05 project management

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What is a PROJECT?

A project is a means to achieve an end in

harmony with the development process of the

organization.

It is a process where the resources are invested

with a view to developing assets, acceptable

within quality specifications, required to be

used later on by the organization.


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What are the usual characteristics of a Project?

A Project is characterized by a complex set of activities that

must be performed in a particular order within the given periodand within the given expenditure.

Each project has a definite beginning and a definite end.

Requirement of resources for project execution is not

uniform.

Operations are carried out in fixedposition type of layout.

A project involves many tasks, each having its own

specialization to be performed by different agencies.

Since there are a large no. of activities, involvement of

different agencies and strict precedence requirements,

scheduling and control assume great importance.

Delays in execution lead to high cost overruns.


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What is PROJECT MANAGEMENT?

Project Management is a scientific way of

planning, implementing, monitoring and

controlling the various aspects of a project.

The objective is to achieve the basic goals set

forth while formulating a project.

It involves the coordination of group activity

where the Project Manager plays a very vital

role.


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Objectives of PROJECT MANAGEMENT

To achieve efficiency & effectiveness.

To attain customer satisfaction.


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Techniques of Project Scheduling

Bar Chart or Gantt Chart Method of Scheduling (developed by Henry Gantt)

Simple Bar Chart

Modified Bar Chart

Network Techniques of Scheduling

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Project / Programme Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)

Critical Path Sequencing (CPS)

Resource Allocation & Multi-Project Scheduling (RAMPS)

Least Cost Estimating & Scheduling (LESS)


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What is a NETWORK?

A NETWORK is a diagrammatic representation of

all the activities involved in a Project, portraying

the mutual inter-relationship amongst the

activities, indicating the point of start of the Projectand the various paths or chains of activities

through which the project programme progresses,

being finally culminating at a particular point,

declaring the completion of a Project.


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Introduction to Network Techniques

A NETWORK is a set of nodes and arcs. When the arcs are directed, i.e.,

when the arcs have an arrow head and a tail head, then the corresponding

network is called a directed network (eg., water network), else it is called a

non-directed network (eg., road network).

We represent a Project as a directed network.

The activity-on-node system requires that each activity is represented by a

node.

The activity-on-arc requires that each arrow represents something that has

to be done the job, the operation, the activity etc.

The tail of the arrow represents the commencement of the activity and the

head represents its completion. Since this is a logic model, the scale is of no

importance.


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Network Elements

An event is defined to be the junction of two or more no. of activities.

Initial Event Intermediate Event Terminal Event

The arrowheads connecting two events are termed as activities. The duration

of each activity is shown over the activity arrowhead.

Ti j

i-j is an activity and Ti j is the time for completion of that activity.


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Errors in Network Logic

1. Looping Error

2. Dangling Error

3. Logical Error

Activity 3-4 is dependent on 1-3

and activity 3-5 is dependent on

activities 1-3 and 2-3.


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Fulkersons Rule of Numbering Network Events

1. Start from the initial event give it the first number 1.

2. Proceed to each event in sequence and delete the path by which

you reach to that event.

3. If by such process of deletion, that event turns into an initial

event, give it the next higher number. If there is a tie, any one of

the events can be given the next higher number and the

remaining one the still next higher number and so on.

4. Adopt steps 2 and 3 until all the events are numbered.

05 project management

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