04_strat__2010_10_22l-3
TRANSCRIPT
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Rocks types
Magmatic rocks(das magmatische Gestein, der Magmatit)
(intrusiv, extrusiv)
Sedimentary rocks(das Sedimentgestein)
Metamorphic rocks(das metamorphe G., das Metamorphit)
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Rock cycle
WeatheringErosion
Deposition
Sedimentaryrocks
Metamorphic rocks
MeltingMantledifferentiation
Igneousrocks
Exhumation
Lithification
Magma formation
Metamorphism
Meta-morphism
Not to any scaleat all!
sea level
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Rocks
Need methods to:
1) determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks.
2) divide rocks into parts that canbe easily described.
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Sedimentary layering
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Sedimentary layering
Photo Erich Draganits
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Bedding
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Steno Principles
1 - Principle of Superposition.(Das Superpositionsprinzip.)
2 - Principle of Horizontality.(Das Horizontalitätsprinzip.)
3 - Principle of Lateral Continuity. (Das Lateralkontinuitätsprinzip.)
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N
3 - Lateralcontinuity
Finland
rwy
No
a
Sw
een
dG
lf of
Bot
hnia
uOccurrences ofAlum Shale in
Sweden(50-200 m thick)
0 500
km
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1 - Superposition
Photo John Ramsay
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2 - Horizontality
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Unconformity(die Discordanz)
An unconformityis present when there is a
between a layer of sedimentary rock
and the underlying rocks.
time gap
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Unconformity types
non-conformity
paraconformity
disconformity
angular unconformity
(no German equivalent).
(die maskierte Discordanz).
(die ungleich Discordanz).
(die Winkeldiscordanz).
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640 Ma
800 Ma
Disconformity
640 Ma
800 Ma
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640 Ma
800 Ma
Disconformity
640 Ma
800 Ma
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Unconformity - 1
200 Ma
320 Ma
200 Ma
320 Ma
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Unconformity - 2
Indian molasse - both < 30 Ma oldphoto Bernhard Grasemann
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Sea-level changes
TRANSGRESSIONSea-level
RISEoastliC
ne
REGRESSIONSea-level
FALLoastliC
ne
Land
Sea
Land
Sea
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20,000yearsago
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Sea-level - Late Cretaceous94 Ma
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sea-level changesRELATIVE
Affect the area of the continents.
Eustatic - world wide.
Isostatic - local.
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Isostatic sea-level change
Isobases (m)for 6,000 BP
500 km
100
75
50
25 0
100
Shows uplift from sea-level since 6,000 BP.
Note that the points then atsea level were not the land
surface, since the ice depressed the land to
below sea-level).
.Uplift continues at up to-19 mm yr
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Stratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy - the actual rocks.
Chronostratigraphy - the age.
Biostratigraphy - the fossil content.
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SupergroupGroup Subgroup
Member
Bed (sediments) / Flow (volcanic)
FORMATION
Lithostratigraphic division
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VE
ST
ER
TA
NA
BR
EIV
IKS
TA
PP
OG
IED
DE
Mann-drapselva
Innerelva
Lillevatnet
MORTENSNES
NY
BO
RG
SMALFJORD
GRP. FM. Mbr.
(do NOT learn)
5km
N
30
0 m
Lithostratigraphy
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Distance (10s to 100s of km)
Tim
e (
Ma
)Formation B
Formation A
Diachroneity
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Time divisions(chronostratigraphy)
EON (die Äon) - Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic;
ERA (die Ära) - Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic occur in the Phanerozoic;
PERIOD (die Periode) - E. Palaeozoic - Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian; L. Palaeozoic - Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian; Mesozoic - Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous; Cenozoic - Palaeogene, Neogene, Quaternary.
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Biostratigraphy - fossil data
Good biostratigraphic fossils are:
- easily found, everywhere;
- constrains time well;
- sharp boundaries.
Common
Short time range
Fast evolution/extinction
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Invertebrates - macrofossils(e.g. ammonites)
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Jurassicbiostrat.
74 ammonitezones in55 Ma
= ca. 0.75 Maper zone.
(do not learn)
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Microfossils - better
Apectodinium augustum, a dinoflagellate at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary in the N. Atlantic. Photo Omar Mohamed, Graz Uni.
planktonic (widely dispersed),abundant, rapid evolution
PPL 20µ REM 20µ
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Terrestrial biostratigraphy
Nypa, shrub salt-water palm, from SE Asia, Eocene.Photo Christa Hofmann, Uni. Wien
20µ 5µ
Fossil plants (pollen) are OKMicromammal teeth are better
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Trace fossils (Ichnofossils)
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Fossil diachroneity - 1
Evolution and spreading rate
Environmental constraints
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Fossil diachroneity - 2
TimePlane
t tLithos ra .
Bo n au d ryBi t .os rat
Boundary
TimePlane
Volcanicevent
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Eocene (54 Ma) ash-fall (mm)
Goban Spur
Fur
Iceland
Anthering
Untersberg
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(do NOT learn this figure- it is way out of date)Unified stratigraphy
STEPHANIAN
WESTPHALIAND
WESTPHALIANC
WESTPHALIANB
WESTPHALIANA
NAMURIAN
UPPERCOAL
MEASURES
MIDDLECOAL
MEASURES
LOWERCOAL
MEASURES
RADSTOCKIAN
STAFFORDIAN
YORKIAN
LANARKIAN
I
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
Anthracoceras
Gastrioceras
Prolifera
Tenuis
Phillipsi
Up. Similis-pulchra
Low. Similis-pulchra
Modiolaris
Communis
Lenisulcata
Chrono-strat.
Litho-strat.
PlantDivisions
FloralZones
GoniatiteStages
Non-marineBivalvezones
Biostratigraphy