0609 what is system of rice intensification?
DESCRIPTION
Presenter: Norman Uphoff Audience: 1st National SRI Symposium HyderabadTRANSCRIPT
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WHAT IS SRI?
National SRI SymposiumHyderabad, November 17, 2006
Norman Uphoff, CIIFADCornell University, USA
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is many things – not just one thing
– SRI is more pluralistic than monolithic
– SRI is better understood and referred to as an adjective than as a noun
• SRI is different things to different people
– But nobody has any monopoly on SRI
• There are no patents, no royalties, no IPR
• This may cause some occasional discomfort
• But so be it – benefits outweigh the costs
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI was developed in Madagascar
– SRI originated from Fr. de Laulanié, SJ
– Often called ‘the Madagascar system’
• SRI is spreading around the world
– ‘SRI effect’ demonstrated in 24 countries
– Soon to add Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Iran
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Fr. de Laulaniémaking field visit
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is still a work in progress
– SRI is continually evolving, especiallybeing improved by farmer innovation
– Many examples: from Madagascar, India, Cambodia, Nepal, Cuba, etc.
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Rake to mark field for transplanting,developed in Madagascar, also in India
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Roller-marker devised by Lakshmana Reddy, East Godavari,AP, India, to save time in transplanting operations; Reddy’syield in 2003-04 rabi season was 17.25 t/ha paddy (dry wt)
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Four-row weeder developedby Gopal Swaminathan,
Kadiramangalam, Tamil Nadu,
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Weeder designed by Nong Sovann, Kampong Spreu province,Cambodia; built for $3, with a $20 increase in value of rice
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Simple weeder made byGovinda Dhakal, Indrapura-6,
Belbari, Morang District, costing only 15 rupees to make;10 laborers can weed 1 hectare
vs. 25-30 laborers manually
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SRI direct-seeder designed/built by Luis Romero in Cuba;transplanted rice gave 14 t/ha; the 40x40 cm spacing was
too wide; his neighbor built 12-row seeder to be ox-drawn
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is many things – not just one thing
• SRI is many different things
• SRI is not yet finished
• SRI was developed in Madagascar
• SRI is spreading around the world
• SRI is NOT A TECHNOLOGY
– SRI is a methodology; a set of ideas; insights; philosophy – not set ‘package’
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is a set of practices – always to
be adapted to local circumstances – that accomplish two main things:
– Vigorous grown and health of roots
– Abundant, diverse and active soil biota
THESE ARE THE KEY TO SRI SUCCESS
• SRI may be called ‘the root revolution’ (N. Subba Rao, Achanta, October 2003)
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Single SRI plant – MTU 1071Maruteru Agr. Res. Station
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SRI plant on right and ‘normal’ plant on right on Cuban farm;
same age (52 days) and same variety (VN 2084)
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WHAT IS SRI?
• SRI is about MORE THAN YIELD
– It is especially about higher productivity
• Higher productivity of LAND (kg/ha)
• Higher productivity of LABOUR (kg/hour)
• Higher productivity of WATER (kg/m3)
• Higher productivity of CAPITAL
–Greater return on investment (kg/Rs.)
–Higher net farmer income per hectare
WE SHOULD NOT OVER-EMPHASIZE YIELD!
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is more accessible to the poor
– Little or no capital requirement
• So no need for loans or for credit
• Might want to give yield guarantees
– No need to change varieties or to purchase agrochemical inputs
– SRI requires mostly knowledge and skill
and motivation
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI is depends on creating a better
growing environment for plants
– It improves the E in the GxE equation
– SRI is not ‘against’ genetic improvement
• Always want to start with most appropriate genotype – then produce best phenotype!
• HYVs and hybrids give highest SRI yields
• But local varieties give very good yields
LET FARMERS DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES
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WHAT IS SRI?
• SRI is -- or can be -- ‘organic’
• SRI is not necessarily organic
– Chemical fertilizers used with other SRI practices give higher yields
– Highest SRI yields have come with organic soil fertilization
LET FARMERS DECIDE FOR THEMSELVES -- SRI IS ABOUT GIVING THEM OPTIONS
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WHAT IS SRI?
• SRI depends on farmer participation
– Farmer innovation is important
– Farmer-to-farmer spread most effective
– Human resource development is goal
• The name of Association Tefy Saina, the NGO promoting SRI in Madagascar, does not mean “grow more rice” but instead it means “improve the mind”
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI depends also on scientific work
– Much is still not fully understood and everything about SRI can be explained in sound scientific terms – no magic!
– SRI probably still not optimum because it was developed empirically/inductively
– There may be future problems that scientific research can help us avoid
– Knowing the principles will should help us extend SRI insights to other crops!
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SRI RAGI (FINGER MILLET), Rabi 2004-0560 days after sowing – Varieties 762 and 708
VR 762
VR 708
10 15 21*
*Age at which seedlings weretransplanted from nursery
Results of trials beingbeing done by ANGRAU
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System of Finger Millet Intensification on left; regular management of improvedvariety and of traditional variety on right,
picture courtesy of PRADAN
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WHAT IS SRI?• SRI has the potential to transform
the agricultural sector– SRI is already improving the production of
sugar cane, ragi, cotton, maybe other crops
– The increases in rice productivity should enable farmers to redeploy land, labor, water and capital into producing other crops
• That give higher income and are more nutritious
• SRI should lead to diversification in agriculture, and also modernization
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WHAT IS SRI?
• SRI IS NOT FINISHED – work in progress
• SRI is both a CHALLENGE and an OPPORTUNITY for:– Higher productivity – better incomes
– Water saving – coping with climate change
– Poverty reduction – reduce food insecurity
– Environmental protection – water, soil and air quality, conservation of biodiversity