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FEATURES

PUBLISHERDanny J. Salchert

VICE PRESIDENT OF SALES & MARKETINGGlen Hobson

[email protected]

OFFICE MANAGERAnita Salchert

ASSOCIATE PUBLISHERRick Harless

[email protected]

CREATIVE DIRECTOR Derek Gaylard

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Michael Daish • Bruce Hembroff

Matz Ohlen • Peter Werelius

CIRCULATION DIRECTORPam Fulmer

PRESIDENT Danny J. Salchert

Executive and Advertising Offices3591 Cahaba Beach Road

Birmingham, AL 35242toll free: 800.981.4541 phone: 205.981.4541

fax: 205.981.4544www.epsmag.net • [email protected]

Electrical Products & Solutions™ is published twelvetimes a year on a monthly basis by ABD Communica-tions, Inc., 3591 Cahaba Beach Road, Birmingham, Al-abama, 35242, USA. Electrical Products & Solutions™ isdistributed free to qualified subscribers. Non-qualifiedsubscription rates are $57.00 per year in the U.S. andCanada and $84.00 per year for foreign subscribers (sur-face mail). U.S. Postage paid at Birmingham, Alabamaand additional mailing offices.

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P R I N T E D I N T H E U S A

6 ELECTRICAL TESTING AND NFPA 70E:Meters with Bluetooth and Cat IV Rating are SafestBy Michael Daish

16 A Ray of Sunshine in a Gloomy Economy

22 A Guide to Transformer Winding Resistance MeasurementsPART 1 of a 2 Part StoryBy Bruce Hembroff, Matz Ohlen and Peter Werelius

CASE STUDY

4 Watt Stopper Contributes to Energy Efficiency at DubaiInternational Airport

28 Hidden Hazards

32 Generac On The Job A Power Generation Case Study From Generac Power SystemsCoosa Valley Medical Center Keeps

The Power On With Generac

Cover photography provided by: Summit Technology, Inc.

34 Product Focus

40 Ad Index

DEPARTMENTS

ON THE COVER

2 Electrical Products & Solutions • May 2009

CONTENTS

6 32

0509EPSp02:Layout 1 5/8/09 11:10 AM Page 2

Dof an ongoing expansion to nearly triple air-port capacity by 2012 to accommodate 60million passengers.

Watt Stopper’s Dubai PresenceTo support sustainable construction in

the United Arab Emirates, and throughoutthe Gulf region, Legrand, Watt Stopper’sparent company, maintains a stocking of-fice in Dubai. Local staffers provide designassistance as well as technical support forLegrand family products.

Watt Stopper/Legrand (wattstopper.com)is a leading manufacturer of energy efficientlighting controls for commercial and resi-dential use. We help customers find conve-nient ways to save energy, meet greeninitiatives, and comply with energy codeswith our comprehensive range of products,programs, and services. Legrand(www.legrandelectric.com), located inLimoges, France, is the world specialist inproducts and systems for electrical instal-lations and information networks, offeringsolutions for use in residential, commercialand industrial buildings. ❏

titioned spaces, including open office areas,storage room and restrooms, as well as en-closed corridors. They are extremelypleased with the product performance andhave adopted the technology for use inother buildings.

Watt Stopper DT dual technology sen-sors were also used. These sensors areperfect for hard to detect areas, includingconference rooms and large private of-fices, as they pick up both large and smallmovements.

Integrating Sensors into the Design

The controlled airport lighting includesa variety of energy efficient fluorescentsources with electronic ballasts. Engineersspecified low voltage sensors for all appli-cations in order to interface the devices withthe airport’s building management system.An energy analysis, conducted during theplanning phases of the project, illustratedhow the sensors would help the projectachieve its sustainable construction goals.

This $4.5 billion project phase is just part


Dubai International Airport in Octo-ber 2008 welcomed travelers to its dramaticand energy efficient new airplane-wing-shaped Terminal 3. To meet energy savinggoals, project engineers incorporated over800 occupancy sensors from Watt Stop-per/Legrand to control lighting in close to 1million square feet throughout the terminal.

This project was underway before newlocal initiatives requiring sustainable designwere adopted, but it was designed with re-source conservation in mind. Watt Stop-per/Legrand personnel helped engineerschoose occupancy-based lighting controlsto maximize energy savings in spaces withdifferent characteristics and uses. WattStopper products were selected because oftheir international reputation for excellenceand reliability.

Occupancy Sensor SelectionBoth ultrasonic and dual technology ceil-

ing sensors were used in public and privateareas. Ultrasonic occupancy sensors emitultrasonic waves throughout a space anduse the Doppler principle to analyze shiftsin the returning waves in order to detect oc-cupancy. Dual technology sensors use bothultrasonic and traditional passive infrared(PIR) technologies to detect occupancythrough both movement of heat and return-ing sound waves.

Project engineers specified Watt StopperUT and W Series ultrasonic sensors for par-

Watt Stopper Contributes to Energy Efficiency at Dubai International Airport

Case Study • WATT STOPPER

0509EPSp04:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 12:14 PM Page 4

trical workers maintain, inspect or repair. The labels shall indi-cate the level of Arc Flash hazard (see example) and the rec-ommended PPE when working on the equipment. Thoseinvolved in electrical testing and the employment of electricalworkers must implement safety programs and procedures thatfollow NFPA 70E. If there is non-compliance and an accidentoccurs there is legal liability that can result in citations, workshutdown, fines or other sanctions. It is generally recommendedthat electrical testing and maintenance workers use tools with thelatest highest safety rating (CAT IV) to be compatible with theirsafety practices. Without this rating, the worker could be injuredif a sudden transient overvoltage occurs and the tool creates anarcing flash-over. The four CAT environments and their maxi-mum transient overvoltages that testing tools must withstandare depicted below (as per IEC/EN 61010-1 for phase to ground)

Most older test meters are designed to sustain transient over-voltages in CAT III.

Higher-rated CAT IV tools have improved protection cir-cuitry. CAT IV 600V instruments are a better choice and aresuitable for all CAT test environments at 600V or below. • CAT (Category) IV refers to power lines at the utility connec-

tion, the origin of installation or service entrance. It includesoutdoor overhead and underground cable runs that could beaffected by light-ning, utility meterlocations and pri-mary breakers orfuses.

• CAT III deals with


IntroductionThe choice of a test meter, power monitor or datalogger for a

power study must now take into account the safety standardscurrently in force to protect electrical workers under NationalFire and Protection Association (NFPA) 70E standards. Whenselecting electrical testing tools users are confronted with thefollowing considerations:1. Does the meter meet existing safety standards? 2. Does the meter meet both my company or organization’s

safety and measurement goals?3. Does the meter improve worker safety?

We assert that a CAT IV safety rating and Bluetooth wire-less communication are attractive and practical features that arecompatible with NFPA 70E safety programs and procedures. Inthis article we discuss how these design features of the latestpower testing meters enhance worker safety and provide anoverall better “user experience.”

The Impact of NFPA 70E on Electrical Testing and Meter Design

Safety in the electrical testing industry has taken on a newlevel of importance with the focus on Arc Flash hazards that isembodied in the NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical WorkplaceSafety. NFPA 70E covers the range of electrical safety issuessuch as work practices for maintenance, installation and repair

activities. It is intended to befollowed by employers, em-ployees, engineers, electricians,their supervisors, and new hiressuch as apprentices. OSHA(Occupational Safety & HealthAdministration) bases its elec-trical safety mandates on theNFPA 70E standard. It providesguidance on employee training,how to implement an effectiveelectrical safety program, work

planning and procedures such as lockout/tagout rules. It specif-ically prescribes the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)such as gloves, visors and fire-retardant clothing. Meters andtest equipment are also classified as PPE.

To comply with NFPA 70E owners of electrical equipmentand systems must display warning labels on equipment that elec-

ELECTRICAL TESTING AND NFPA 70E:Meters with Bluetooth and

Cat IV Rating are SafestBy Michael Daish

Feature • SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY

Overvoltage Protection Categories

CAT II 600V

CAT III 300V

CAT III 600V

CAT IV 300V

CAT III 1000V

CAT IV 600V

CAT IV 1000V

Overvoltage Withstand Capability

4000V

6000V

8000V

12000V

0509EPSp06,08,12:Company Spotlight 5/11/09 8:52 AM Page 6

distribution level wiring, 480-volt and 600-volt circuits such as3-phase bus and feeder circuits, motor control centers, loadcenters and distribution panels. Also included in CAT III areswitchgear, motors, transformers and similar fixed loads, andloads that can generate their own transients.

• CAT II covers outlet receptacles and their plug-in loads such asappliances and portable tools.

• CAT I refers to electronic equipment and circuits.

Personal Protective Equipment and MeterOperation and Design

Consider that under NFPA 70E it is now mandatory to wearpersonal protective equipment (PPE) when installing test equip-ment. The following table shows some examples:

Meter design and operation must now take the NFPA safetyrequirements into consideration and make meter operation eas-ier while wearing PPE. In the following pictures we see aworker wearing a PPE level 1 Nomex® fire-retardant overall,gloves, and a visor. The next picture shows a level PPE 4 suit;sometimes referred to as a “Homer Simpson” suit. It is claus-trophobic and uncomfortable to wear even for a few minutes. Itsubstantially restricts movement, and the handling and opera-tion of tools, meters and instruments. One can see that it would

be difficult to program any meter while wearing such cumber-some PPE. With either level of PPE the hood or visor impairsclear vision of a meter display and keypad legends. The “thick-fingered” leather gloves eliminate the tactile feel necessary forlocating and operation of buttons on a keypad. There is a saferand better way.

Bluetooth communications elegantly solves the problem ofsafely operating a meter since Bluetooth wireless communica-tions allows you to operate the meter remotely from a PC orPDA, well away from high voltages. A power study involvesconnecting probes to the power conductors to sense voltage andcurrent, and these connections must be made while wearing themandatory PPE. After installing the probes the user can retreatseveral feet to a safe zone, take off the visor and gloves and

comfortably viewwaveforms, phasorsand power metersfrom a PC or PDA tocheck connections andinitiate a monitoringsession remotely using Bluetooth.

Remote operation of a testing me-ter is ultimately the safest practice.The new PowerSight meters are idealfor NFPA 70E safety programs. ThePowerSight model PS2500 PowerLogger, PS3500 Energy Analyzerand PS4500 Power Quality Analyzerall combine the safety benefits ofBluetooth communications and CATIV rating while also meeting the mea-surement requirements for energystudies, harmonics and power qualityinvestigations. They also have re-movable SD memory card slots for storing measurement data,logs and disturbance events. This data can be transferred to a PCeither wirelessly by Bluetooth or by the memory card.

Safely Leaving the Meter Behind to MonitorMost power studies are performed indoors and require leaving

the meter unattended for days or weeks. The user is confrontedwith the problem of how to install the monitor safely and unob-trusively. We do not want the meter to


Feature • SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY (Continued from page 6)

Protective Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) As Defined in NFPA 70E-2004

Flash Hazard Category 0Cotton underwearLong sleeve cotton shirt &pantsSafety glasses or goggles

Flash Hazard Category 2Cotton underwear and T-shirt(short-sleeve)FR shirt & pants (or FR coverall)Hard hatSafety glasses or gogglesArc–rated face shieldHearing protectionLeather gloves and shoesVoltage rated gloves and tools

Flash Hazard Category 4Cotton underwear and T-shirt(short-sleeve)FR shirt & pants (or FR coverall)Hard hatSafety glasses or gogglesHearing protectionLeather gloves and shoesVoltage rated gloves and toolsMultilayer flash suit and flashsuit hood (> 40 cal/cm2)

(Continued on page 12)


be tampered with for safety rea-sons or risk losing or corruptingcaptured data. The compact size(3.89” x 7.72” x 1.58”) and lowweight (1.1 lbs) of the Power-Sight meter means that it can beeasily installed in voids and hid-den away in electricalswitchgear, panels and similar

locations where electrical stud-ies are performed. The pictureshowing a PowerSight metermonitoring a panel highlightshow the meter’s compact sizeand low weight has advantages.In this situation the meter is sus-pended high-up in a soft case bya strap around conduit. The me-


Feature • SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY (Continued from page 8)

ter is well out-of-the-way; it is a safe in-stallation and is far less susceptible to beingtampered with.

ConclusionSafety standards and procedures must be

adhered to when using meters for energyaudits, power quality studies, or simple datalogging. The latest revision of NFPA 70Especifies the appropriate PPE (such asclothes, face-shields, and gloves) accordingto the flash hazard severity at specified volt-age and energy levels. Personal protectiveequipment (PPE) involves wearing cum-bersome suits, thick gloves, hoods or visorswhich interfere with the worker’s freedomof movement, vision and dexterous controlof tools. The design and operation of elec-trical testing tools such as meters, powermonitors and dataloggers must take boththe safety regulations and the worker’s op-erational circumstances into consideration.

With respect to the design of a meter, itmust withstand transient overvoltages inorder to protect the user. The CAT rat-ings described above specify the level ofwithstand voltage for different nominalsupply voltages. A CAT IV 600V/8000Vrated tool means that it is suitable for usein all locations on conductors that have upto 600V phase to ground and can with-stand an 8000 volt transient overvoltageevent. The PowerSight models PS2500,PS3500 and PS4500 are CAT IV600V/8000V rated.

Bluetooth wireless communication is anexcellent solution that provides the bestsafety experience. Bluetooth remote oper-ation allows the user to remove the visorand gloves and safely operate the meter at adistance up to 20 feet away using a PC orPDA. This approach actually provides abetter user experience since the user cantake advantage of the size and higher reso-lution of a PC display. With the PowerSightManager software the user can view wave-forms more clearly, take waveform snap-shots and save data on the PC. After data isdownloaded the user can expand graphs fordetail, export the data to Excel and generateprofessional-looking final reports as Wordor pdf documents. ❏

About the author

Michael Daish is the Vice PresidentSales & Marketing for Summit Technol-ogy, Inc., www.PowerSight.com



W

better than once-solid CD and bond rates.Estimates of solar-installation growth

have varied between 30 and 50 percent inrecent years and had already reached over$2.5 billion in 2008. That’s before theObama administration shepherded in anarray of market incentives expected to fur-ther spur solar-energy demand in monthsand years to come. Now, retail consumersand businesses can buy systems for as lit-tle as 20 cents on the dollar, after tax, ac-counting and cash incentives are tallied.

Bottom-line costs to retail customersvary from state to state, depending on theparticular incentives and sunlight avail-able in each. Solar is one of the fastest-growing industries in the United States,and licensed electrical contractors are per-fectly positioned to become the go-to peo-ple for local homeowners and business toget PV systems.

Motivated Contractors Can Get Up and Running Quickly

SolarWorld developed the first grid-tiedPV system kits more than a decade agoand they have refined it into the Sunkits®program, which offers contractors the eas-iest path into the solar market available.After a 1-day intensive training course,and registration with local agencies ad-ministering incentives, licensed electricalcontractors are ready to sell and install PVsystems.

Contractors in the program also haveaccess to expert technical assistance andadvanced training opportunities as theyexpand their businesses and install larger

ket by giving them access to SolarWorld’s30+ years of solar experience combinedwith the convenient distribution and creditterms of electrical wholesalers.

SolarWorld’s Sunkits® program offerscontractors everything they need to enterthe solar market; including complete cus-tom-designed PV systems, factory train-ing, and sales, marketing, and technicalsupport. Because it’s available throughelectrical wholesalers, contractors can getplugged in quickly and easily without ex-tra paperwork or credit applications.

Solar is a Large and Growing Opportunity

The solar PV market continues to growin the face of the recession because home-owners and businesses can quickly investin PV systems that slash their electric billsas well as help save the environment byavoiding expensive utility-generated elec-tricity from fossil fuels. These savings canoffer financial returns that are generally


With the economy in recession andnew construction projects few and far be-tween, savvy electrical contractors are ex-panding their businesses into solar energy,where there are profitable opportunitieseven during the economic downturn.

Rooftop solar photovoltaic systems pre-sent a particularly attractive opportunity;they can be installed on most homes andoften receive substantial rebates and taxcredits which help make them a solid in-vestment for homeowners. PV system in-stallers are some of the fastest growingand most successful businesses in thecountry these days.

However, successful solar installationbusinesses require specialized technicalexpertise and a unique sales and market-ing process that takes substantial invest-ments of time and money to build up.

SolarWorld, the largest solar PV manu-facturer in the USA, has developed a spe-cial program to provide contractors a fastand easy way into the solar-energy mar-

A Ray of Sunshinein a GloomyEconomy

Feature • SOLARWORLD

Steps to Selling andInstalling a PV Kit

• Use marketing materials and promo-tional support from SolarWorld togenerate leads.

• Use the Sunkits® questionnaire toconduct an on-site consultation andreceive a customized sales proposal.

• Present the sales proposal and getyour contract signed, then order the kit.

• Acquire any necessary permits andinstall the system.

• Collect payment and move on to the next install.


and more challenging systems. A built-incompetitive barrier protects contractors inmost states, which permit only licensedelectrical contractors to install PV sys-tems.

Businesses Can Grow Rapidlywithout Tying Up their Cash

An additional advantage of installingkits is that contractors need not carry ex-pensive inventory, leaving cash free togrow the business. With potential profitmargins on the order of $5,000 apiece,contractors can install as many or as fewas they wish, leaving them to augment orreplace their other lines of business asthey see fit.

Most traditional PV installers are lim-ited by the amount of cash or credit theyhave or by the size of their warehouse. Byordering kits on demand, electrical con-tractors are only limited by how manysystems they can physically install at time.

Deploying complete kits also holdsdown overhead, because it eliminates the

need to employ solar specialists to designthe systems and order specific compo-nents from several different vendors.

Contractors Can Get Help with Sales and Marketing

Despite the popularity of solar PV sys-tems, good marketing and sales techniquesare still critical for success. As most elec-trical contractors are small businesses wholikely don’t have full time marketing staff,this can present a significant challenge.

Contractors can take advantage of themarketing assistance available through theSunkits® program to help them get estab-lished and grow their local market. Sup-port starts with printed materials, but canextend to co-operative advertising, mailersand exhibit materials for local homeshows and public events. SolarWorld’sown promotions also generate leads,which are forwarded to local contractorswho are active in the program.

As with most system-level appliances,the sales process for solar PV systems is

highly consultative, so it’s important to notonly generate leads, but also to qualify thembefore spending several hours chasing adead-end sale. This can be accomplished byasking a few questions up front to ensurethat a potential customer understands whatthe system will do for them and how muchthe up-front investment will be.

During an on-site consultation, the con-tractor completes a questionnaire, whichis used to generate a customized sales pro-posal that can be used to close the sale. Ifthe customer has received competing bids,contractors installing Sunkits® can em-phasize their factory training and Solar-World’s expert system design capabilitiesin addition to the industry-leading perfor-mance and 25 year warranty of Solar-World’s US-manufactured PV modules togive their proposal an edge.

Sunkits® feature the SolarWorld Sun-module®, which took first place in a long-term, independent field survey ofname-brand modules undertaken by Pho-ton International, a respected solar indus-try trade and research publication.SolarWorld’s products sold in the UnitedStates are made from start to finish in


Solar PV IncentivesMost state and local agencies employone of three basic types of photovoltaicincentives: rebates, performance-basedincentives, or tax credits: • Rebates, based on the size of a sys-

tem, range from 50 cents to severaldollars per watt of system capacity.Rebates are often paid upon comple-tion of the installation, reducing theup-front cost of the system.

• Performance-based incentives arepaid out over time based on the ac-tual output of the PV system and isusually expressed as a rate, i.e. $.25per kWh, for a given number of years.

• Tax credits can be based on systemsize or cost (a federal tax credit isavailable for 30% of a project’s costs,excluding rebates) and provide acredit against taxes owed. For exam-ple a $6,000 tax credit reduces thetaxes you owe by $6,000.

Incentives are listed on a state-by-statebasis at (www.dsireusa.org).

Feature • SOLARWORLD (Continued from page 16)



America from US-sourced materials andcomponents.

By manufacturing domestically, Solar-World not only creates living-wage jobsfor Americans but also spares the envi-ronmental costs of shipping from over-seas. Further, SolarWorld is the industry’sleader in recycling not only process waste,but also obsolete modules.

Kit Systems are Easy to InstallLicensed electrical contractors already

know how to deal with electrical systemsand can learn the particulars of installing apre-engineered PV system in a few hours.

Sunkits® arrive bulk-packaged with themodules, inverter, and complete mount-ing system and can be drop-shipped di-rectly to the job site. The system drawingsand documentation included with the kitcan be delivered electronically ahead oftime to speed the planning and permittingprocess. Local AHJs and inspectorsquickly become familiar with kit systemsand can call SolarWorld’s factory expertswith any questions.

A typical 3 kW PV system takes about40 man-hours for a modestly experiencedteam to install. The most labor-intensivestep, installing the mounting system, caneven be subbed out to a roofing contrac-tor. Mounting the modules themselves andwiring them to the inverter can usually beaccomplished in a single afternoon.

Solar PV Systems Aren’t Just for Californians

With a 30% federal tax credit and wide-spread state and local incentives, solar PVsystems are selling well in many states. Itis extremely helpful for electrical con-tractors who wish to sell PV systems tofamiliarize themselves with local incen-tives (see inset) and how much a PV sys-tem can be expected to generate in theirregion. The map in Figure 1 summarizesthe expected annual output of a PV sys-tem on a per kW basis. More detailed in-formation can be found on the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory website:(http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/codes_algs/PVWATTS/).

In addition to incentives and insolation,the benefits of a PV system also dependon the rates charged by the local electricalutility. Obviously, higher electrical ratesand tiered rate structures make PV sys-tems more valuable. In most utility ratestructures, homeowners pay more thanbusinesses for electricity, which makesthem good candidates for solar PV.

In addition, homeowners typicallymake quicker decisions. It’s true thatresidential systems seldom range higherthan a few kilowatts, but markups arecomparatively high and installations canbe completed in a day or two. Sunkits®typically ship within 5 to 10 businessdays, meaning contractors can scheduledelivery and installation as soon as theorder is signed.

Like financial returns, environmentalbenefits depend partly on system size. Atypical 3 kW system in Southern Califor-nia averts about four tons of carbon-diox-ide emissions – roughly equal to takingone car off the road, planting 100 trees orrecycling one ton of waste. ❏


Feature • SOLARWORLD (Continued from page 18)

This map summarizes the expected annual output of a PV system on a per kW basis.


for diagnostic purposes.

How to Measure TransformerWinding Resistance

The transformer winding resistance isdefined by;

It is important to understand that the fi-nal/stable voltage/resistance can not bemeasured until the current and the induc-tance is stable. The winding resistance cannot be measured/recorded instantaneously,the correct value can be measured only atstable/constant current and when sta-ble/constant inductance is reached. This isthe fundamental reason for the long mea-surement time when measuring large trans-formers.

When to Measure TransformerWinding ResistanceAt Installation

Risk of damage is significant whenever atransformer is moved. This is inherent to

Transformers are subject to vibration.Problems or faults occur due to poor de-sign, assembly, handing, poor environ-ments, overloading or poor maintenance.Measuring the resistance of the windingsassures that the connections are correctand the resistance measurements indicatethat there are no severe mismatches oropens. Many transformers have taps builtinto them. These taps allow ratio to be in-creased or decreased by fractions of a per-cent. Any of the ratio changes involve amechanical movement of a contact fromone position to another. These tap changesshould also be checked during a windingresistance test.

Regardless of the configuration, eitherstar or delta, the measurements are nor-mally made phase to phase and compar-isons are made to determine if thereadings are comparable. If all readingsare within one percent of each other, thenthey are acceptable. Keep in mind that thepurpose of the test is to check for grossdifferences between the windings and foropens in the connections. The tests are notmade to duplicate the readings of the man-ufactured device which was tested in thefactory under controlled conditions andperhaps at other temperatures.

This application note is focusing onusing winding resistance measurements


Authors note: Specific aspects of safetyare addressed herein; however compre-hensive procedures are not detailed. It isassumed the operator has sufficientknowledge of electrical theory and safeworking practices to use the test instru-ment in a safe and responsible manner.

IntroductionWinding resistance measurements in

transformers are of fundamental impor-tance for the following purposes:• Calculations of the I2R component

of conductor losses.• Calculation of winding temperature at

the end of a temperature test cycle.• As a diagnostic tool for assessing

possible damage in the field.

A Guide to TransformerWinding ResistanceMeasurementsBy Bruce Hembroff, transformer consultant, and Matz Ohlen and Peter Werelius, Megger

PART 1 of a 2 Part Story

Feature • MEGGER

Measuring a transformer’s winding (DC) resistance from one external terminal to anothercan reveal a great deal of information about the transformer. In addition to the obvious faulted winding (i.e.,an open winding), more subtle problems can be detected. The DC current, in addition to flowing through thewinding, must also flow through the off-load ratio adjusting switch (De-Energized Tap Changer or DETC)and the on-load ratio adjusting switch (Load Tap Changer or LTC), as well as numerous welded and mechanical connections. Hence, the integrity of all these components can be verified.


the typical transformer design and modesof transportation employed. Damage canalso occur during unloading and assembly.The damage will often involve a currentcarrying component such as the LTC,DETC or a connector. Damage to suchcomponents may result in a change to theDC resistance measured through them.Hence, it is recommended that the DC re-sistance be measured on all on-load and off-load taps prior to energizing.

If the transformer is new the resistancetest also serves as a verification of the man-ufacturers work. Installation measurementsshould be filed for future reference.

At Routine (Scheduled) TransformerMaintenance

Routine maintenance is performed toverify operating integrity and to assure reli-ability. Tests are performed to detect incip-ient problems. What kind of problems willthe resistance test detect?

DETC (De-Energized Tap Changer)Contact pressure is usually obtained

through the use of springs. In time, metalfatigue will result in lower contact pressure.Oxygen and fault gases (if they exist) willattack the contact surfaces.

Additionally, mechanical damage result-ing in poor contact pressure is not uncom-mon. (E.g. A misaligned switch handlelinkage may result in switch damage whenoperated). Such problems will affect the DCresistance measured through the DETC andmay be detected.

LTC (Load Tap Changer)The LTC contains the majority of the

contacts and connections in the transformer.It is one of few non-static devices in thetransformer and is required to transfer loadcurrent several thousand times a year.Hence, it demands special considerationduring routine maintenance.

In addition to detecting problems asso-ciated with high resistance contacts andconnectors, Megger MTO will also detectopen circuits (drop-out test). LTCs transferload current and are designed for make-be-fore-break, they are NOT designed to inter-rupt load current. An open circuit wouldlikely result in catastrophic failure. On in-stallation and after maintenance it is cer-tainly prudent to verify operating integrityby checking for open circuits. LTC main-tenance often involves considerable disas-

sembly and the test will provide confidencein the reassembly.

It is recommended DC resistance mea-surements be made on all on-load and off-load taps to detect problems and verify op-erating integrity of the DETC and LTC.

At Unscheduled Maintenance/ Troubleshooting

Unscheduled maintenance generally oc-curs following a system event. The objec-tives of unscheduled maintenance are: • To detect damage to the transformer. • To determine if it is safe to re-energize. • To determine if corrective action is nec-

essary. • To establish priority of corrective

action.

Many transformer faults or problems willcause a change in the DC resistance mea-sured from the bushings (shorted turns,open turns, poor joints or contacts). Hence,the information derived from the resistancetest is very useful in analyzing faults orproblems complimenting information de-rived from other diagnostic tests such asFrequency Response Analysis (FRA), Di-electric Frequency Response (DFR), 50/60Hz tan delta/power factor, turn-ratio testsand other measurements. The winding re-sistance test is particularly useful in isolat-ing the location of a fault or problem andassessing the severity of the damage.

At Internal Transformer InspectionsInternal inspections are expensive due

primarily to the cost of oil processing.When such opportunities do present them-selves the inspection should be planned andthorough. Prior to dumping the oil, all pos-sible diagnostic tests including the resis-tance test should be performed.

Test Equipment Prior to modern digital electronic equip-

ment, the Kelvin Bridge was used. Batter-ies, switches, galvanometers, ammeters andslidewire adjustments were used to obtainresistance measurements. Current regula-tors were constructed and inserted betweenthe battery and the bridge. Input voltage tothe regulator of 12 volts dc from an auto-mobile storage battery provided output cur-rents variable in steps which matched themaximum current rating of the bridge onthe ranges most used on transformers. Thecurrent regulator increased both speed and

accuracy of the bridge readings. The ap-proximate 11 volt availability was used tospeed up the initial current buildup and ta-pered off to about 5 volts just before the se-lected current was reached and regulationstarted. When the regulation began, the cur-rent was essentially constant in spite of theinductance of the windings and fluctuationof the battery voltage or lead resistance.

The testing times have been greatly re-duced using modern test equipment withhigh compliance voltage and stabilized DCtest current. Direct readings are availablewith automatic indications of stable condi-tions and correct measurement value is ac-quired. On Megger MTO, twomeasurement channels are available allow-ing two resistance measurements at thesame time.

Safety Considerations While performing winding resistance

tests hazardous voltages could appear onthe terminals of the transformer under testand/or the test equipment if appropriatesafety precautions are not observed. Thereare two sources to consider: • A-C induction from surrounding ener-

gized conductors, and • The D-C test current.

A-C InductionWhen a transformer is located in an A-C

switch yard in close proximity to energizedconductors it is quite probable an electro-static charge would be induced onto a float-ing winding. This hazard can be eliminatedby simply tying all windings to ground.However, to perform a winding resistancetest only one terminal of any winding canbe tied to ground. Grounding a second ter-minal will short that winding making it im-possible to measure the resistance of thewinding. Two grounds on the winding un-der test would probably result in measuringthe resistance of the ground loop. Twogrounds on a winding which is not undertest will create a closed loop inductor. Be-cause all windings of a transformer aremagnetically coupled the DC test currentwill continually circulate within the closedloop inductor (the shorted winding). The in-strument display would probably not stabi-lize and accurate measurements would notbe possible.

It does not matter which terminal isgrounded as long there is only one termi-nal of each winding tied to ground. When


Feature • MEGGER (Continued from page 22)


test leads are moved to subsequent phasesor windings on the transformer it is not nec-essary to move the ground connections. En-sure the winding is grounded prior toconnecting the current and potential testleads, and when disconnecting leads re-move the ground last.

D-C Test CurrentShould the test circuit become open

while DC current is flowing hazardous volt-ages (possibly resulting in flash over) willoccur. Care must be taken to ensure the testcircuit does not accidentally become open: • Ensure the test leads are securely at-

tached to the winding’s terminals.• Do not operate any instrument control

which would open the measured circuitwhile DC current is flowing. Dischargethe winding first.

• Do not disconnect any test leads whileDC current is flowing. Ensure the wind-ing is discharged first.

• When terminating the test, wait until thedischarge indicator goes off before re-

moving the current leads. When testinglarger transformers it may take 30 sec-onds or more to discharge the winding.If a longer time (30 seconds plus) is re-quired to charge a winding when the cur-rent is initiated a corresponding longertime will be required to discharge thewinding.

Summary of Safety Precautions • Ensure all transformer windings and the

test instrument chassis are groundedprior to connecting the test leads.

• Take appropriate precautions to ensurethe test circuit is not opened while DC(test) current is flowing.

Failure to take appropriate precautionscan result in hazardous potentials whichcould be harmful to both personnel and testequipment. It should be noted that trans-former windings are essentially large in-ductors. The higher the voltage and thelarger the (MVA) capacity, the higher theinduction and hence the potential hazard.

Selecting the Proper Current Range

Transformer manufacturers and mea-surement standards typically recommendthat the current output selected shouldnot exceed about 10% of the rated wind-ing current. This could cause erroneousreadings due to heating of the winding.Always choose the highest current out-put possible for the expected resistancevalue. Typical ranges are 0.1-10 % ofrated winding current.

To minimize testing time it is impor-tant that the test set has a high outputvoltage. The impedance of the windingis initially very high and a high outputvoltage fastens the ramp-up time toreach the selected test current. MeggerMTO have up to 50 V initial output volt-age which makes ramp-up time veryshort. ❏

Part 2 of this article will appear in theJune 2009 issue.


Feature • MEGGER (Continued from page 24)

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A shall be installed such that the required fire resistance will notbe reduced.”

Municipalities all across the United States use the Interna-tional Building Code as the guideline for their own codes andrequire fire-rated drywall ceilings for commercial or residen-

tial buildings. Most of the mandatoryfire ratings occur in multi-story residen-tial structures such as apartment build-ings, hospitals or hotels but are alsoapplicable for single family homes.Every recessed light installed in akitchen, furnace room or garage has tocomply with the code if there is livingspace located above it.

In order to meet this fire code, the ceil-ing must serve as an unbroken fire barrierfor a certain period of time (the usualstandard performance for 5/8-inch fire

rated drywall material is 60 minutes). However this time re-quirement can be greater than one hour, depending on the appli-cation. For example hotels, hospitals and retirement homes willrequire ceilings capable of two hour fire protection. Knowledge ofthe local code requirements is very important to remember whenselecting appropriate fire rated solutions.


Are you aware of the potential hazards for lives and propertywhen installing recessed lights in fire rated ceiling assemblieswithout proper fire protection?

Recessed lights are a popular choice to illuminate residen-tial and commercial buildings and usually safe when installedaccording to code. However their mostdangerous risk does not necessarily liewithin the light itself but by the install-ment in the ceiling. Each ceiling is sub-ject to fire regulations and whereapplicable the ceiling construction needsto be fire rated. However, once a hole ismade in the ceiling for recessed light-ing, the integrity of the construction andits ability to perform in a fire is reducedsignificantly. The opening acts as an en-try for flames and smoke to the spaceabove in case of a fire.

This is the main reason why the International Building Codestates in section 712.4.1.2:

“Penetrations of membranes that are part of a fire-resistance-rated horizontal assembly shall comply with Section 712.4.1.1.1or 712.4.1.1.2. Where floor/ceiling assemblies are required tohave a minimum 1-hour fire-resistance rating, recessed fixtures

Case Study • TENMAT

Hidden Hazards

Choosing the right fire protection cover for your

recessed light fixtures willeventually save the lives

of your customers in case of a fire.

0509EPSp28,30:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 11:18 AM Page 28

Drywall boxes have originally been replaced by prefabri-cated Fire Rated Light Fixtures. These lights are normally firetested but very costly, heavy and rather difficult to install.

Some companies decided to manufacture boxes with metalinstead of drywall.

These boxes are not UL-classified and incapable of protect-ing from the heat generated by the fire. It is common knowl-edge that metals have very poor thermal insulating capabilitiesand will transfer heat to the surrounding areas.

A UL-classified and increasing popular solution are TenmatFire Rated Light Covers. These covers can be used with abroad range of recessed light models from various manufac-turers and are suitable for new construction as well as remodelprojects.

In addition to its fire protection capabilities, the covers alsoexhibit excellent thermal and acoustical insulating properties tosave energy and reduce noise.

ConclusionsChoosing the right fire protection cover for your recessed

light fixtures will eventually save the lives of your customersin case of a fire. Researching suitable solutions and confirm-ing their UL classification (www.ul.com) will save youmoney and give you peace of mind once inspection daycomes. Only labeled products will comply with the BuildingCode, get approved by inspectors, and ultimately avoid costlymistakes. If in doubt lighting professionals and consultantswith experience in fire-rated environments are the best sourcefor advice and can help you choosing the proper solution foryour problem. ❏


The challenge with recessed lighting occurs when an open-ing is created in the drywall ceiling to install the fixture. In or-der to maintain the fire rating for the building, the barrier mustbe restored after holes have been cut for the fixtures.

Standard recessed light housings by themselves are ex-tremely poor flame barriers. Most of them are constructed ei-ther from aluminum or light sheet metal that breaks downrapidly when in direct contact with fire, and will not function asa flame barrier for any length of time. In case of a fire the fix-ture will melt and the fire can easily spread to the living spaceabove. A proper fire rated barrier will keep the fire containedgiving the occupants precious time to escape. Standard re-cessed lights do not meet the fire rating requirements of thebuilding code and potentially pose a hazard to live and propertyif not used in conjunction with a UL-classified enclosure.

There are several different solutions for this problem with adiverse range of prices, approvals and complexity.

Solving the ProblemIn the old days the only known solution was to hand-build

boxes out of drywall or sheetrock. This outdated methodproved to be very labor intensive since it required sub framingand taping of the corners with fire rated tape. Besides usingadditional tools, supplies and labor this method often times re-sulted in inadequate protection of the structure. This processnot only lead to several inspector visits, but also caused manychallenges for owners, contractors and authorities. With theintroduction of UL tested off-the-shelf products, code officialsare starting to ban the use of untested field-fabricated boxesfor obvious safety concerns.

Case Study • TENMAT (Continued from page 28)

0509EPSp28,30:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 11:18 AM Page 30

T cility between 1963 and 1980. As its service area began to ex-pand, Sylacauga Hospital changed its name to Coosa ValleyMedical Center, reflecting its growing commitment to servethis vibrant region.

In 2007, Coosa Valley Medical Center completed its ambi-tious West Wing Project, a four story expansion that greatly in-creased its space and facilities. This 120,000 square footaddition includes 86 new inpatient rooms, 10 additional bedsfor the Intensive Care Unit, a state of the art Imaging Centerand a new Women’s Center. The hospital now boasts more


The hill country of central Alabama is a beautiful area andincludes the scenic Coosa Valley, where the city of Sylacaugais located just 30 miles southeast of Birmingham. This townwas the site of a major munitions plant during the SecondWorld War, when the influx of residents prompted calls forthe establishment of a local hospital. On April 1, 1945 Syla-cauga Hospital opened its doors with the distinction of beingthe only non-military hospital built in the U.S. during WorldWar II. The city continued to grow and so did Sylacauga Hos-pital, with three major additions being made to the original fa-

Case Study • GENERAC

Generac On The Job A Power Generation Case Study From

Generac Power SystemsCoosa Valley Medical Center Keeps The Power On With Generac

0509EPSp32,33:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 12:17 PM Page 32

than 150,000 square feet of space and 148 beds, offer-ing a full range of emergency, diagnostic, treatmentand rehabilitation services.

Like every hospital, the Coosa Valley Medical Cen-ter is required to have reliable backup power to pro-tect the life and safety of its patients in the event of autility power outage. During construction of the WestWing addition, the hospital’s planning team consid-ered a variety of options for backup generators, starting withthe traditional solution — a large single engine unit. “Welooked at one big Caterpillar genset,” says Keith Knox, CoosaValley Medical Center’s director of facilities management,“but the lead time on that generator was extreme, so we de-cided to look at other options.” Working with an outside en-gineering firm, the team evaluated and ultimately chose a 1200kilowatt Generac Modular Power System (MPS), a solutionincorporating three 400 kW diesel gensets operating in parallel.“When we looked at the Generac system,” Knox says, “thethings that stood out to us were the flexibility of the software,the short turnaround time on production of the units and thefact that three generators provide us with the advantages of re-dundancy.”

Generac’s Modular Power System combines the output ofmultiple generators without the need for expensive and space-consuming paralleling switchgear. Redundancy and expand-ability is built into the system, since each genset featuresonboard paralleling capabilities, making it easy to achieve n+ 1 or greater coverage by simply adding modular generatorsof the appropriate size. The MPS solution is also scalable, al-lowing kW outputs to be tailored more precisely to current andfuture requirements.

Coosa Valley’s Modular Power System was purchased fromEnergy Systems Southeast, Generac’s full service industrialdealer in Alabama, and was installed in May of 2007. Thehospital’s total electrical load is about 450 kW, so the system’s1200 kW capacity provides nearly n + 2 redundancy for an

even higher level of reliability, which is espe-cially important for medical facilities. Thebackup system is configured and tested regularlyin compliance with the requirements of the Na-tional Fire Protection Association (NFPA)Codes 70, 99 and 110. “The Generac systemhas worked well for us and we’re very pleasedwith how it’s operated,” says Knox. “We’ve es-tablished a service contract with Energy Sys-tems Southeast and they’ve been veryresponsive to our needs.”

Because of their many advantages over largesingle engine units, Generac’s Modular PowerSystems are the backup solution of choice for agrowing number of commercial, industrial and in-stitutional applications. MPS generators are avail-able in diesel, natural gas or bi-fuel versions, withsystem outputs ranging from 200 to 9000 kW. Inmost instances, Generac MPS gensets can be de-livered within much shorter lead times than largesingle engine solutions from other manufacturers,making them an attractive alternative for projectsrequiring higher power outputs. ❏

May 2009 • epsmag.net 33

Because of their many advantages over large single

engine units, Generac’s ModularPower Systems are the backupsolution of choice for a growingnumber of commercial, industrial

and institutional applications.

0509EPSp32,33:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 12:17 PM Page 33


Product Focus

EZCODE® EZL500 Thermal Label Printer Sets New Industry Standard

Thomas & Betts has introduced the new EZCODE® EZL500 Thermal Label Printer as an easy-to-use tool that can work in moreenvironments than any other thermal label printer on the market.

The new EZL500 features a large LCD screen that makes viewing easy, and the backlit display en-ables use in low-light environments. Plus, an integral cassette sensor automatically adjusts theunit to the tape’s width and media type, eliminating reprogramming with each tape switch.

Size matters when it comes to thermal label printers. The EZL500’s ergonomic designmakes it easy to carry and the oversized, wide-spaced keys help reduce typing mistakes.Rubber overmolding enables a firm grip and helps to protect the unit in case of an acciden-tal drop.

“The EZL500 answers a specific market need for a competitive heavy-duty hand-heldprinter for the electrical industry,” said Dan Vega, product manager at Thomas & Betts. “The

EZL500 offers a great addition to the EZCODE line of products. We are confident that theprinter will be the easiest to use in the market.”

The printer’s powerful firmware is also easy to use and makes operation intuitive. Theprinter package includes PC connection software and a built-in mini USB port. This allowsusers to download upgrades, logos and additional symbols to the EZL500 printer.

For extra versatility, the EZL500 printer handles a variety of tapes, ranging from a quar-ter-inch to an inch wide. Tape materials come in nylon, polyester, heat-shrink material andself-laminating vinyl. One of the optional benefits include a long-life, rechargeable, 7.4-voltLi-ion battery.

For more information, visit www.tnb.com


0509EPSp34-39:Company Spotlight 5/8/09 11:22 AM Page 34


Appleton Introduces Easy-to-Identify FireAlarm Outlet Boxes to Help ElectriciansMeet NEC Requirements

To help electricians meet National Electric Code (NEC)requirements calling for the easy identification of fire

alarm circuits at terminal or junc-tion boxes, has introduced itsnew ETP line of red steel boxes,extension rings and covers. Be-cause the boxes ship ready-to-install, this design eliminates theneed to paint at a warehouse orjob site. Protected by anepoxy-powder coating, the boxesare available in 4-inch and 4-11/16-inch square, 1-1/2-inch

and 2-1/8-inch deep welded or drawn construction. Allare available with the Appleton Groundskeeper™ raised

boss that allows for a 3/8-inch ground screw to be threadedinto the box without contacting the mounting surface. Stan-dard flat ground tapped holes are also available.

For more information, call 800-621-1506

VT-270 Vee TwinSeatek Co. is introducing a new state

of the art product, the VT-270 Vee-Twin.The Vee-Twin is the simple, safe and fast

way to strip cables from5/16” to 2-1/8” O.D. Nolonger use dangerousknives or blades in atime consuming, laborintensive method to strip

cables, use the Vee-Twin!The compact patented Vee-Twin stripper has

a tremendous range and can quickly be adjusted toaccept cables from 5/16” up to 2-1/8” outside diameter.

The unique design allows you to first ring-cut a cable.While keeping the VT-270 clamped on the cable the blade isretracted and swung 90° and then re-inserted. Now pull theVee-Twin along the cable to make a lengthwise cut and eas-ily separate the cable’s jacket.

The Vee-Twin can be operated in tight spaces and its Dou-ble-vee cable support allows even curved cables to bestripped. The blade assembly is spring loaded permittingblade penetration to remain constant even with out of roundand oval cables. Blades are replaceable. Blade penetration iseasily adjusted with a large dial showing penetration in thou-sands of an inch and includes a locking mechanism.

No other tool on the market can strip as many different ca-bles in such a compact easy to use package.

For more information, visit www.seatekco.com/vt-270.htm



New Cablofil/Legrand® Launches Latest Catalog on CD

Cablofil/Legrand is issuing its latest product catalog on CD in an easy-to-use digital page-turning format. The new 222-page catalog spans threeproduct lines, including Cablofil wire mesh tray and related accessories,PW cable management products and FAS Power electrical assemblies.The new catalog is filled with installation tips and application photos toassist engineers as well as installers.

The Product Line CD catalog is compatible with all browsers anddoes not require the user to be connected to the Internet. Its innova-tive, user-friendly software is very intuitive and includes an easy-to-useindex for quick reference. All information contained on the CD can bedownloaded in pdf format and printed, if needed. Instructional andpresentation videos are included.

This move to digital media is part of Cablofil’s company-widegreen initiative, designed to reduce the amount of paper used forpromotional purposes.

Cablofil/Legrand is the world’s leader in cable management in-novation focusing on productivity enhancing products for the dataand electrical markets.

For more information, visit www.cablofil.com


Product Focus



Leviton Introduces Industry-LeadingSmartLockPro®Combination GFCI Receptacle with Pilot Light

Leviton Manufacturing has expanded its SmartLock-PRO® line of GFCIs (ground fault circuit interrupters)with the introduction of an industry-leading combinationGFCI Receptacle with Pilot Light. The new SmarlLockProGFCI is ideal for installations requiring a dedicated sin-gle GFCI-protected receptacle for applications such ascommercial kitchens, sump pumps and other environ-ments requiring GFCI protection. The highly visiblepower indication pilot light on the device makes it easyfor users to determine whether there is power to the re-ceptacle, without having to move equipment to test thedevice’s circuit.

The new Combination GFCI offers SmartLockPro’s in-dustry leading features, including line/load reversal diagnostics, end-of-life indicatorand surge-hardened electronics for superior resistance to surges and overvolt-ages. Long lasting, energy-efficient LEDs on the device offer a 20-year life ex-pectancy. The device’s bulb-free design means bulbs never need to be replaced.

Constructed of an impact-resistant thermoplastic nylon cover and polycarbonatebody, the new combination GFCI resists abuse. The device features heavy dutytriple-wipe contacts and plated steel terminal screws. It is available in Ivory, White,Gray, Almond and Light Almond colors with a matching wallplate in a 15A, 125 Volt,20 A feed-through version. The GFCI is UL listed and CSA and NOM Certified.

For more information, visit www.leviton.com


Altech® Modular Power Distribution SystemDelivers Flexibility and Savings for Wiring Applications

The new Altech® Power Distribu-tion (APD) System introduces a flex-ible solution for busing commonpower to multiple (and different)electrical components. The modularAPD system enables easy addition orremoval of components using quickdisconnects for savings up to 30 per-

cent in installation time and reduced need for troubleshooting and maintenance.The APD system can supply separate voltages to auxiliary circuits and control

circuits for relays, contactors, and timers or deliver power to circuit breakers, motorstarters, switches, and contactors, among other applications. The system allowsfor multiple connections per phase and up to 83 disconnects per meter.

The APD system houses two conductors in plastic insulation suitable for volt-ages up to 600VAC. Conductors with current ratings of 25A, 63A, or 80A are avail-able. APD bus bars promote additional economies and can be specified in 1 or 2phases with maximum temperature rating of 158º F (70º C). Bus bars can be cut-to-length tailored for application.

Altech offers a Power Input Connector for currents over 30A up to 90A with thecapability to accommodate wires from 8AWG to 2AWG. For currents less than 30A,standard female quick disconnects can be used for power feeding or between busbar connections.

For more information, visit www.altechcorp.com




Greenlee’s New Tool Crimps both Insulated and Un-insulated TerminalsOne tool to make your job faster, safer and easier

Greenlee, a Textron Inc. (NYSE: TXT) company now of-fers a new pliers-style terminal crimping tool that’s de-signed for crimping both insulated and un-insulatedterminals and splices from 10 to 22 AWG. The tool is de-signed for electricians, telco installers, security and alarminstallers, and other people who regularly install terminals.

The KP1022D crimping tool provides precision cutting ofsmall wires and for crimping terminals onto the same wires.It has two crimping die positions. One for crimping insu-lated terminals and splices and the other for crimping un-insulated terminals and splices.

The new crimping tool comes in either the double-cush-ioned handle grips (KP1022) or the standard handle grips(KP1022D), making both easy to slip in or remove from toolpouches. The smooth pivot action allows the tool to easilybe used with one hand.

The forged steel and hardened design provides long life,and the precision-machined and hardened cutter blades at the nose of the tool make cutting copper and aluminum wire easy.

For more information, visit www.greenlee.textron.com

Product Focus




Siemens Introduces New Two Pole Combination Type Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter Saves on Wiring Cost and Installation Time

Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. recently announced that it has expanded itsfull residential line of award-winning Combination Type Arc Fault Circuit Inter-rupters (CAFCIs) to include a 2-pole Combination Type AFCI. The new 2-poledevice can reduce wiring costs and installation time by enabling contractorsto use multi-wire branch circuits, commonly known as “shared neutrals”. Whenusing single pole CAFCIs, a dedicated neutral is required for each circuit. Thenew 2-pole CAFCI allows electricians to share neutrals between the two circuitsfed by the breaker. Siemens’ CAFCIs meet all requirements of the current and pro-posed codes. The Combination Type AFCIs have been listed by Underwriters Lab-oratories Inc. (ULR) and are available for use on 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and20-ampere branch circuits. Siemens Combination Type AFCIs are equipped withSiemens patented unique LED trip indicators, which help electricians and homeowners pinpoint the type of problems that may cause the device to trip. The LEDslocated near the handle of the circuit breaker can distinguish whether the tripwas caused by arcing faults, arcing to ground, or over current conditions. Addi-tionally, the new 2-pole CAFCIs indicate the leg on which the arcing fault was de-tected based on which single LED is illuminated.

For more information, visit www.sea.siemens.com




Company PG# RS# Company PG# RS#

ACOM TOOLS, LLC 34 34

ACR SYSTEMS 26 32

AEE SOLAR 15 14

ALBER CORPORATION IBC 2

BYTE BROTHERS 12 30

CONEST 21 17

COPPER DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 23 18

DC POWER SYSTEMS 25 19

EXTECH INSTRUMENTS 7, 9 8, 9

E-Z METER 36 38

GENERATOR INTERLOCK TECHNOLOGIES 10 10

HIOKI USA 13 12

HOTBEND 34 35

ICC 19 16

KRENZ & COMPANY 26 33

MEGGER 3, 5 5, 7

MISTER SPARKY LLC 14 13

PG LIFELINK 11 11

PHASE-A-MATIC 36 37

SINGLETOUCH 38 40

SOLAR EVENTS ‘09 17 15

SOLARWORLD CALIFORNIA BC 3

SOLMETRIC 18 31

STEELMAN INDUSTRIES, INC. 38 41

STRIP-TEC 39 42

SUMMIT TECHNOLOGY, INC. 29 21

SUNWIZE TECHNOLOGIES 31 22

TENMAT, INC. 1 4

UEI 37 39

UNDERGROUND DEVICES 27 20

UNIVERSAL LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 35 36

UTILITY METALS 40 43

WATTSTOPPER / LEGRAND IFC 1

This advertisers index is compiled as a courtesy to our readers. While every effort is made to provide a complete and accurate listing of companies, page numbers andreader service numbers, the publisher is not responsible for errors.

Advertiser INDEX



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