9 REFERENCESAlbano, J.D., Ekins, R.P., Maritz, G. and Turner RC. (1972) A sensitive, precise

radioimmunoassay of serum insulin relying on charcoal separation of bound and freehormone moieties.Acta Endocrinology 70, 487 - 509

Alexander, F. (1962). The Concentration of Certain Electrolytes in the Digestive Tract ofthe Horse and Pig. Research Veterinary Science 3, 78 - 84.

Alexander, F., and Chowdhury, A. K. (1958). Enzymes in the Heal Juice of the Horse.Nature 181, 190.

Alexander, F., and Elizabeth Davies, M. (1963). Production and Fermentation of Lactate byBacteria in the Alimentary Canal of the Horse and Pig. Journal of ComparativePathology 73, 1 - 8.

Anderson, C. E., Potter, G. D., Kreider, J. L., and Courtney, C. C. (1983). Digestible EnergyRequirements for Exercising Horses. Journal of Animal Science 56, 91 - 95.

Anderson, E. A., and Anderson, J. R. (1971). "Horse and Pony Nutrition - A Guide toFeeding the Horse and Pony," R.M. Williams Pty Ltd.

Anindyawati, T., Melliawati, R., Ito, K., Iizuka, M., and Minamiura, N. (1998). ThreeDifferent Types of a-amylases from Aspergillus awamori KT-11: TheirPurifications, Properties and Specificities. Bioscience, Biotechnology andBiochemistry 62, 1351 - 1357.

Annison, G., and Topping, D. L. (1994). Nutritional Role of Resistant Starch: ChemicalStructure vs Physiological Function. Annual Review of Nutrition 14, 297 - 320.

Australian Racing Board. (2001). "Australian Racing Fact Book - A Guide to the RacingIndustry in Australia", Australian Racing Board.

Argenzio, R. A. (1993a). Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein. In"Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals" (M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.),pp. 362 - 375. Comstock Publishing Associates, London.

Argenzio, R. A. (1993b). Gastrointestinal Motility. In "Dukes Physiology of DomesticAnimals" (M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 336 - 348. ComstockPublishing Associates, London.

Argenzio, R. A. (1993c). General Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Their Controland Integration. In "Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals" (M. J. Swenson andW. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 325 - 376. Comstock Publishing Associates, London.

Argenzio, R. A. (1993d). Intestinal Transport of Electrolytes and Water. In "DukesPhysiology of Domestic Animals" (M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 376 -386. Comstock Publishing Associates, London.

Argenzio, R. A. (1993e). Secretory Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract. In "DukesPhysiology of Domestic Animals" (M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 349 -361. Comstock Publishing Associates, London.

Argenzio, R. A., and Hintz, H. F. (1972). Effect of Diet on Glucose Entry and OxidationRates in Ponies. Journal of Nutrition 102, 879 - 892.

Argenzio, R. A., Lowe, J. E., Pickard, D. W., and Stevens, C. E. (1974). Digesta Passageand Water Exchange in the Equine Large Intestine. American Journal of Physiology226, 1035 - 1042.

Arnold, F. F., Potter, G. D., Kreider, J. L., Schelling, G. T., and Jenkins, W. L. (1981).Carbohydrate digestion in the small and large intestine of the equine. In"Proceedings 7th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 19 - 22,Warrenton, Virginia.

References 150

Banks, W., and Muir, D. D. (1980). Structure and Chemistry of the Starch Granule. In "TheBiochemistry of Plants: A comprehensive treatsie" (J. Preiss, ed.), Vol. 3, pp. 321 -370. Academic Press, New York.

Bird, A. R., Croom Jr, W. J., Fan, Y. K., Black, B. L., McBride, B. W., and Taylor, I. L.(1996). Peptide Regulation of Intestinal Glucose Absorption. Journal of AnimalScience 74, 2523 - 2540.

Bird, S. H., Rowe, J. B., Choct, M., Stachiw, S., Tyler, P., and Thompson, R. D. (1999). Invitro fermentation of grain and enzymatic digestion of cereal starch. RecentAdvances in Animal Nutrition 12, 53 - 61.

Black, J. L. (2001). Quality Feed Grains - research highlights and opportunities. Reportpresented at the Barley Technical Symposium.

Black, J. L. (1971). A theoretical consideration of the effect of preventing rumenfermentation on the efficiency of utilisation of dietary energy and protein in lambs.British Journal of Nutrition 25, 31 - 55.

Bourke, J. M. (1968). Feeding of Thoroughbred Horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 44,241 - 245.

Brand, J. C., Nicholson, P. L., Thorburn, A. W., and Truswell, A. S. (1985). FoodProcessing and the Glycaemic Index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42,1192 - 1196.

Brand Miller, J., Foster-Powell, K., and Colagiuri, S. (1996). "The GI Factor," Hodder andStoughton, Australia and New Zealand.

Budiansky, S. (1998). "The Nature of Horses," paperback/Ed. Phoenix, Great Britain.

Budras, K. D., Sack, W. 0., and Rock, S. (2001). "Anatomy of the Horse," Third/Ed.SchluterscheGmbH & Co, Hannover.

Chapman, R. W., Sillery, J. K., Graham, M. M., and Saunders, D. R. (1985). Absorption ofstarch by healthy ileostomates: effect of transit time and of carbohydrate load. TheAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 1244 - 1248.

Cheeseman, C. I., and Harley, B. (1991). Adaptation of glucose transport across ratenterocyte basolateral membrane in response to altered dietary carbohydrate intake.Journal of Physiology 437, 563 - 575.

Choct, M. (1995). "Role of Soluble and Insoluble Fibre in Broiler Nutrition," Rep. No. CSN2CM. Chicken Meat Research and Development Council, O'Halloran Hill.

Church, S., and Middleton, D. J. (1997). Transient glucose malabsorption in two horses -fact or artefact? Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 716 -718.

Clary, J. J., Mitchell Jr, G. E., Little, C. 0., and Bradley, N. W. (1969). Pancreatic amylaseactivity from ruminants fed different rations. Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology 47, 161 - 164.

Clayton, E. H., and Rowe, J. B. (1999). Predicting caecal pH from faecal pH. RecentAdvances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 12, 13A.

Cochrane, W. G., and Cox, G. M. (1957). "Experimental Designs," Second Edition/Ed.John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Comline, R. S., Hall, L. W., Hickson, J. C. D., Murillo, A., and Walker, R. G. (1969).Pancreatic Secretion in the Horse. Journal of Physiology 204, 10P - 11P.

Cooke, A. R. (1975). Control of gastric emptying and motility. Gastroenterology 68, 804 -816.

Cooke, A. R., and Clark, E. D. (1976). Effect of first part of duodenum on gastric emptyingin dogs: response to acid, fat, glucose and neural blockade. Gastroenterology 70,550 - 555.

References 151

Corke, M. J. (1986). Diabetes mellitus: The tip of the iceberg. Equine Veterinary Journal18, 87 - 88.

Coning, T. (1977). Possible role of hydrolysis products of the dietary components in themechanism of the exocrine pancreatic adaptation to the diet. World Review ofNutrition and Dietetics 27, 132 - 144.

de Fombelle, A., Frumholtz, P., Poillion, D., Drogoul, C., Phillipeau, C., Jacotot, E., andJulliand, V. (2001). Effect of the botanical origin of starch on its prececaldigestibility measured with the mobile bag technique. In "Equine Nutrition andPhysiology Society Symposium", Vol. 17, pp. 154 - 156, Lexington, Kentucky,USA.

de Fombelle, A., Jacotot, E., Drogoul, C., Bonnefoy, T., and Julliand, V. (1999). Effect ofthe hay: grain ratio on the digestive physiology and microbial ecosystem in ponies.In "Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium", Vol. 16, pp 176 - 179.Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Debas, H. T., Farooq, 0., and Grossman, M. I. (1975). Inhibition of gastric emptying is aphysiological action of cholecystokinin. Gastroenterology 68, 1211 - 1217.

DeGregorio, R. M., Tucker, R. E., Mitchell, G. E. J., and Gill, W. W. (1982). Carbohydratefermentation in the large intestine of lambs. Journal of Animal Science 54, 855 -862.

DeGregorio, R. M., Tucker, R. E., Mitchell, G. E. J., and Gill, W. W. (1984). Acetate andPropionate Production in the Caecum and Proximal Colon of Lambs. Journal ofAnimal Science 58, 203 - 207.

Diamond, J. M., and Karasov, W. H. (1984). Effect of dietary carbohydrate onmonosaccharide uptake by mouse small intestine in vitro. Journal of Physiology349, 419 - 440.

Dickson, W. M. (1993). Endocrine Glands. In "Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals"(M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 629 - 664. Comstock PublishingAssociates, London.

Duncan, P. (1980). Time-budgets of Carmargue horses II. Time budgets of adult horses andweaned sub-adults. Behaviour 72, 26 - 49.

Duncan, P. (1992). "Horses and Grasses: The Nutritional Ecology of Equids and TheirImpact on the Carmargue," Springer-Verlag, New York.

Englyst, H. N., and Cummings, J. H. (1987). Digestion of polysaccharides of potato in thesmall intestine of man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 423 - 431.

Evers, A. D., Blakeney, A. B., and O'Brien, L. (1999). Cereal Structure and Composition.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 629 - 650.

Ferraris, R. P., Lee, P. P., and Diamond, J. M. (1989). Origin of regional and speciesdifferences in intestinal glucose uptake. American Journal of Physiology 257, G689- G697

Ferraris, R. P., Villenas, S. A., and Diamond, J. (1992). Regulation of brush border enzymeactivities and enterocyte migration rates in mouse small intestine. American Journalof physiology 262, G1047 - G1059.

Ferraris, R. P., Yasharpour, S., Lloyd, K. C. K., Mirzayan, R., and Diamond, J. M. (1990).Luminal glucose concentrations in the gut under normal conditions. AmericanJournal of Physiology 259, G822 - G837.

Fowden, A. L., Barnes, R. J., Comline, R. S., and Silver, M. (1980). Pancreatic B-cellfunction in the foetal foal and mare. Journal of Endocrinology 87, 293 - 301.

Fox, S. I. (1991). "Perspectives on Human Biology," Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque.

Frape, D. (1998). "Equine Nutrition and Feeding," 2nd Edition/Ed. MPG Books Ltd,Cornwall.

References 152

Freestone, J. F., Beadle, R., Shoemaker, K., Bessin, R. T., Wolfsheimer, K. J., and Church,C. (1992). Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies throughphysical conditioning and controlled feed intake. Equine Veterinary Journal 24, 187- 190.

French, K., and Pollitt, C. C. (2001). Ultrastructural Investigation of Raftilose-InducedLaminitis. In "International Horse Industry Symposium", Vol. 1, pp. 345 - 346. PostGraduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, VeterinaryScience Conference Centre - University of Sydney.

Gaebe, R. J., Sanson, D. W., Rush, I. G., Riley, M. L., Hixon, D. L., and Paisley, S. I.(1998). Effects of Extruded Corn or Grain Sorghum on Intake, Digestibility, WeightGain, and Carcasses of Finishing Steers. Journal of Animal Science 76, 2001 - 2007.

Gallant, D. J., Bouchet, B., and Baldwin, P. M. (1997). Microscopy of starch: evidence of anew level of granule organization. Carbohydrate Polymers 32, 177 - 191.

Galyean, M. L., Wagner, D. G., and Johnson, R. R. (1976). Site and extent of starchdigestion in steers fed processed corn rations. Journal of Animal Science 43, 1088 -1094.

Garcia, M. C., and Beech, J. (1986). Equine intravenous glucose tolerance test: Glucose andinsulin responses of healthy horses fed grain or hay and of horses with pituitaryadenoma. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47, 570 - 572.

Garner, H. E., Coffman, J. R., Hahn, A. W., Hutcheson, D. P., and Tumbleson, M. E.(1975). Equine Laminitis of Alimentary Origin: An Experimental Model. AmericanJournal of Veterinary Research 36, 441 - 444.

Garner, H. E., Hutcheson, D. P., Coffman, J. R., Hahn, A. W., and Salem, C. (1977). LacticAcidosis: A factor associated with equine laminitis. Journal of Animal Science 45,1037 - 1041.

Garner, H. E., Moore, J. N., Johnson, J. H., Clarke, L., Amend, J. F., Tritschler, L. G.,Coffman, J. R., Sprouse, R. F., Hutcheson, D. P., and Salem, C. A. (1978). Changesin Caecal Flora associated with the Onset of Laminitis. Equine Veterinary Journal10, 249 - 252.

Godfrey, S. I., Boyce, M. D., Rowe, J. B., and Speijers, E. J. (1992). Changes within thedigestive tract of sheep following engorgement with barley. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research 44, 1093 - 1101.

Gordon, J. (2001). "The Horse Industry; Contributing to the Australian Economy". RuralIndustries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.

Gray, G. M. (1992). Starch Digestion and Absorption in Nonruminants. Journal of Nutrition122, 172 - 177.

Guyton, A. C. (1971). Insulin, Glucagon and Diabetes Mellitus. In "Medical Physiology",pp. 915 - 928. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.

Haenlein, G. F. W., Smith, R. C., and Yoon, Y. M. (1966). Determination of the FaecalExcretion Rate of Horses with Chromic Oxide. 25, 1091 - 1095.

Halnan, E. T., and Garner, F. H. (1953). "The principles and practice of feeding farmanimals," fourth edition/Ed. Longmans, Green and Co., London.

Hansen, R. M. (1976). Foods of Free-Roaming Horses in Southern New Mexico. Journal ofRange Management 29, 347.

Harmon, D. L. (1992). Nutritional Regulation of Postruminal Digestive Enzymes inRuminants. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 2102 - 2111.

Healy, H. P., Lawrence, L. M., Siciliano, P. D., and Blackford, J. T. (1993). Determinationof the gastric emptying rate of mature ponies. In "13th Equine Nutrition andPhysiology Symposium", pp. 24 - 25, Florida.

References 153

Heaton, K. W., Marcus, S. N., Emmett, P. M., and Bolton, C. H. (1988). Particle size ofwheat, maize and oat test meals: effects on plasma glucose and insulin responses andon the rate of starch digestion in vitro. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47,675 - 682.

Hediger, M. A., and Rhoads, D. B. (1994). Molecular Physiology of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters. Physiological Reviews 74, 993 - 1026.

Henneke, D. R., Potter, G. D., Kreider, J. L., and Yeates, B. F. (1983). Relationshipbetween condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.Equine Veterinary Journal 15, 371 - 372.

Hewitt, A. C. T. (1961). "Feeding Farm Animals," The Pastoral Review Pty Ltd, Sydney.

Higginbottom, C., and Wheater, D. W. F. (1954). The Incidence of Streptococcus bovis inCattle. Journal of Agricultural Science 44, 434 - 442.

Hinkle, D. K., Potter, G. D., and Kreider, J. L. (1983). Starch digestion in differentsegments of the digestive tract of ponies fed varying levels of corn. In "Proceedingsof the 8th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 227 - 230, Kentucky.

Hintz, H. F., Hogue, D. E., Walker Jr, E. F., Lowe, J. E., and Schryver, H. F. (1971).Apparent digestion in various segments of the digestive tract of ponies fed diets withvarying roughage-grain ratios. Journal of Animal Science 32, 245 - 248.

Hintz, H. F., and Loy, R. G. (1966). Effects of Pelleting on the Nutritive Value of HorseRations. Journal of Animal Science 25, 1059 -.1062

Hoekstra, K. E., Newman, K., Kennedy, M. A. P., and Pagan, J. D. (1999). Effect of CornProcessing on Glycaemic Responses in Horses. In "Equine Nutrition and PhysiologySymposium", Vol. 16, pp. 169 - 173, Holiday Inn - North Lexington, Kentucky.

Holm, J., Bjork, I., and Eliasson, A. (1988). Effects of Thermal Processing of Wheat onStarch: I. Physico-chemical and Functional Properties. Journal of Cereal Science 8,249 - 260.

Holm, J., Hagander, B., Bjork, I. E., A. and Lundquist, I. (1989). The effect of variousthermal processes on the glycaemic response to whole grain wheat products inHumans and Rats. Journal of Nutrition 119, 1631 - 1638.

Holt, S. H. A., and Brand Miller, J. (1994). Particle size, satiety and the glycaemic response.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 496 - 502.

Householder, D. D., Potter, G. D., and Lichtenwalner, R. E. (1977). Nutrient Utilisation inDifferent Segments of the Equine Digestive Tract. In "Proceedings 5th EquineNutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 44 - 45.

Hubbard, R. E., and Hansen, R. M. (1976). Diets of Wild Horses, Cattle, and Mule Deer inthe Piceance Basin, Colorado. Journal of Range Management 29, 389 - 392.

Hungate, R. E. (1966). "The Rumen and its Microbes," Academic Press Inc, New York.

Huntington, G. B. (1997). Starch Utilisation by Ruminants: From Basics to the Bunk.Journal of Animal Science 75, 852 - 867.

Jackson, S. G. (2000). The digestive tract of the horse-practical considerations. In"Advances in Equine Nutrition" (J. D. Pagan, ed.), pp. 1 - 11. NottinghamUniversity Press, Nottingham.

Jacobs, K. A., and Bolton, J. R. (1982). Effect of diet on the oral glucose tolerance test inthe horse. Journal American Veterinary Association 180, 884 - 886.

Janes, A. N., Weekes, T. E. C., and Armstrong, D. G. (1985). Carbohydrase activity in thepancreatic tissue and small intestine mucosa of sheep fed dried-grass or groundmaize-based diets. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 104, 435 - 443.

Janis, C. (1976). The evolutionary strategy of the equidae and the origins of rumen andcaecal digestion. Evolution 30, 757 - 774.

References 154

Jeffcott, L. B., Field, J. R., McLean, J. G., and O'Dea, K. (1986). Glucose tolerance andinsulin sensitivity in ponies and Standardbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 18,97 - 101.

Jenkins, D. J. A., Thorne, M. J., Wolever, T. M. S., Jenkins, A. L., Venketschwer Roa, A.,and Thompson, L. U. (1987). The effect of starch-protein interaction in wheat on theglycaemic response and rate of in vitro digestion. American Journal of ClinicalNutrition 45, 946 - 951.

Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M.,Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., and Goff, D. V. (1981). Glycaemicindex of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. American Journalof Clinical Nutrition 34, 362 - 366.

Johnson, A., Hurwitz, R., and Kretchmer, N. (1977). Adaptation of rat pancreatic amylaseand chymotrypsinogen to changes in diet. Journal of Nutrition 107, 87 - 96.

Johnson, K. G., Tyrrel, J., Rowe, J. B., and Pethick, D. W. (1998). Behavioural changes instabled horses given nontherapeutic levels of virginiamycin. Equine VeterinaryJournal 30, 139 - 143.

Joy, M. T., DePeters, E. J., Fadel, J. G., and Zinn, R. A. (1997). Effects of Corn Processingon the Site and Extent of Digestion in Lactating Cows. Journal of Dairy Science 80,2087 - 2097.

Judson, G. J., Abdelsamie, R., and Bird, R. B. (1975). Digestion and utilisation of 35 S-labelled bacteria placed in the caecum of the sheep. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research 26, 743 - 749.

Kahn, C. R. (1978). Insulin Resistance, Insulin Insensitivity and Insulin Unresponsiveness:A Necessary Distinction. Metabolism 27, 1893 - 1902.

Kainuma, K. (1988). Structure and Chemistry of the Starch Granule. In "The Biochemistryof Plants: A comprehensive treatsie" (J. Preiss, ed.), Vol. 14, pp. 141 - 180.Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Kane, E. A., Jacobson, W. C., and Damewood, P. M. J. (1959). Effect of Corn Starch onDigestibility of Alfalfa Hay. Journal of Dairy Science 42, 849 - 855.

Karr, M. R., Little, C. 0., and Mitchell, G. E. J. (1966). Starch disappearance from differentsegments of the digestive tract of steers. Journal of Animal Science 25, 652 - 654.

Keiper, R. R., and Keenan, M. A. (1980). Nocturnal activity patterns of feral ponies.Journal of Mammalogy 61, 116 - 118.

Kern, D. L., Slyter, L. L., Leffel, E. C., Weaver, J. M., and Oltjen, R. R. (1974). Ponies vsSteers: Microbial and Chemical Characteristics of Intestinal Ingesta. Journal ofAnimal Science 38, 559 - 564.

Kern, D. L., Slyter, L. L., Weaver, J. M., Leffel, E. C., and Samuelson, G. (1973). Ponycaecum vs steer rumen: The effect of oats and hay on the microbial ecosystem.Journal of Animal Science 37, 463 - 469.

Kidder, D. E., Hill, F. W. G., and Stevens, J. A. (1972). Automatic measurement of somemucosal carbohydrases. Clinica Chimica Acta 37, 491 - 501.

Kienzle, E. (1994). Small intestinal digestion of starch in the horse. Revue Medicale etVeterinaire 145, 199 - 204.

Kienzle, E. (1992). Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat 1. Activity of amylase in thegastrointestinal tract of the cat. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.69, 92 - 101.

Kienzle, E., Pohlenz, J., and Radicke, S. (1997). Morphology of Starch Digestion in theHorse. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 44, 207 - 221.

References 155

Kienzle, E., and Radicke, S. (1993). Effect of diet on maltase, sucrase and lactase in thesmall intestinal mucosa of the horse. Journal of Animal Physiology and AnimalNutrition 70, 97 - 103.

Kienzle, E., Radicke, S., Landes, E., Kleffken, D., Illenseer, M., and Meyer, H. (1994).Activity of amylase in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse. Journal of AnimalPhysiology and Animal Nutrition 72, 234 - 241.

Knowlton, K. F., Glenn, B. P., and Erdman, R. A. (1998). Performance, RuminalFermentation and Site of Starch Digestion in Early Lactation Cows Fed Corn GrainHarvested and Processed Differently. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 1972 - 1984.

Kotarski, S. F. Waniska, R. D., and Thum, K. K. (1992). Starch Hydrolysis by the RuminalMicroflora. Journal of Nutrition 122, 178 - 190.

Krueger, A. S., Kinden, D. A., Garner, H. E., and Sprouse, R. F. (1986). Ultrastructuralstudy of the equine caecum during onset of laminitis. American Journal ofVeterinary Research 47, 1804 - 1812.

Lee, B. M., and Wolever, T. M. S. (1998). Effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose on plasmaglucose and insulin responses in normal humans: comparison with white bread.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 924 - 928.

Lee, G. J. (1977). Changes in the composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinaltract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research 28, 1075 - 1082.

Leek, B. F. (1993). Digestion in the Ruminant Stomach. In "Dukes Physiology of DomesticAnimals" (M. J. Swenson and W. 0. Reece, eds.), pp. 387 - 416. ComstockPublishing Associates, London.

Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., and Cox, M. M. (1993). "Principles of Biochemistry,"5th/Ed. Worth Publishers, New York.

Levine, M. A. (1990). Dereivka and the problem of horse domestication. Antiquity 64, 727 -740.

Loeb, W. F. (1971). The carbohydrate digestion-absorption test in the horse. Technic andnormal values. Cornell Veterinarian 62, 524 - 531.

MacGregor, E. A. (1993). Relationships Between Structure and Activity in the a-AmylaseFamily of Starch Metabolising Enzymes. Starch 45, 232 - 237.

MacGregor, E. A., Janecek, S., and Svensson, B. (2001). Relationship of sequence andstructure to specificity in the alpha-amylase family of enzymes. Biochimica etBiophysica Acta 1546, 1 - 20.

MacMasters, M. M., and Wolff, I. A. (1959). Characteristics of Cereal Starches. In "TheChemistry and Technology of Cereals as Food and Feed" (S. A. Matz, ed.), pp. 569 -595. The AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport.

Maenz, D. D., and Cheeseman, C. I. (1987). The Na+-Independent D-Glucose Transporterin the Enterocyte Basolateral Membrane: Orientation and Cytochalsin B BindingCharacteristics. 1987 97, 259 - 266.

Mair, T. S., Hillyer, M. H., Taylor, F. G. R., and Pearson, G. R. (1991). Small intestinalmalabsorption in the horse: an assessment of the specificity of the oral glucosetolerance test. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 344 - 346.

Massey, K. J., Potter, G. D., Schelling, G. T., and Jenkins, W. L. (1985). Precancel,postileal and total tract starch digestion in ponies fed at varying intervals. In"Proceedings 9th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 42 - 43,Lansing, Michigan.

Mattheeuws, D., Rottiers, R., Kaneko, J. J., and Vermeulen, A. (1984). Diabetes mellitus indogs: Relationship of obesity to glucose tolerance and insulin response. AmericanJournal of Veterinary Research 45, 98 - 103.

References 156

McAllister, T. A., Phillippe, R. C., Rode, L. M., and Cheng, K. J. (1993). Effect of theProtein Matrix on the Digestion of Cereal Grains by Ruminal Micro-organisms.Journal of Animal Science 71, 205 - 212.

McCleary, B. V., Solah, V., and Gibson, T. S. (1997). Quantitative measurement of totalstarch in cereal flours and products. Journal of Cereal Science 20, 51 - 58.

McDonald, D. E., Pluske, J. R., van Barneveld, R. J., Pethick, D. W., Mullan, B. P., andHampson, D. J. (1998) The effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharides andresistant starch on weaner pig performance and digestive tract development.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 22, 100.

McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., and Moran, C. A. (2002). "AnimalNutrition," sixth/Ed. Oliver and Boyd.

McLean, B. L. (2001). Methodologies to Determine Digestion of Starch in Ponies. PhD,University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

McMeniman, N. P., Porter, T. A., and Hutton, K. (1990). The digestibility of polished rice,rice pollard and lupin grain in horses. Proc. Nutr. Aust 15, 44 - 47.

Meyer, H., Radicke, S., Kienzle, E., Wilke, S., and Kleffken, D. (1993). Investigations onpreileal digestion of oats, corn and barley starch in relation to grain processing. In"13th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 92 - 97, Florida.

Meyer, H., Radicke, S., Kienzle, E., Wilke, S., Kleffken, D., and Illenseer, M. (1995).Investigations on preileal digestion of starch from grain, potato and manioc inhorses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A 42, 371 - 381.

Moore, J. N., Garner, H. E., Berg, J. N., and Sprouse, R. F. (1979). Intracaecal Endotoxinand Lactate During the Onset of Equine Laminitis: A Preliminary Report. AmericanJournal of Veterinary Research 40, 722 - 723.

Moroney, M.J., (1968) "Facts from Figures", Pelican.

Morrison, F. B. (1954). "Feeds and Feeding. A handbook for the student and stockman,"Twenty-First Edition/Ed. The Morrison Publishing Company, New York.

Moyer, W. (1990). Drug and Physical Therapy - Acute Laminitis. In "Equine Lameness andFoot Conditions - Refresher Course for Veterinarians" (R. Rose, ed.), Vol. 130, pp.239 - 241. Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney,University of Sydney.

Muir, J. G. Birkett, A. Brown, I. Jones, G., and O'Dea, K. (1995). Food processing andmaize variety affects amounts of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 82 - 89.

Nocek, J. E. (1997). Bovine Acidosis: Implications on Laminitis. Journal of Dairy Science80, 1005 - 1028.

National Research Council, (1989). "Nutrient Requirements of Horses," Fifth RevisedEdition/Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

O'Dea, K., Nestel, P. J., and Antonoff, L. (1980). Physical factors influencing postprandialglucose and insulin responses to starch. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33,760 - 765.

Orskov, E. R., and Fraser, C. (1975). The effects of processing of barley-based supplementson rumen pH, rate of digestion and voluntary intake of dried grass in sheep. BritishJournal of Nutrition 34, 493 - 500.

Orskov, E. R., Fraser, C., and Kay, R. N. B. (1969). Dietary factors influencing thedigestion of starch in the rumen and small and large intestine of early weaned lambs.British Journal of Nutrition 23, 217 - 226.

Orskov, E. R. Fraser, C. Mason, V.C., and Mann, S.O. (1970). Influence of StarchDigestion in the Large Intestine of Sheep on Caecal Fermentation, Caecal

References 157

Microflora and Faecal Nitrogen Excretion. British Journal of Nutrition 24, 671 -682.

Owens, F. N., and Hanson, C. F. (1992). Symposium: External and Internal Markers -External and internal markers for appraising site and extent of digestion inruminants. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 2605 - 2617.

Owens, F. N., Zinn, R. A., and Kim, Y. K. (1986). Limits to starch digestion in the ruminantsmall intestine. Journal of Animal Science 63, 1634 - 1648.

Pagan, J. D. (1999). Recent Developments in Equine Nutrition. Cornell NutritionConference for Feed Manufacturers 61, 160 -167.

Pagan, J. D. (2001). Recent Research Developments from Kentucky Equine Research. In"Equine Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers: Advances in EquineNutrition", pp. 1 - 10. Kentucky Equine Research Centre, Lexington, Kentucky.

Pagan, J. D., Harris, P. A., Kennedy, M. A. P., Davidson, N., and Hoekstra, K. E. (2001).Feed Type and Intake affect Glycaemic Response in Thoroughbred Horses. In"Advances in Equine Nutrition II" (J. D. Pagan, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 425 - 427.Nottingham University Press, Versailles.

Pappenheimer, R. J., and Reiss, K. Z. (1987). Contribution of Solvent Drag throughIntercellular Junctions to Absorption of Nutrients by the Small Intestine of the Rat.The Journal of Membrane Biology 100, 123 - 136.

Pearson, R. A., and Merritt, J. B. (1991). Intake, digestion and gastrointestinal transit timein resting donkeys and ponies and exercised donkeys given ad libitum hay and strawdiets. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 339 - 343.

Phillipson, A. T. (1952). The fatty Acids Present in the Rumen of Lambs Fed on a FlakedMaize Ration. British Journal of Nutrition 6, 190 - 198.

Planchot, V., Colonna, P., Gallant, D. J., and Bouchet, B. (1995). Extensive Degradation ofNative Starch Granules by Alpha-amylase from Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal ofCereal Science 21, 163 - 171.

Pluske, J. R., Durmic, Z., Pethick, D. W., Mullan, B. P., and Hampson, D. J. (1998).Confirmation of the Role of Rapidly Fermentable Carbohydrates in the Expressionof Swine Dysentry in Pigs after Experimental Infection. Journal of Nutrition 128,1737 - 1744.

Pluske, J. R., Pethick, D. W., Durmic, Z., McDonald, D. E., Mullan, B. P., and Hampson,D. J. (1997). Diseases and conditions in pigs, horses and chickens arising fromincomplete digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Recent Advances in AnimalNutrition in Australia 11, 33 - 41.

Pluske, J. R., Siba, P. M., Pethick, D. W., Durmic, Z., Mullan, B. P., and Hampson, D. J.(1996). The Incidence of Swine Dysentry in Pigs can be Reduced by Feeding DietsThat Limit the Amount of Fermentable Substrate Entering the Large Intestine.Journal of Nutrition 126, 2920 - 2933.

Pollitt, C. (2001a). "Equine Laminitis," Rural Industries Research and DevelopmentCorporation, Canberra.

Pollitt, C. C. (2001b). Equine laminitis - new findings. In "International Horse IndustrySymposium", Vol. 1, pp. 1 - 14. Postgraduate Foundation in Veterinary Science,University of Sydney, Veterinary Science Conference Centre - University ofSydney.

Potter, G. D., Arnold, F. F., Householder, D. D., Hansen, D. H., and Brown, K. M. (1992).Digestion of Starch in the Small or large Intestine of the Equine. In "Pferde-Heilkunde Sonderheft 1. Europische Konferenz uber die Ernahrung des Pferdes",pp. 107 - 111, Hannover.

References 158

Radicke, S., Kienzle, E., and Meyer, H. (1991). Preileal apparent digestibility of oats andcorn starch and consequences for caecal metabolism. In "Proceedings 12th EquineNutrition and Physiology Symposium", pp. 43 - 48, Calgary.

Radicke, S., Meyer, H., and Kienzel, E. (1994). Uber den Einfluss von Futterungszeitpunktauf den Blutglucosespiegel bei Pferden. Pferdeheilkunde 10, 187 - 190.

Radostits, 0. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C., and Hinchcliff, K. W. (2000). "VeterinaryMedicine A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and horses,"9th/Ed. W.B. Saunders Company Ltd, London.

Read, N. W., McL.welch, I., Austen, C. J., Barnish, C., Bartlett, C. E., Baxter, A. J., Brown,G., Compton, M. E., Hume, K. E., Storie, I., and Worlding, J. (1986). Swallowingfood without chewing; a simple way to reduce postprandial glycaemia. BritishJournal of Nutrition 55, 43 - 47.

Reiser, P. (1967). "Insulin, membranes and metabolism," Williams and Wilkins Co,Baltimore.

Reitnour, C. M. Baker, J.P. Mitchell Jr, G.E., and Little, C.O. (1969). Nitrogen Digestion inthe Different Segments of the Equine Digestive Tract. Journal of Animal Science 29,332 - 334.

Roberts, M. C. (1974). Amylase Activity in the Small Intestine of the Horse. Research inVeterinary Science (UK) 17, 400 - 401.

Roberts, M. C. (1975). Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Studies in the horse.Research in Veterinary Science 18, 64 - 69.

Roberts, M. C., Hill, F. W. G., and Kidder, D. E. (1974). The Development and Distributionof Small Intestinal Disaccharidases in the Horse. Research Veterinary Science 17,42 - 48.

Rooney, L. W., and Pflugfelder, R. L. (1986). Factors Affecting Starch Digestibility withSpecial Emphasis on Sorghum and Corn. Journal of Animal Science 63, 1607 -1623.

Ross, S. W., Brand, J. C., Thorburn, A. W., and Truswell, A. S. (1987). Glycaemic index ofprocessed wheat products. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 631 - 635.

Rowe, J., Brown, W., and Bird, S. (2001). "Safe and Effective Grain Feeding for Horses,"Rep. No. 01/148. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton.

Rowe, J. B., Choct, M., and Pethick, D. W. (1999). Processing Cereal Grains for AnimalFeeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 721 - 736.

Rowe, J. B., Lees, M. J., and Pethick, D. W. (1994). Prevention of Acidosis and LaminitisAssociated with Grain Feeding in Horses. Journal of Nutrition 124, 2742S - 2744S.

Rowe, J. B., Pethick, D. W., and Johnson, K. G. (1995). Controlling Acidosis in the EquineHindgut. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia 10, 136 - 142.

Ruckebusch, Y., Phaneuf, L., and Dunlop, R. (1991). "Physiology of Small and LargeAnimals," lst/Ed. B.C. Decker Inc, Hamilton and Philadelphia.

Russell, J. B., and Hino, T. (1985). Regulation of Lactate Production in Streptococcusbovis: A Spiralling Effect That Contributes to Rumen Acidosis. Journal of DairyScience 68, 1712 - 1721.

Russell, J. B., Sharp, W. M., and Baldwin, R. L. (1979). The effect of pH on maximumbacterial growth rate and its possible role as a determinant of bacterial competitionin the rumen. Journal of Animal Science 48, 251 - 255.

Russell, J. B., and Wilson, D. B. (1995). Why are Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria Unable toDigest Cellulose at Low pH? Journal of Dairy Science 79, 1503 - 1509.

References 159

Russell, J. R., Young, A. W., and Jorgensen, N. A. (1981). Effect of dietary corn starchintake on pancreatic amylase and intestinal maltase and pH in cattle. Journal ofAnimal Science 52, 1177 - 1182.

Salter, R. E., and Hudson, R. J. (1979). Feeding Ecology of Feral Horses in WesternAlberta. Journal of Range Management 32, 221 - 225.

Schwabenbauer, V. K. Meyer, H., and Lindemann, G. (1982). "Gehalt an fluchtigenFettsauren und Ammoniak im Caecumin-halt des Pferdes in Abhangigkeit vonFutterart, Futterreihenfloge und Futterunggszeitpunkt," Verlag Paul Parey, Hambergand Berlin.

Shirazi-Beechey, S. P., Hirayama, B. A., Wang, Y., Scott, D., Smith, M. W., and Wright, E.M. (1991). Ontogenic development of lamb intestinal sodium-glucose co-transporteris regulated by diet. Journal of Physiology 437, 699 - 708.

Siciliano-Jones, J., and Murphy, M. R. (1989). Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in theRumen and Caecum-Colon of Steers as Affected by Forage: Concentrate and ForagePhysical Form. Journal of Dairy Science 723, 485 - 492.

Slade, L. M. Bishop, R. Morris, J.G., and Robinson, D.W. (1971). Digestion and Absorptionof 15N-labelled Microbial Protein in the Large Intestine of the Horse. BritishVeterinary Journal 127, xi - xiii.

Slade, L. M. Robinson, D.W., and Casey, K.E. (1970). Nitrogen metabolism in nonruminantherbivores. I. The influence of nonprotein nitrogen and protein quality on thenitrogen retention of adult mares. Journal of Animal Science 30, 753 - 760.

Snook, J. T. (1971). Dietary regulation of pancreatic enzymes in the rat with emphasis oncarbohydrate. American Journal of Physiology 221, 1383 - 1387.

Snow, P., and O'Dea, K. (1981). Factors affecting the rate of hydrolysis of starch in food.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 2721 - 2727.

Southwood, L. L. Evans, D.L. Bryden, W.L., and Rose, R.J. (1993). Feeding practices inThoroughbred and Standardbred stables. Australian Veterinary Journal 70, 184 -185.

Sperelakis, N., and Banks, R. 0. (1996). "Essentials of Physiology," second/Ed. LittleBrown, Boston.

Stull, C. L., and. Rodiek, A. V. (1988). Responses of Blood Glucose, Insulin and CortisolConcentrations to Common Equine Diets. Journal of Nutrition 118, 206 - 213.

Theurer, C. B. (1986). Grain Processing Effects on Starch Utilisation by Ruminants.Journal of Animal Science 63, 1649 - 1662.

Theurer, C. B., Lozano, 0., Alio, A., Delgado-Elorduy, A., Sadik, M., Huber, J. T., andZinn, R. A. (1999). Steam processed corn and sorghum grain flaked at differentdensities alter ruminal, small intestinal, and total tract digestibility of starch bysteers. Journal of Animal Science 77, 2824 - 2831.

Thorens, B. (1993). Facilitated glucose transporters in epithelial cells. Annual Review ofPhysiology 55, 591 - 608.

Thorne, M. J., Thompson, L. U., and Lenkins, D. J. A. (1983). Factors affecting starchdigestibility and the glycaemic response with special reference to legumes. TheAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 481 - 488.

Tyler, S. J. (1972). The behaviour and social organisation of the New Forest Ponies. AnimalBehaviour Monographs 5, 85 - 196.

Vander Noot, G. W., Symons, L. D., Lydman, R. K., and Fonnesbeck, P. V. (1967). Rate ofPassage of Various Feedstuffs through the Digestive Tract of Horses. Journal ofAnimal Science 26, 1309 - 1311.

Waring, G. H. (1983). "Horse Behaviour; The Behavioural Traits and Adaptations ofDomestic and Wild Horses, Including Ponies," Noyes Publications, Park Ridge.

References 160

Weurding, R. E., Veldman, A., Veen, W. A. G., van der Aar, P. J., and Verstegen, M. W. A.(2001). Starch digestion rate in the small intestine of broiler chickens differs amongfeedstuffs. Journal of Nutrition 131, 2329 - 2335.

Wheeler, W. E., and Noller, C. H. (1977). Gastrointestinal Tract pH and Starch in Faeces ofRuminants. Journal of Animal Science 44, 131 - 135.

Willard, J. G., Willard, J. C., Wolfram, S. A., and Baker, J. P. (1977). Effect of diet oncaecal pH and feeding behaviour of horses. Journal of Animal Science 45, 87 - 93.

Williams, C. A., Kronfeld, D. S., Staniar, W. B., and Harris, P. A. (2001). Glucose andinsulin responses in thoroughbred mares are influenced by reproductive stage anddiet. In "Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society Symposium", Vol. 17, pp. 179 -180, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.

Wiseman, J., Nicol, N. T., and Norton, G. (2000). Relationship between apparentmetabolisable (AME) values and in vivo/ in vitro starch digestibility of wheat forbroilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 56, 305 - 318.

Wolever, T. M. S., Jenkins, D. J. A., Jenkins, A. L., and Josse, R. G. (1991). The GlycaemicIndex: methodology and clinical implications. American Journal of ClinicalNutrition 54, 846 - 854.

Wolin, M. J. (1981). Fermentation in the Rumen and Human Large Intestine. Science 213,1463 - 1468.

Wright, E. M. (1993). The Intestinal Na+/Glucose Cotransporter. Annual Review ofPhysiology 55, 575 - 589.

Zeyner, A. Geissler, C. Kaske, H., and Fuchs, R. (1992). Untersuchungen zur Beurteilungder Futtererration mittels Kotwasseranalysen (Wasser, pH, org. Sauren). In"Europaische Konferenz uber die Ernahrung des Pferdes", pp. 88-91, Hanover.

Zinn, R. A. (1993). Influence of Processing on the Comparative Value of Barley for FeedlotCattle. Journal of Animal Science 71, 3 - 10.

Zinn, R. A. Adam, C.F., and Tamayo, M.S. (1995). Interaction of Feed Intake Level onComparative Ruminal and Total Tract Digestion of Dry-Rolled and Steam FlakedCorn. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1239 - 1245.

Zobel, H. F. (1988). Molecules to Granules: A Comprehensive Starch Review.Starch/Starke 40, 44 - 50.

References 161

10 APPENDIX 1

«FirstName» «LastName»«Address1»«Address2»«City» «State» «PostalCode»

Dear «FirstName»

I am a postgraduate student at the university of New England currently undertaking aPhD degree in equine nutrition. The primary focus of my degree is the digestion of grainstarch in the horse's small intestine, the factors that limit starch digestion and methodsthat may be used to improve the digestion of grain by horses.

To enable us to conduct meaningful and relevant research for the Australianthoroughbred industry, the next stage in the research program is to conduct the followingsurvey. This survey will allow us to collect data on what grains are being fed, in whatquantities and how they being fed in the industry. At the conclusion of the survey we willprovide all participants with a report of the results. Thus you will have access to what webelieve will be invaluable data, giving you an overview of nutritional practices in theNSW thoroughbred industry, allowing you to gauge your own performance in thiscompetitive industry.

Your names have been taken from the list of registered trainers found in the Racing NSWmagazine. I will phone you within two weeks following your receipt of this letter todetermine your willingness to participate in this survey. Please understand your identitywill remain anonymous (please read the information form regarding confidentiality). Ifyou are willing to participate we will then arrange a time convenient for you when we canmeet to complete the survey. I would ask you also to sign the consent form that you willfind attached to the back of the information sheet. If you do not wish to be contactedplease let us know by calling myself, Geoff Hinch or James Rowe on the providedtelephone numbers.

Thankyou for your time. I look forward to meeting with you soon.

Yours Sincerely

Nerida McGilchristRural Science and AgricultureUniversity of New EnglandArmidale. NSW. 2351.(02) 6773 5124

Appendix 1 162

SURVEY OF FEEDING PRACTICES IN THE THOROUGHBRED INDUSTRY (NSW)

Question 1. Please indicate what type of establishment you own/manage/operate.

Breaking/Pretraining Establishment

Training Establishment

Spelling Establishment

Other

Question 2. Please give an indication as to how many horses on average in any month are at the

establishment. horses.

Question 3. Please specify what classes of animals are maintained at the complex and an indication as

to how many animals are in each class.

Class of AnimalStallions/ColtsMares/Fillies

Geldings

Numbers (please specify)

Section 2 - Feeding

Question 4. What factors influence your choice of grains when buying grains for the horses? Please

tick all of those that you consider to be important.

Price of the GrainAvailabilityQuality (determined using subjective measures of energy and protein content)TraditionResearchProfessional nutritional adviceOther (please specify)

Of the factors listed above, which do you consider to be_most important when purchasing grain?

Question 5. Are the diets for each animal within a class (eg stallions/Colts) the same, or are the feeds

formulated individually (please tick)?

The same within a classFormulated individually

Appendix 1 163

Question 6. Please specify how you determine what quantities to feed each individual animal. Tick all

that you consider important.

AgeSexBody WeightWorkload or stage of pregnancyFeeding is standard year to year.AppetiteOther (please specify)

Of the factors listed above, which do you consider to be most important?

Question 7. During periods in which animals are intensively fed, how often are they fed grain

concentrate and hay? Indicate in number of times per day.

Class of Animal Roughage GrainExample 3x 2x

Stallions (racing)Mares (racing)Geldings (racing)

Question 8. When feeding grain concentrate is chaff mixed and fed with the grain?

No

Yes

If yes, what weight of chaff is mixed in with the grain?

Kg lucerne chaff

Kg oat or wheat chaff

Appendix 1 164

Question 9. When feeding roughage in the form of hay, is the hay fed at the same time as the grain

concentrate.

Yes

No

If no, what time period would pass after the initial grain feed until the hay is supplied?

Hours.

Question 10. Is the grain concentrate portion of the diet fed wet or dry?

Damp

Dry

Section 3 — Grains

Question 11. What grains are fed to the horses?

OatsCornWheatBarleyTriticaleFaba Beans

Chick PeasLupinsCottonseedSoybeanSunflowerSweetfeed 1

Sweetfeed 2Other (please specify)

Question 12. What approximate quantities of each grain are purchased and consumed weekly?

gkg kg kOatsCorn

WheatBarleyTriticaleFaba Beans

Chick PeasLupins

CottonseedSoybeanSunflowerSweetfeed 1

Sweetfeed 2Other (pleasespecify)

Question 13. Please give an approximate weekly cost for the grain your complex consumes.

$

Do you consider your feed costs to be a major expense for your establishment?

No

Yes

Appendix 1 165

Question 14. What daily quantities of each grain you have specified above are fed to each class of

horse you indicated in question 3?

Stallions / Colts

Kg Oats Kg Chick Peas

Kg Corn Kg Lupins

Kg Wheat Kg Cottonseed

Kg Barley Kg Soybean

Kg Triticale Kg Sunflower

Kg Faba Beans Kg Sweetfeed 1

Mares / Fillies

Kg Oats Kg Chick Peas

Kg Corn Kg Lupins

Kg Wheat Kg Cottonseed

Kg Barley Kg Soybean

Kg Triticale Kg Sunflower

Kg Faba Beans Kg Sweetfeed 1

Kg Sweetfeed 2

Kg Other (please specify)

Kg Sweetfeed 2

Kg Other (please specify)

Geldings

Kg Oats Kg Chick Peas

Kg Corn Kg Lupins

Kg Wheat Kg Cottonseed

Kg Barley Kg Soybean

Kg Triticale Kg Sunflower

Kg Faba Beans Kg Sweetfeed 1

Kg Sweetfeed 2

Kg Other (please specify)

Name of Sweetfeed 1:

Name of Sweetfeed 2•

Appendix 1 166

Question 15. How are the grains prepared and processed before feeding? Please tick to indicate what

grains are processed in each specific category.

ProcessingMethod

Oats Corn Wheat Barley Triticale FabaBean

ChickPea

Lupin Cotton/Soybean

Sunflower

Sweetfeed

Unprocessed/whole

Dry

Rolled/Cracked

Steam Flaked

Extruded

Expanded

Boiled

Ground

Pelleted

Micronised

Enzyme Addition

Other

Question 16. When introducing grain into an animal's diet, how many days do you give them to build

up to their full grain ration? days.

Section 4 — Supplements

Question 17. Please give an indication as to what supplements are added to the horses feed.

NoneOils

Vitamins and MineralsSalt and Electrolytes

MolassesFounderguard

Iron SupplementGarlic

EnzymeProtein

`Tying up' formulaOther (please specify)

Appendix 1 167

Section 5 — Animal Health

Question 18. Please give an indication as to the number of cases of colic, gastric ulcers, lameness,

laminitis (founder) and 'tying up' your establishment has experienced in the past 12 months.

Number of

Cases

Colic

Diagnosed Laminitis (founder)

Any form of Physical Lameness

Gastric Ulcers

Tying Up

Section 6 — Further Research

This research program is aiming to reduce the incidence of nutrition related diseases such as colic,

acidosis and laminitis, as well as improving the efficiency by which the horses are able to digest their

grain. Possible benefits for the industry as a whole will include a reduction in the number of animals

that are classified unfit or unable to compete at a high level of competition and a reduction in the

treatment costs of animals that have sustained nutrition related disorders. The quantity of grain fed to

provide a high level of energy might also be reduced, as digestibility and thus energy availability will

be enhanced.

As this is an ongoing research project would you, as a thoroughbred industry member be interested in

taking part in further research?

No Yes

Thankyou for your time!

Appendix 1 168

PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET AND CONSENT FORM THE UNIVERSITYOF NEW ENGLAND

Project Title: Survey of Feeding Practices in the NSW Thoroughbred Industry.

Aims:

• To determine the methods of grain feeding to intensively fed horses in the industry.• To determine the types of grains that are currently being fed to horses in the industry.• To quantify the amounts of grain fed to horses in any one meal.• To determine the incidence of nutritional related disorders in horses in the industry.• To gain an appreciation for the level of interest in the research being conducted at

UNE within the industry.

Contacts of Responsible Persons:

Dr. Geoff HinchSchool of Rural Science andNatural ResourcesUniversity of New EnglandArmidale. 2351.(02) 6773 2202

Dr. James RoweSchool of Rural Science andNatural ResourcesUniversity of New EnglandArmidale. 2351.(02) 6773 2225

Nerida McGilchristSchool of Rural Science andNatural ResourcesUniversity of New EnglandArmidale. 2351.(02) 6773 5124

If you have any questions concerning this project please direct them to Dr. Geoff Hinch

at the school of Rural Science and Natural Resources.

Confidentiality: Under no circumstance will the identity of any person be disclosed. The

results of the questionnaire will not be made public in any form that could lead to the

identification of participants. It is also important that you as a participant understand that

the questionnaire is completed voluntarily and that you will remain anonymous. Any

participant is free to withdraw from participation at any time he or she wishes, and no

further contact will be made

It is proposed that this research will be completed in November of 2002. At this time we

will be happy to advise you of the results.

Should you have any complaints concerning the manner in which this research isconducted, please contact the Research Ethics Officer at the following address:

Research ServicesUniversity of New England

Armidale, NSW 2351.Telephone: (02) 6773 3449 Facsimile (02) 6773 3543

Email: Ethics@metz.une.edu.au

Appendix 1 169

Participant Consent

I have read the information contained in the Information

Sheet for Participants and any questions I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction.

I agree to participate in this activity, realising that I may withdraw at any time. I agree that

research data gathered for the study may be published, provided my name or the identity of

my establishment is not revealed.

Signed Date

Appendix 1 170

11 APPENDIX 2

Papers published incorporating work presented in this thesis

McGilchrist, N. Rowe, J.B. Hinch, G.N. (2001). Predicting Small Intestinal Starch

Digestibility in the Horse using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays. Recent Advances in Animal

Nutrition 13, 13A.

McGilchrist, N. Rowe, J.B. Hinch, G.N. (2001). Starch Digestibility – The Grain or the

Horse? International Horse Industry Symposium, Proceedings 342, University of Sydney,

Australia. 247 – 248.

Richards, N. Choct, M. Hinch G.N. Rowe, J.B. (2003). Equine a-amylase – does it limit

starch digestion in the small intestine of the horse? Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition

14, 191 - 196.

Richards (McGilchrist), N. Choct, M. Hinch G.N. Rowe, J.B. (2003). Starch digestion in the

equine small intestine: is there a role for supplemental enzymes? Nutritional Biotechnology in

the Feed and Food Industries, Proceedings of Alltech's 19th International Symposium,

Kentucky USA, 461 – 472.

Richards N, Choct M, Hinch G.N and Rowe J.B (2004). Examination of the use of

exogenous a-amylase and amyloglucosidase to enhance starch digestion in the small

intestine of the horse. Animal Feed Science and Technology Journal, 114, 295 – 305.

Appendix 2 171