr%'' l!">!>% o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/#, ! ;io; li&i"> ;i# #% %/%!'% or!/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" i #o#!ll= or p!r#l= !' ;%ll !' %r !>#%r, i$ "%r 1 =%!r' o$ !>% or i"/!p!<l% o$'ppor#i"> i or %r'%l$, !" "!rri%, ;%#%r or "o# !/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" #% %/%!'% !r% /o"'i%r%

%p%"%"#'. 3 Cl!i!"# %r% i' /l%!rl= #% ;io; o$ #% %/%!'% Co"r!o 6!/!<%"#!. # i' #r% #!# #% !rri!>% #oo@ pl!/% !$#%r #% $!#!l !//i%"# <# #%r% ;!' "o %'#io" #!# !# #% #i% o$ i' %!# '% ;!' !rri% #o i. S%,#%r%$or%, /o%' %"#ir%l= ;i#i" #% l%##%r o$ #% l!;. Nor /!" #%r% <% !"= o<# #!# #% /il, R!%l 6!/!<%"#!, !l'o$!ll' ;i#i" #% ;or' #% A/# %plo='. A' '%# $or# i" #% %/i'io", ;il% #% !rri!>% #oo@ pl!/% o" S%p#. 14, 19I1,

#% ;io; !" #% %/%!'% ! !lr%!= <%%" li&i"> #o>%#%r !' '<!" !" ;i$% #% pr%/%i"> #r%% o"#'. *%/il <or" o$ '/ r%l!#io"'ip, l!#%r l%>!li%, i', !' !% /l%!r i" #% %/i'io", #% po'#o' !>#%r o$ #%%/%!'%. !# #% %plo=%r D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"= '%%' <%"# i" i>"ori"> i' #!# or Ci&il Co%, i" "o"/%r#!i" #%r', /o"'i%r' ! /o"/%i&% /il <or" $or !ll prpo'%' #!# !r% $!&or!<l% #o %r pro&i% #% <ir# i'

!##%"% ;i# #% /o"i#io"' 'p%/i$i%, "!%l=, #!# '% i' !li&% !# #% #i% '% i' /opl%#%l= %li&%r% $ro #%o#%r' ;o<. 4 H%r%, $or#"!#%l=, #% /il !' 'r&i&% #% or%!l o$ #% lo'' o$ #% o"% /!ll% po" #o 'ppor# %r,

%r $!#%r, ;o, "$or#"!#%l= o;%&%r, %# i' %!# <%$or% %r <ir#.

*i% !" #i% !>!i", ;% !&% '#r%''% #!# ;%r% #% l!; i' /l%!r, or #= i' %!ll= pl!i". % '# !ppl= i# #o #%

$!/#' !' $o". 5 !# i' or%, ;% !&% #!@%" p!i"' #o %$%!# !"= %&!'io" o$ i#' li#%r!l l!">!>% <= r%F%/#i"> !"i"#%rpr%#!#io", %&%" i$ "o# #o#!ll= %&oi o$ pl!'i<ili#=, <# li@%l= #o !##!/ #o i# ! 'i>"i$i/!"/% i$$%r%"# $ro #!#

i"#%"% <= #% l!;!@%r'. A p!r!pr!'% o$ !" !pori' $ro Hol%' i' "o# i"!ppropri!#%. *%r% /!" !l;!=' o//r #o!" i"#%lli>%"/% o'#il% #o ! pi%/% o$ l%>i'l!#io" ! i'i"#%rpr%#!#io" #!# !=, ;i#o# % r%$l%/#io", <% /o"'i%r% "o#

#oo $!r-$%#/%. *% %plo=%r i" #i' /!'%, ;i#o# ip>"i"> i#' o#i&%', '# !&% '//<% #o '/ ! #%p#!#io",i#% "%r'#!"!<l% <# /%r#!i"l= $!r $ro F'#i$i!<l%. # i' i#% o<&io' #%" ;= ;% $i" i#' '#!" %&oi o$ %ri#.

2. Or /o"/l'io" li@%;i'% $i"' 'ppor# i" #% $"!%"#!l pri"/ipl% #!# o"/% #% poli/= or prpo'% o$ #% l!;!' <%%" !'/%r#!i"%, %$$%/# 'ol <% >i&%" #o i# <= #% Fi/i!r=. I E&%" i$ o"%'# o<#' /ol <% %"#%r#!i"%,

#%r%$or%, !' #o #% %!"i"> o$ #% '#!##or= pro&i'io"', '#ill r%'p%/# $or '/ ! <!'i/ o/#ri"% /!ll' $or ! r%F%/#io" o$ #% pl%! o$ #% D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"=. % !&% "%&%r %&i!#% $ro or /o"'#!"# oli"> $ro *= S% &.

Hor, 7 ! 1909 %/i'io", #!#, !''i"> ! /oi/% i' "%/%''!r= <%#;%%" /o"$li/#i"> #%ori%', #!# ;i/ <%'# /o"$or'

#o #% l!">!>% o$ #% '#!##% !" i#' prpo'% 'ol pr%&!il. A>!i", !' $!r <!/@ !' )"i#% S#!#%' &. *ori<io, %/i%#% "%:# =%!r, ;% !% "i'#!@!<l% or &i%; #!# "o /o"'#r/#io" i' #o <% !op#% #!# ;ol <%" #o %$%!# #%

prpo'% !" o<F%/# o$ #% l%>i'l!#or. % !% '% o$ !" %:pr%''io" !lo'# i%"#i/!l i" Ri%r! &. !l!roli 9 ;i# or

;!r"i"> !>!i"'# 'o "!rro;l= i"#%rpr%#i"> ! '#!##% !' #o %$%!# #% !"i$%'# prpo'% o$ #% l%>i'l!#or. *% %plo=%r i"#i' /!'% 'ol !&% <%%" ;%ll !&i'% #o #!@% i"#o /o"'i%r!#io" #% #%!/i">' o$ #% !<o&% /!'%' <%$or% i# 'o># #o

pr%'' po" ' #% %'ir!<ili#= o$ ip!r#i"> #o #% !ppli/!<l% '#!##or= l!">!>% ! %!"i"> #!# ;ol r%"%r $ri#l%'' #% prpo'% 'o /l%!rl= %&i%"# o" #% $!/% o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/#.

3. *%r% i' '#ill !"o#%r !&%"% o$ !ppro!/ #!# 'iil!rl= /!ll' $or #% !$$ir!"/% o$ #% %/i'io" o$ #%or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io" "o; o" !pp%!l. *i' i' !pp!r%"# $ro !" %:/%rp# $ro ! r%/%"# /!'% o$



A#oo#i&% !r#' Eip%"# Cop!"=, "/orpor!#% &. Li">! 10 *o '#!#% #% /o"'#r/#io" 'o># #o <%

$!'#%"% o" #% /l%!r !" %:pli/i# l!">!>% o$ #% '#!##% i' #o r%F%/# i#. # /o%' i"#o /olli'io" ;i# #% /o"'#i##io"!l/o!" pr'!"# #o #% 'o/i!l F'#i/% pri"/ipl% #!# #% >o&%r"%"# %:#%" pro#%/#io" #o l!<or. Ho; /ol '/ !"

i"#%"# #%" <% ip#% #o #% l%>i'l!#i&% <o=. No '/ ''pi/io" o># #o <% %"#%r#!i"% #!# i# ;!' /o"#%pl!#% <=or l!;!@%r' #!# !"= pro&i'io" o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/# /ol <% 'o ;or% !' #o %"= pro#%/#io" #o #%

l!<ori"> %l%%"#' !" #%ir %p%"%"#' !" #' $r'#r!#% #% /o"'#i##io"!l o<F%/#i&% o$ 'o/i!l F'#i/%. *o o#% $ro#% Li">! /!'% !"%; (or i# i' "%"i!<l% #!# %&%r= '#!##%, / or% 'o o"% !ri'i"> $ro ! l%>i'l!#i&%

ipl%%"#!#io" o$ ! /o"'#i##io"!l !"!#%, '# <% 'o /o"'#r% #!# "o %'#io" !' #o i#' /o"$ori#= ;i# ;!# #%$"!%"#!l l!; r%ir%' "%% !ri'%.

4. *% <!'i/ %'#io" i" #i' p%#i#io" $or r%&i%; #' i'po'% o$, #%r% i' "o#i"> #o '#!" i" #% ;!= o$ #%!$$ir!"/% o$ #% %/i'io" "o; o" !pp%!l. *% !ll%>% %rror #!# #% !//i%"# r%'l#i"> i" #% %!# o$ Co"r!o

6!/!<%"#! /ol "o# <% /o"'i%r% !' !&i"> !ri'%" o# o$ !" i" #% /or'% o$ %plo=%"# i' "o# #o <% #!@%" #oo'%rio'l=. *% $!/#' !' '%# $or# i" #% %/i'io", ;i/ '# <% !//%p#% <= ' i" &i%; o$ #%ir <%i"> <!'% o"'<'#!"#i!l %&i%"/% !r>% !>!i"'# #% /o"#%"#io" o$ #% D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"=. A' ;% ! o//!'io" #o'#!#% o"l= l!'# o"# i" B. (. Goori/ ilippi"%', "/. &. A/%<%o 11 Nor /!" #% /o"/l'io" r%!/% <=

r%'po"%"# Coi''io" <% r%pi!#% "l%'' o" ! /l%!r 'o;i"> o$ $!ilr% #o /o"'i%r #% %&i%"/% o" r%/or or $!ilr%#o /o"'i%r $"!%"#!l !" p!#%"# lo>i/!l r%l!#io"'ip' i" #% %&i%"/%, !o"#i"> #o ! /l%!r #r!&%'#= o$ F'#i/% or>r!&% !<'% o$ i'/r%#io". !# ;!' '!i <= ' i" B!'!='!= &. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", #ro> #%

pr%'%"# Ci%$ '#i/%, <%!r' r%p%!#i"> *% #!'@ o$ !'/%r#!i"i"> #% /r%i<ili#= !" ;%i># o$ /o"$li/#i"> %&i%"/%, i',

o;%&%r, <%=o" #% pro&i"/% o$ or !#ori#= i" !pp%!l' <= /%r#ior!ri. E&%" i$ #% po''i<ili#= #!# #% Coi''io"'/o"/l'io"' ;%r% %rro"%o' /ol "o# <% rl% o#, '#ill, #o <orro; #% l!">!>% o$ '#i/% Dio" i" ilippi"% R!<<i#

B' Li"%', "/. &. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io". '/ %rror' ;ol /o"'#i##% %r% %rror' o$ F>%"# <# o"o# i"&ol&% !"= >r!&% !<'% o$ i'/r%#io" o" i#' p!r#.

HERE(ORE, #% %/i'io" o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io" o$ S%p#%<%r 27, 19II i' !$$ir%. i#/o'#' !>!i"'# r%'po"%"# D!&!o S#%&%or% *%ri"!l Cop!"=.

Co"/%p/io", C.., R%=%', .B.L., C!'#ro, +!li&!r, *%%!"@%% !" ill!or, . /o"/r.

Dio" !" 6!@!li"#!l, ., #oo@ "o p!r#.

(oo#"o#%'

1. %#i#io", D%/i'io", A""%: A, p. 1.

2. <i, p. 3.

3. S%/#io" 9 o$ #% or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" A/#, R%p<li/ A/# No. 342 J1927K !' !%"%, r%!' !' $ollo;'D%p%"%"#' o$ #% i"Fr% p%r'o". *% $ollo;i"> p%r'o"', !" "o o#%r' '!ll <% /o"'i%r% !' %p%"%"#' !" %"#i#l%#o /op%"'!#io" "%r #% pro&i'io"' o$ #i' A/# A 'o" or !>#%r, i$ "%r 1 =%!r' o$ !>% or i"/!p!<l% o$ 'ppor#i">

i or %r'%l$, !" "!rri%, ;%#%r !/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" #% %/%!'% or "o# *% ;io;, o"l= i$ '% ;!' li&i">;i# #% %/%!'% or ;!' !/#!ll= %p%"%"# po" i, #o#!ll= or p!r#l=.

4. A//ori"> #o #% Ci&il Co% [Ar#.] 40. Bir# %#%ri"%' p%r'o"!li#= <# #% /o"/%i&% /il '!ll <%/o"'i%r% <or" $or !ll prpo'%' #!# !r% $!&or!<l% #o i#, pro&i% i# <% <or" l!#%r ;i# #% /o"i#io"' 'p%/i$i% i" #%$ollo;i"> !r#i/l%. [Ar#.] 41. (or /i&il prpo'%', #% $o%#' i' /o"'i%r% <or" i$ i# i' !li&% !# #% #i% i# i' /opl%#%l=%li&%r% $ro #% o#%r' ;o<. Ho;%&%r, i$ #% $o%#' ! !" i"#r!-#%ri"% li$% o$ l%'' #!" '%&%" o"#', i# i' "o#

%%% <or" i$ i# i%' ;i#i" #;%"#=-$or or' !$#%r i#' /opl%#% %li&%r= $ro #% !#%r"!l ;o<.

5. C$. %opl% &. 6!p!, L-22301, A>. 30, 19I7, 20 SCRA 11I4 !/i$i/ O:=>%" A/%#=l%"% Co. &. C%"#r!lB!"@, L-211, 6!r/ 1, 19I, 22 SCRA 917 D%i#o &. Lop%, L-27757, 6!r/ 2, 19I, 22 SCRA 1352 !ill! &.Ci#= o$ !'!=, L-24039, "% 29, 19I, 23 SCRA 1349 G!r/i! &. !'%, L-2I0, 6!r/ 2, 19I9, 27 SCRA 505L! %rl! Ci>!r Ci>!r%##% (!/#or= &. C!p!p!'. L-2794 2001-11, l= 31, 19I9, 2 SCRA 105 6o<il Oililippi"%' &. Dio/!r%', L-2I371, S%p#. 30, 19I9, 29 SCRA I5I Lo" Sr%#= Co., "/. &. D% G!r/i!, L-25I59, O/#.

31, 19I9, 30 SCRA 111.

I. C$. S!r/o' &. C!'#illo, L-29755, !". 31, 1959, 2I SCRA 53.

7. 12 il. 45.



. 15 il. 5.

9. 40 il. 105 J1919K.

10. L-2I40I, O/#. 31, 19I9, 30 SCRA 24.

11. L-29551, 6!r/ 25, 1970, /i#i"> B!#!">!' *r!"'por#!#io" Co. &. Ri&%r!, L-14427, A>. 29, 19I0 B!'!='!=

&. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", L-1I43, No&. 29, 19I1, 3 SCRA 530 !" ilippi"% R!<<i# B' Li"%', "/.&. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", L-20I14 !" L-21517, 6!= 25, 19I4, 11 SCRA I0. C$. i/#ori!' 6illi">Co., "/. &. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", L-25I40, 6!r/ 21, 19I, 22 SCRA 1215 !" i/#ori!' 6illi">Co., "/. &. or@%"' Cop%"'!#io" Coi''io", L-25II5, 6!= 22, 19I9, 2 SCRA 25.

08 chaves vs gonzales

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