06 agro 204 soybean production 2015-revised 2-16-15[1]

Review

Soybean Statistics– Producer – U.S. & Brazil

– Exporter (Oil & Meal) – Argentina & Brazil

– Exporter (grain) – Brazil & U.S.

– Importer (grain) – China and EU

– Importer (Meal) – Europe and Indonesia

– Importer (Oil) – India and China

– Consumers (oil) – China and U.S.

– Consumers (meal) – China and EU

Brazil –Soybean Harvest

NE Irrigated Trend: y = +0.648x - 1,244 R2 = 0.895

USA Trend: y = +0.424x - 810.4 R2 = 0.811

NE Rainfed Trend: y = +0.378x - 718.9 R2 = 0.368

Last 15 Years: y = +0.826x - 1,601

Last 15 Years: y = +0.367x - 695.2

Last 15 Years: y = +0.500x - 962.7

15

25

35

45

55

65

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

See

d Y

ield

(b

u/a

c)

Production Year

USA & NE Soybean Yield Trends (1971-2012)

NE Irrigated Trend: y = 2.095x - 4,025 R2 = 0.853

USA Trend: y = 1.735x - 3,335 R2 = 0.774

NE Rainfed Trend: y = 1.533x - 2,964 R2 = 0.447

Last 15 Years: y = + 2.231x - 4,295

Last 15 Years: y = + 0.959x - 1,176

Last 15 Years: y = + 1.368x + 2,633

15

45

75

105

135

165

195

225

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

See

d Y

ield

(b

u/a

c)

Production Year

USA & NE Corn Yield Trends (1971-2012)

NE Irrigated Corn Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 2.095x - 4,024.7 R2 = 0.853

Note: 56 pounds of corn at 15.5% seed H2O = 1 bushel !

NE Irrigated Soybean Yield Trend: y = 0.645x - 1,243.7 R2 = 0.895

Note: 60 pounds of soybean at 13% seed H2O = 1 bushel !

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Yie

ld (

bu

/ac)

Production Year

Corn Yield versus Soybean Yield Over Time Is Annual Yield Improvement in Corn Really Faster Than That in Soybean?

Looks that way here, doesn't it? But is it really? Let's think about it! Corn/Soybean Productivity Ratio

C4 (corn) vs C3 (soybean) photosynthetic pathways– Corn more productive with high intensity of solar

radiation

– Soybean less productive due to photorespiration

Corn kernel largely carbohydrate, soybean lipid (oil) and protein

Soybean fixes atmospheric N, corn does not

NE Irrigated Corn Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 2.095x - 4,024.7 R2 = 0.853

Note: 56 pounds of corn (at 15.5% seed H2O) per bushel !

NE Irrigated Soybean Yield Trend: y(bu/ac) = 0.645x - 1,243.7 R2 = 0.895

Note: 60 pounds of soybean (at 13% seed H2O) per bushel !

19

28

37

46

56

65

60

90

120

150

180

210

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

So

ybea

n Y

ield

(bu

/ac)

Co

rn Y

ield

(bu

/ac)

Production Year

Corn / Soybean Yield Trends (2.095 / 0.645 bu/ac yr)Graph corn and soybean yield improvement on 3.25 vs 1 scales, to reflect the intrinsic3.25/1.0 corn/soybean productivity difference (Note: less DM & more H2O per corn bu)! High-Yield Soybean Production

Rank Management Factor Yield Difference (bu/acre)

1 Variety Selection 15

2 Planting Date 8

3 Weed Control 8

4 Phosphorus Fertility 5

5 Crop Rotation 3

6 Seeding Rate 3

CULTIVAR

A general term for either– a hybrid or

– a variety

HYBRID

Seed produced from crossing two distinctly different inbred lines– Heterosis (hybrid vigor)

Ability to perform better than either parent

– Seed costs (higher)either naturally cross pollinated or

easy to develop male sterility

– Cannot save seed due to loss of heterosis

VARIETY

Gene pairs in a homozygous state

Usually a self pollinated crop

Able to save seed (unless

a GMO)

Lower seed costs

Lower yield potential since heterosis is not present

COMPLEMENTATION SELECTION STRATEGY

No single perfect hybrid/variety

Complementation allows one to – offset potential weaknesses of a hybrid/variety

– with strengths of other hybrids/varieties


Steps– identify “workhorse”

(i.e. proven) hybrids/varieties– Complement based on

production practices (no-till, narrow row, early planting, etc.)

soil conditions (high pH, low fertility, etc.) likely pest problems (other hazards) range of maturities (minimize pollination & frost risk)different genetics (different parents - broaden

genetic diversity)


Problems related to private industry trends

– Varieties have short life (4 yrs) turn over per year

– soybean = 24%

how to identify “workhorse” variety?

– Availability of informationespecially for genetic parentage

NEBRASKA HEAT UNITS (GROWING DEGREE DAYS)

1900 2100 2300 2500 2700

2700 2900

3100

3300

SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION

Days to maturity or GDD works if soybean is produced for forage, but

grain production is photoperiodsensitive

Complex to understand

SOYBEAN MATURITY??

Maturity zones 000 to X run east and west


Soybean is a short-day plant

What does that mean?

Actually is the length of night (i.e. short-day = long-night)

Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage

28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)

Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until R5 stage


Further define maturity classification by comparing maturity to standard varieties– early, mid, late

– days earlier or later than standard variety

– decimal system (becoming most common)Maturity Group II – 2.2 vs 2.5 vs. 2.8

Maturity Group III – 3.2 vs 3.5 vs 3.8


90% + soybean production area uses photoperiod and standard variety

In Great Plains we also must consider the temperature/elevation interaction with photoperiod

Effects flowering and increased likelihood of very early fall frost

SOYBEAN MATURITY CLASSIFICATION - Repeat

Soybean is a short-day plant

Actually is the length of night (i.e. short-day = long-night)

Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage

28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)

Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until R5 stage

Earlier maturing varieties reach R5 in fewer days than later maturing varieties

May 10 Day Lengths

Minnesota = 15 hrs

Nebraska = 14 hrs 20 minutes

Mississippi = 13 hrs 40 minutes


Characteristics of varieties moved south -Variety from Minnesota planted in Nebraska?

– days are shorter in NE, thus

+ flowers earlier (earlier induction, V1 stage is earlier)

+ has less vegetative growth

+ reaches R5 stage and matures earlier

+ lower yield

+ uses only part of the growing season


Characteristics of varieties moved north - variety from Mississippi planted in Nebraska?– days are longer in NE, thus

+ flower later (later induction, V1 stage is later)+ produces more vegetative growth+ reaches R5 stage later and not able to mature+ low yield


Characteristics of varieties moved north -variety from Nebraska planted in Minnesota?– days are longer in MN, thus– + flower later (later induction, V1 stage is later)– + produces more vegetative growth– + reaches the R5 stage later and not able to mature– + low yield

Indeterminate Determinate

Soybean Growth Habits SOYBEAN GROWTH PROPERTY - GROWTH HABIT

Characteristic Indeterminate Determinate

Origin 000 - IV V - X

Flowering Period 4 - 6 weeks 2 - 4 weeks

Stress Tolerance Greater Less

Height Tall Short

Lodging More Less

Prod. Environment Range High Yield

Yield Potential Equal

SOYBEAN GROWTH PROPERTY PLANT/CANOPY TYPE

Thin-line

Comparative Advantage (Slender) Bushy

Row Spacing Narrow Wide

Plant Population High Low

Rainfall/Irrigation High Low

Hail Worse Better

Yield Potential Equal

Lodging Potential Less More (Branch)

Cultivar Selection - Review

Cultivar - general name for variety or hybrid

Hybrid - cross of unlike lines

Higher yield - heterosis Combine desirable

traits High seed cost Undesirable to save

seed

Variety - pure line, breeds true

Self pollinated crops

Lower seed costs (lower seed production costs)

Can save seed (unless containing GMO trait)

Planting Depth PrinciplesSoil temperature

Soil water

Coleoptile length & type of emergence (epigeal for soybean)

Seedsize not a major issue for soybean

Type of Emergence and coleoptile/hypocotyl length

Commonly 1 – 2 inches deep – some varieties with long hypocotyls able to emerge from greater depth

Planting Depth – Soil Temperature

Cold soil – plant shallower (warms up more rapidly)– Residues on soil surface

– Poorly drained soils

Warm soils – plant deeper– Ridge tops

– Well drained soils (sandy)

– Residues incorporated

Planting Depth – Soil Water Content

Dry soil conditions– Plant deeper to place seed into moist soil– Move dry soil on surface

Row cleaners (no-till)Ridge cleaners (ridge-plant)

Residue on soil surface keeps soil more moist

Planting Depth –Type of

Emergence & Coleoptile Length

Hypogeal

Epigeal

Hypocotyl

Crusting

Planting Depth –

Seed Size

Generally not a soybean issue!

Planting Date

A key to producing high yields

After variety selection, the second most important management decision for high-yield soybean production

Soil temperature – cardinal minimal temperature is considered to be 60 F, but soybean will imbibe water and start the germination process at temperatures of 50F

Global warming – earlier planting possible

PLANTING DATE -SOYBEAN PHOTOPERIODdelayed planting effect on

– Photoperiod induction date

– Flowering date – 28 to 31 days after initiation

– R5 (seed fill) growth stage unchanged

– Less time between flowering & seed fillFewer nodes produced (indeterminate growth habit)

Fewer pods produced, thus lower yield

– Internode length – temperature sensitive (late planted have greater internode length)

– Physiological maturity has minor change, unless H2O stress present

PLANTING DATE -EARLY PLANTING

Late April to early May immediately after planting corn (sometimes too late and can result in reduced yield)

– Labor

– Increased probability for spring frost - location of growing point of

soybean seedling

– Yield potential (reading assignment)

Reasons Why Soybean Planting Date Matters

Seasonal interception of solar radiation

Transpiration (rather than evaporation) of available water

Produce as many plant stem nodes as possible– Where flower are produced

– Then pods produced

– And ultimately seeds within pods are produced

Soybean Plant PopulationSoybean Plant Population

Species with Great

Ability to Compensate

Seeding RateSeeding Rate

Weight/acre vs. seeds/ft

bu/a = 60 lbs/a * 3800 seeds/lb * acre/43560 ft2 * 2.5 ft2 =

13.1 seeds/ft

bu/a = 60 lbs/a * 2200 seeds/lb * acre/43560 ft2 * 2.5 ft2 =

7.6 seeds/ft

Today, usually seed is marketed in 140,000 seed units, not by weight

Base Plant PopulationBase Plant Population

6 - 9 plants / foot of row (30 inch rows)

or

100,000 - 150,000 plants / acre

At Harvest!

Low Populations -Due to Poor Emergence

Low Populations -Due to Poor EmergenceMay 28 Planting Date in 30 inch rows

Emergence (%) Plants/ft row % of High Yield

78.5 4.4 96

64.6 3.6 96

54.2 3.0 100

58.1 3.3 100

Low Population -Stand ReductionLow Population -Stand Reduction

Soybeans Planted at 6.8 seeds/ft. in 30 inch rows Growth Stage

Stand Reduction (%)

% High Yield

Pods/Plant

V7 0 98 56 25 100 67 50 100 81 R3 0 100 51 25 92 57 50 86 72 LSD (0.05) ** 11

Skips in RowsSkips in Rows

% of Rowsin Skips

Length of Skips (inches)

RelativeYield (%)

25 9 100 14 96 27 90

50 9 96 18 94 27 87

Plant Population Effects on Harvestable Yields


Podding height



Podding height

Branch lodging (low population)



Podding height


Plant lodging (high population)



Podding height


Plant lodging (high population)

Weed competition

Nebraska – On-Farm

Seeding Rate Plant Population

Yield (bu/acre)

90,000 84,150 68.1

120,000 109,200 69.5

150,000 135,450 69.8

180,000 159,300 69.6

UNL presently recommends 120,000 seeds per acre

Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - NE

Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - NE

None!!!!

Elmore indicates a seeding rate of 140,000 seeds/acre (approximately 119,000 plants/acre) to be recommended rate for:– dryland and irrigated

– indeterminate and determinate varieties

– narrow and wide rows

– delayed planting???? [not included in this study]

Confirmed in field research conducted by the UNL Coop Ext Service

Adjustments to Maximize Harvestable Yield - KS

Devlin et al. Reading assignment.

High yield environment– At least 115,000 seeds/acre in 30-inch rows

– 203,000 to 232,000 seeds/acre in 8-inch rows (75 to 100% increase)

Under low & medium yield environments -one seeding rate of approximately 150,000 seeds/acre [similar to Elmore]

High pH soils – Fe Deficiency Chlorosis

Tolerant variety

Plant 12 viable seeds per foot of row– 200,000 viable seeds per acre in 30 inch rows

– If % germination is 90%, then 222,000 seeds/acre

– If % germination is 80%, then 250,000 seeds/acre

Seeding rate/plant population recommendation does not vary with other soil nutrient levels

Replant DecisionsReplant Decisions

> 50,000 plant/acre

Fairly uniformly distributed

Able to maintain weed control

Then do not replant!!!!

ReviewSoybeans have great ability to compensate

– Growth habit– Branching ability– Long flowering period

Soybean produces similar yield over a wide range of population (3 to 25 plants per foot of 30 inch row)

Plant population recommendations based on harvestable yield (100,000 -120,000 plants/ac, roughly 120,000 to 140,000 seeds/ac)

Poding height– Plant and branch lodging– Weed competition

Soybeans- a Short Crop Species

Potential yield increased by narrowing rows

30 inch

15 inch

6 inch

Row Spacing - Days to Soybean Canopy Closure

• Row Width (Inches) Days to Closure• 10 36

• 20 47

• 30 58

• 40 67

Row Spacing - Interception ofSolar Radiation

• Interception ofRow Spacing Solar Radiation Increase

(inches) (%) (%)

• 36 46 --

• 18 61 33• 6 70 53

Soybeans--a Short Crop Species

Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = ________%

30 inches --------- 20 inches = ________%

20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%


Potential yield increased by narrowing rows40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%

30 inches --------- 20 inches = ________%

20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%



30 inches --------- 20 inches = _5 - 7___%

20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%



30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7 %

20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%



30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7 %

20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%

TOTAL 15 - 22 (20%)


Potential yield increased by narrowing rows = approximately 20%

Water Availability Consideration

Castana, Iowa

Row Spacing(inches) 1975

Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977

10 39 12 52

20 37 11 48

30 36 13 48

40 36 11 44

Precipitation inJune-August

8.2 1.1 14.7

Castana, Iowa


Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977

10 39 12 52

20 37 11 48

30 36 13 48

40 36 11 44


8.2 1.1 14.7

Castana, Iowa


Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977

10 39 12 52

20 37 11 48

30 36 13 48

40 36 11 44


8.2 1.1 14.7

Castana, Iowa


Yield (Bu/a)1976 1977

10 39 12 52

20 37 11 48

30 36 13 48

40 36 11 44


8.2 1.1 14.7

Mandan, North Dakota1

Yield (bu/a)

Row Spacing (inches)

19762

19773

19784

19795

6 8 1 16 12 18 11 3 17 13 36 10 3 18 11

LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS

1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg. 9.5 in.) 2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July & Aug. 3 Below avg.; low July and Aug. 4 Above Average 5 Below avg., good July rainfall


Yield (bu/a)

Row Spacing (inches)

19762

19773

19784

19795

6 8 1 16 12 18 11 3 17 13 36 10 3 18 11

LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS

1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg. 9.5 inches) 2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July & Aug. 3 Below avg.; low July and Aug. 4 Above Average 5

Below avg., good July rainfall


Yield (bu/a)Row Spacing

(inches) 19762 19773 19784 19795

6 8 1 16 1218 11 3 17 1336 10 3 18 11

LSD (0.05) NS 0.6 NS NS1 Relative May-Aug. precipitation (long term avg.9.5 in.)2 Below avg.; good June rainfall, but low July &Aug.3 Below avg.; low July and Aug.4 Above Average5 Below avg., good July rainfall

Yield Response to Narrowing Rows from 30 to 7 inches (%)

N Application Rate (lbs/a) Corsoy Williams Clark rj

0 +23 +24 -6

50 +29 +18 0

100 +29 +21 +7

200 +23 +23 +21



0 +23 +24 -6

50 +29 +18 0

100 +29 +21 +7

200 +23 +23 +21



0 +23 +24 -6

50 +29 +18 0

100 +29 +21 +7

200 +23 +23 +21

EXTENSION RECOMMENDATION

Need to know yield history. Why?– Yield response expected if interception of

solar radiation is limiting factor

– Relatively high yields in wide rows - likely response to narrowing rows

– Relatively low yields in wide rows - some factor other than interception of solar radiation the major limiting factor; the limiting factor(s) needs to be correctedbefore narrowing rows

Maturity Classificationand Growth Habit

Yield response to narrowing rows from 30 inches to 10 inches (%) for different maturity groups (Wisconsin)

– Group 0 ---------- 12.2

– Group I ------------ 8.5

– Group II ----------- 8.2

Difference due to plant size differences


Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit


Determinate vs. Indeterminate growth habit– Determinate due to smaller plant size



Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type



Thinline (slender) vs. Bushy Plant Type– Thinline (slender) due narrower plant




Planting Date




Planting Date– Late planting date due to smaller plants during

early growth

Soybean Review Variety selection

– Maturity Classification Photoperiod

Interactions with temperature & elevation

– Growth Habit Indeterminate

Determinate

– Canopy/Plant Type Slender (Thin-line)

Bushy

– Transgenes

Planting Depth– 1.5 to 2 inches

– Adjust based upon soil temp & moisture

Planting Date– Photoperiod response

– Early planting More nodes

More pods

Higher yields

Plant height

R5 & Physiological maturity

06 agro 204 soybean production 2015-revised 2-16-15[1]

Documents

soybean yield improvement

pounds of soybean

pounds of corn

seed h2o

soybean lipid oil

annual yield improvement

ne rainfed trend

corn bu