Chapter 4, Section 4 83

Chapter 4, Section 4

The Age of Pericles(Pages 138–146)

Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read:• How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles?• What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece?

As you read pages 139–144 in your textbook, create a circle graph showing how

many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.

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84 Chapter 4, Section 4

What do you think makes a leader great? Think of leadersyou have known or heard about. Then, as you read, list the achievements of Pericles. Based on the achievementsyou have listed, write a paragraph evaluating his leader-ship. Use specific examples from your list to support your opinion.

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Briefly describe the following place.

Delos

The Athenian Empire (pages 139–140)

direct democracy

representative democracy

philosophers

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Explain why this person is important.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?

What was life like in Athens? Before you read, skim thereading to identify main ideas. Then write three questionsyou think your reading will answer. After you have fin-ished reading, write the answers to these questions.

1.

Chapter 4, Section 4 85

behalf

achieve

Daily Life in Athens (pages 142–144)

Pericles

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2.

3.

Explain why this person is important.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

How did Athenian men and women spend their time?

86 Chapter 4, Section 4

economy

philosophy

Aspasia

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Before you read, based on what you know about Spartaand Athens, predict who you think will win the war.Support your prediction with facts from your reading.After you read, write a paragraph about your reaction tothe actual outcome.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence thatreflects the term’s meaning.

Chapter 4, Section 4 87

framework

cooperate

The Peloponnesian War (pages 144–146)

colony (Chapter 4, Section 1)

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What effects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece?

Now that you have read the section, write the answers tothe questions that were included in Setting a Purpose forReading at the beginning of the lesson.

How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles?

What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control ofGreece?

88 Chapter 4, Section 4

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The Age of Pericles: Words to Know

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY 4-4

SECT

ION

4-4

Directions: Compare a direct democracy and a representative democracyby filling in the number of the phrases below in the correct portion ofthe Venn diagram.

1. Citizens participate in government.

2. Citizens choose the people who makethe laws and policies.

3. All citizens can vote on each law orpolicy.

4. In Athens, male citizens over age 18attended assembly meetings.

5. In the United States, Congress passeslaws.

6. The people hold the power.

Building Academic VocabularyDirections: The meaning of an English word can be changed by changingthe form of the word. Discover the meaning of cooperation by readingthe sentence. Use different forms of the word cooperation and correctlycomplete the sentences that follow.

cooperation, nounExample: Cooperation that would lead to harmony between the Greek city-states was not possible during the Peloponnesian War.

7. When the Greek city-states faced a common enemy, they did .

8. The citizens of Athens worked together to achieve common goals.

BothDirect

DemocracyRepresentative

Democracy

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SECTION 4-4

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Directions: Reading for Accuracy Reading the section and completingthe activity below will help you learn more about Athens during the Ageof Pericles. Use your textbook to decide if a statement is true or false.Write T or F in the blank, and if a statement is false, rewrite it correctlyon the line.

1. Athens formed the Delian League with other city-states,including Sparta.

2. The Delian League freed almost all of the Greek cities underPersian control.

3. Athens was a representative democracy.

4. In a direct democracy, citizens choose a smaller group tomake laws.

5. Pericles allowed only upper-class male citizens to run forpublic office.

6. In the 400s B.C., more people lived in Sparta than in any othercity-state.

7. Slavery was common in the ancient world.

8. Athens had so much farmland that it was able to export grainto other places.

9. Athenian girls learned to read and play music at school.

10. To win the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians made a dealwith the Persians.

The Age of Pericles

GUIDED READING ACTIVITY 4-4

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23

CHAP

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On the Art of Horsemanshipby Xenophon

First we will give directions how best to avoid being cheated in buying a horse.

For judging an unbroken colt, the only criterion, obviously, is the body, forno clear signs of temper are to be detected in an animal that has not yethad a man on his back.

[2] In examining his body, we say you must first look at his feet.For, just as a house is bound to be worthless . . . if the foundations areunsound, however well the upper parts may look, so a war-horse will bequite useless, even though all his other points are good, if he has badfeet; for in that case he will be unable to use any of his good points.

[3] When testing the feet first look to the hoofs. For it makes a great dif-ference in the quality of the feet if they are thick rather than thin. Nextyou must not fail to notice whether the hoofs are high both in front andbehind, or low. For high hoofs have the frog, as it is called, well off theground; but flat hoofs tread with the strongest and weakest part of thefoot simultaneously, like a bow-legged man. Moreover, Simon says thatthe ring, too, is a clear test of good feet: and he is right; for a hollow hoofrings like a cymbal in striking the ground.

Source: Xenophon: Volume IV, Loeb Classical Library, Volume L 168, translated by E. C. Marchant, Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press, 1923.

Name Date Class

Reader’s Dictionarycriterion: standard used for making a judgment

temper: character or quality

frog: a triangular pod in the side of a horse’s hoof

simultaneously: happening at the same time

About the SelectionXenophon was born in Athens in

430 B.C. He was a student of Aristotlebefore joining the Greek army. He led his soldiers bravely in a battle against the Persians. He admired the strengthand discipline of the Spartans.Eventually he joined them to fightagainst Athens. As a result, he wasforced out of Athens and went to live in Sparta. There he lived and wroteabout his experiences. In this excerptbelow, Xenophon writes about how tobuy a horse without being cheated.

PRIMARY SOURCE READING 4

Buying a Horse

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PRIMARY SOURCE READING 4

Buying a Horse (continued)

Directions: Answer the questions below in the spaces provided.

1. What parts are most important in judging a horse according to Xenophon?

2. What points are most important in evaluating the horse’s hooves?

3. Why is the ring of a hoof important?

4. Critical Thinking Why do you think it would be more important to judge a horse’sfeet rather than a horse’s body?

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