04sp9 wb unitd - nelson

Study Guide Outline

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12CHAPTER

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson206 Chapter 12 Study Guide

Use this outline to write notes as you progress through the Chapter.

Six key ideas of chapter

the night skyastronomyastronomer

Earth’s motionsrotationrevolution

effects of Earth’s rotationphotoperiod

planetsretrograde motion

precession

effects of Earth’s revolution

perihelionaphelionthe seasons

constellations

the celestial sphereexplanation

celestial equatorplane of the eclipticequinoxessolstices

circumpolar constellationsexplanationexamples

Study Guide Outline (continued)

Chapter 12 Study Guide 207Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

phases of the moonlunar cycle

eclipsessolar eclipselunar eclipsenodes

tides

our solar systemformation of the solar system

nebulasNASAIRASprotoplanetsouter planetsterrestrial planets

minor bodiesasteroidsmeteoroidsmeteorsmeteoritescomets

formation of our MoonBig Splash theoryApollo

a closer look at the planetsauroras

terrestrial planets

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

12CHAPTER


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

the gas giants Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

other objects in our solar system

astronomical unit (AU)

history of astronomyAboriginal legends

ancient science

the early yearsPtolemy

astrolabegeocentric

post-middle agesCopernicus

heliocentricBrahe

Galileo

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Newton

modern astronomy

12CHAPTER


Chapter 12 Scaffolding Master 12.1 209Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.1

The Night SkyKey Question: What clues do you get about Earth’s motion from observing the night sky?

BEFORE YOU READ

Scan Section 12.1 to locate the highlighted words and headings. Read the sentencesaround the highlighted words to try to figure out their meanings. Then, on the linesbelow, predict what this section will be about.

WHILE YOU READ

Pause and think as you read. After you read the part identified in column 1, pause andwrite brief notes or make sketches in column 2 of ideas you want to remember.

SCANNING

• Scanning is a useful strategy to use when you want to locate specific information, suchas a word, fact, or idea.

• Read down a page to locate specific facts or answers.• Think about how headings or diagrams might guide you.• Move your eyes quickly down the page, seeking specific words and phrases.

Paragraph Ideas to remember

Paragraphs 1 and 2

Earth’s Motions Paragraphs 3 to 7

Precession Paragraph 8Figures 4 and 5

The Night Sky (continued)

AFTER YOU READ

• Compare your notes with those of another student. Identify what is the same and whatis different in the ideas you want to remember.

• Discuss with another student how the figures relate to the information in the paragraphs.

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson210 Chapter 12 Scaffolding Master 12.1

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.1

Paragraphs Ideas to remember

Effect of Earth’s RevolutionParagraph 9and Figure 6

The SeasonsParagraph 10Figure 7

ConstellationsParagraphs 11 to 13Figures 8, 9, and 10

The Celestial SphereParagraphs 13 to 17Figure 11

Circumpolar Constellations Paragraph 18Figure 12

Chapter 12 Worksheet 12C-1 211Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12C

Star MapWith a pencil, join the stars to form constellations. Label the constellations.

brightest stars

less bright stars

WinterSummer

Spring

Fall

The Earth–Moon SystemKey Question: What are the effects of the Earth–Moon system?

BEFORE YOU READ

• Examine the words and phrases below. Using the concept map provided below as astarting point, show how you think the words and phrases are related to one another.Feel free to modify this concept map or create one of your own.

phases of the moon, solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, orbital plane, node, tides, neap tides, spring tides, new moon, gibbous moon, crescent moon, full moon


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.2

Earth–MoonSystem

Eclipses

Phases ofthe Moon

Tides


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.2

The Earth–Moon System (continued)• What do you already know about this topic?

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____________________________________________________________________

• Predict what you think you will learn by reading this selection.

____________________________________________________________________

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WHILE YOU READ

As you read, use the space below or your notebook to make jot notes about the interestingfacts you find out about the Earth–Moon system.

AFTER YOU READ

Review the organizer you made before you read. What changes would you like to make toit now that you have read the section? Use a different coloured pen or pencil to show yourchanges.

Our Solar SystemKey Question: How did our solar system form?

BEFORE YOU READ

Scan section 12.3 to locate the highlighted words. Read the sentences around thehighlighted words to try to figure out their meanings. Then, on the lines below, predictwhat this section will be about.

WHILE YOU READ

Pause and think as you read. After you read the parts identified in column 1, pause andwrite brief notes or make sketches in the right-hand column of ideas that you want toremember.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.3

Heading Ideas to remember

Formation of the Solar System

Minor Bodies


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.3

Our Solar System (continued)

AFTER YOU READ

Create a quiz in the space below. Use your notes from the right-hand column of yourtable to write six true or false questions. Give your quiz to another student to answer.


Formation of our Moon

Step Organizer for the Formation of the Solar System

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson216 Chapter 12 Worksheet 12.3-1

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

As you read about the formation of the solar system, summarize each of the five majorsteps in the boxes below. Draw a small diagram to accompany each of these steps.

12.3

Diagrams

Step Organizer for the Formation of the Moon

Chapter 12 Worksheet 12.3-2 217Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

As you read about the formation of the Moon, summarize each of the four major steps inthe boxes below. Draw a small diagram to accompany each of these steps.

12.3

Diagrams

A Closer Look at the Planets


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: What are the unique characteristics of the planets in our solar system?

BEFORE YOU READ

Before you read Section 12.4, complete the first three columns of the table below.

12.4

Name of planet What I know What I wonder What I learned

A Closer Look at the Planets (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 12.4


A Closer Look at the Planets (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

WHILE YOU READ

Complete the last column of your chart, What I learned.

AFTER YOU READ

There are many ways to summarize ideas. One way is pick out key ideas or features andchart them or use the ideas to create a cinquain. Here is how to create a planet cinquain: • Line 1: The name of the planet. • Line 2: Two words that tell something about the planet. • Line 3: Three words that end in “-ing.” • Line 4: A phrase that gives unique information about the planet. • Line 5: Repeat the name of the planet.

Work with another student to make cinquains that summarize ideas about each planet.

12.4

Mercurycraters, sluggish

colliding, boiling, rotatingsee it transit in 2016

Mercury


Comparing Characteristics of the Planets

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Planet

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Diameter (km)

Size (diameterrelative toEarth, Earth = 1)

No. ofmoons Surface features Atmosphere

DistancefromSun (km)

DistancefromSun (AU)

Chapter 12 W

orksheet 12.4-1221

People Search: Asteroid Factoids and Celestial Tidbits


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

the planet that has over 60 moons objects that are considered “leftovers” from the formation ofplanets

planets that have low densities the type of minor body that burns up completely in theatmosphere

the group of planets that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptunebelong to

the type of minor body that is actually a “shooting star” largeenough to reach Earth’s surface

the planets in order according to their distance from the Sun the object in the solar system that a comet’s tail points awayfrom

planets that are small, rocky, and have high densities causes a comet’s tail to be pushed

the planet with the Giant Red Spot the planet with a temperature range of �173 °C to 427 °C

the planet with 1000 rings and high winds that can float inwater

the planet that scientists believe life may once have existed on

the planet that spins on its side and has rings the two planets with no moons

the planet that has one of its moons revolving in the oppositedirection to the planet’s rotation

the two planets that the asteroid belt is found between

the planet with no atmosphere, a very slow rotation, and manycraters

the two planets that rotate in the opposite direction to Earth

12.4

History of Astronomy


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: How does studying the history of astronomy help you understand modern astronomy?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim Section 12.5. On the lines below, predict what you will learn by reading thissection.

WHILE YOU READ

• Scan the text on pages 396 to 402 to locate the following specific information:

• How did cultures all over the world use traditional stories?

• How did the Haida explain how the universe was formed?

• According to the legends of the Tsimshian, how were the Moon and stars formed?

• What evidence suggests that people studied astronomy thousands of years ago?

• What is significant about the arrangement of the stones of Stonehenge?

12.5

SKIMMING

• When you skim, you read parts of the text quickly to get a general idea of what it isabout.

• Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph—do not read every word.• Take a quick look at photos and diagrams to see how they fit into the ideas presented.

History of Astronomy (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

• What culture developed an accurate calendar of 365 days over 3000 years ago?

• What was Ptolemy’s contribution to early astronomy?

• What was Copernicus’s contribution to early astronomy?

• How did Galileo Galilei make his place in history?

• What were Kepler’s three profound conclusions?

• What made Newton realize that the Moon’s orbit is a combination of the force ofgravity and the Moon’s own motion?

• Who is credited with the theory that the universe began with a “big bang?”

• Now, read the section carefully to decide on an answer to the Key Question.

AFTER YOU READ

Discuss with another student your prediction and what you found out from readingSection 12.5. How accurate were your predictions? How similar were your findings? Discuss your answer to the key question.

12.5

Chapter 12 Quiz

Chapter 12 Quiz 225Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Part A: Modified True/FalseIndicate whether each statement is true or false. If false, change the underlined word orphrase to make the statement true.

____ 1. Orion is a circumpolar constellation. _________________

____ 2. The current model that describes the nature of our solar system is the geocentricmodel. _________________

____ 3. Theories for the formation of our solar system are based on educated guesses._________________

Part B: CompletionComplete the sentence.

4. The motion of Earth in an elliptical orbit around the Sun is ___________________.

5. __________________________ motion is the slowing, reversal, and eventuallooping of a planet’s path across the sky.

6. The __________________________ are the two points at which Earth and theMoon’s orbital planes intersect.

7. Earth’s __________________________ is responsible for the seasons, not itselliptical orbit.

Part C: MatchingMatch each of these astronomers to their contribution to science.

____ 8. Copernicus (a) observed the 1572 supernova that shattered the common belief that the heavens were fixed

____ 9. Brahe (b) determined that the orbital paths of planets are elliptical

____10. Kepler (c) explained why the Moon does not fall toward Earth

____11. Newton (d) proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system

Part D: Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter beside the answer that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.

12. Summer is experienced in the northern hemisphere when

(a) Earth is in its aphelion position (b) Earth is in its perihelion position (c) the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun(d) none of the above

12CHAPTER

Chapter 12 Quiz (continued)

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

13. The planet with the greatest mass and a magnetic field 20 000 times stronger thanEarth’s is

(a) Jupiter (c) Mercury(b) Saturn (d) Neptune

14. These tides occur when the Sun and the Moon form perpendicular lines with respectto Earth.

(a) weak (c) spring (b) neap (d) (a) and (b)

15. These consist mainly of hydrogen and helium gases and, to a lesser extent, grains ofsolid matter such as iron, rock, and ice.

(a) nebulas (c) meteoroids (b) asteroids (d) comets

16. The fact that most planets rotate in the same direction as their orbital planes isevidence for the ______________ theory.

(a) kinetic molecular (c) rotating nebula(b) Big Splash (d) Big Bang

Part E: Short AnswerUse sentences to answer the following questions.

17. In your own words, describe the current theory for the formation of our solar system.Include the name of this theory, how long ago the formation took place, and how itaccounts for the formation of the inner and outer planets.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

18. Describe how ancient peoples relied on a basic understanding of the movement ofobjects in the sky.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

12CHAPTER

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson226 Chapter 12 Quiz

Study Guide Outline


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Four key ideas of chapter

origin of the universeexpanding universe

evidence

spectroscope

red shift

Big Bang theorymodern support

COBE and WMAP

measuring distance in spacestars and galaxies

light year

parallax

baseline

Cepheid variables

red shift

absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude

birth of stars, and the Sunstellar birth

nuclear fusion

stellar midlife

solar anatomy

13CHAPTER



Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Sun’s surface

prominences and flares

stars: old age, death, and new lifeHertzsprung–Russell diagram

red giant to white dwarf

supernovas

neutron star

pulsar

black hole

galaxies and our home: the Milky Way

our Local Group

classifying galaxieselliptical

spiral

barred spiral

irregular

the Milky Waygalaxy centre

quasars and galaxy clusters

star clusters

dark energy and the expansion of the universe

dark matter

dark energy

13CHAPTER


The Origin of the Universe


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: What evidence do we have for an expanding universe?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim the first paragraph to identify Hubble’s two discoveries. How do his discoveriessuggest that the universe is expanding?

WHILE YOU READ

Read the information under each of the headings. In the right-hand column of the chartbelow, list ideas that you want to remember.

13.1

Heading Evidence

The Evidence for anExpanding Universe

Modern Support for theBig Bang Theory

COBE and WMAP ProvideEvidence for the Big Bang

The Origin of the Universe (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

AFTER YOU READ

Create a multiple-choice quiz in the space below and give it to another student tocomplete. Use your definitions and notes from the right-hand column of your table towrite questions. Give three possible answers. Only one answer can be correct.

13.1

QUIZ-WRITING TIPS

• Look at questions 1 and 2 in the Review Key Ideas and Vocabulary paragraphs onpage 410 for examples of how to write questions.

• Multiple choice items should be written in question format, rather than as a statement.• Each answer should be reasonable.

Chapter 13 Worksheet 13A 231Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13A

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Light source:

Bright Line Spectra Recording Chart

Measuring Distances in SpaceKey Question: How can distances in space be measured?

BEFORE YOU READ

• Explain the meaning of each of the bolded words in Section 13.2. Locate each word,read the sentences around it, and write what you think it means. Compare yourdefinition with the one in the Glossary.

light year:

parallax:

baseline:

standard candles:

absolute magnitude:

apparent magnitude:

• On the lines below, predict what you will learn by reading this section.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.2


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.2

Measuring Distances in Space (continued)WHILE YOU READ

As you read, use the space below to make jot notes about measuring distances in space.

AFTER YOU READ

• Read the Learning Tip on page 423. With another student, explain the sample problem. • Below, write a brief summary of the section using the terms you defined in Before You

Read.

Sample Problem 2: Travel Time for Interstellar Distances

PROBLEM

1. At a speed of 300 000 km/s, how far will light travel in five years?

2. At 29 000 km/h, how many years would it take to travel a distance of five light years?

3. If a human generation is 50 years, how many generations will it take to go that far?

SOLUTION

1. Given that one light year � 9.5 � 1012 km

So, five years � 5 � (9.5 � 1012 km), which equals ______________________ km

or ______________________ km.

2. At 29 000 km/h (2.9 � 104 km/h), how long will it take to travel __________ km?

To solve for the number of hours it will take,

time � �dsispteaendce

� � �2.

090�

000100040kkmm

/h� � ___________________________ h

Convert the hours to years using 8760 h/year.

years � � �87

16y0rh

�

It will take _____________ years to travel five light years at a speed of 29 000 km/h.

3. At a span of 50 years per generation,

generations ��50

0g0e0n0e0ra0t0io0nysr/yr

�

� _______________ generations

It will take ______________ generations to travel five light years.

This would get us to our three closest neighbouring stars, Proxima Centauri (4.2 light years) and Alpha Centauri A and B (4.4 light years), but not to our nextclosest star, Barnard’s star (6.0 light years).

For an extra challenge, perform the calculation using a speed of 62 000 km/h. This isthe approximate speed of Voyager 1 as it nears the boundary between our Sun andinterstellar space.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.2


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.2

How Far Apart Are Stars?To demonstrate just how far apart stars could be, consider that, on the average, there isone star for every 1 � 109 cubic light years of space. What distance would there bebetween the stars if our Sun was reduced to the size of a grain of sand of 1 mm3?

To do the calculation, students need to know that– the diameter of the Sun is 1.4 � 106 km, so 1 mm � 1.4 � 106 km (that will be our

scale for this question)– 1 � 109 cubic light years of space is a cube 1000 light years (l.y.) to a side.– 1 light year � 9.5 � 1012 km– there are 1 � 106 mm in a km

HINTS

First: Convert the side of the cube to a distance in km.

Second: At a scale of 1 mm � 1.4 � 106 km, how large is each side of the model of ourcube of space?

Third: With 1 � 106 mm/km our model is

Therefore, each grain of sand (a star the size of our Sun) would be separated by a distanceof _________ km.

Measuring Distances in Space Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS DOWN

1. apparent motion against a background 2. shows a star is moving away5. 3.26 light years 3. actual amount of light

10. the nearest star 4. measure from here to a distant star12. location of Sedna 6. unstable, yellow supergiants

7. shows a star is moving toward us8. of known brightness, used to determine distance9. 9.5 � 1012 km

11. brightness a star appears to have


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.2

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Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.3

The Birth of Stars, and the SunKey Question: What is the life cycle of a star?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim Section 13.3. On the lines below, predict what you will learn by reading thissection.

WHILE YOU READ

Make jot notes in the boxes below to describe the first two stages of the life cycle of a star.

AFTER YOU READ

Compare your notes with those of another student. Identify what is the same and what isdifferent in your summary of the two stages of the life cycle of a star.

Birth of a star Midlife of a star

The Structure of the SunAs you work through Section 13.3, add labels to the diagram below. Make notes as youlearn about the Sun.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.3

Chapter 13 Worksheet 13C 239Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13C

Sun Grid

Stars: Old Age, Death, and New LifeKey Question: What determines the stages of the life cycle of a star?

BEFORE YOU READ

• Explain the meaning of each of the bolded words in Section 13.4. Locate each word,read the sentences around it, and write what you think it means. Compare yourdefinition with the one in the Glossary.

main sequence:

solar mass:

red giant:

white dwarf:

neutron star:

pulsar:

black hole:


____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.4


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.4

Stars: Old Age, Death, and New Life (continued)WHILE YOU READ

Read the information under each of the headings. In the right-hand column of the chartbelow, list ideas that you want to remember about the development of the stages in thelife of a star.

AFTER YOU READ

Compare your notes to remember with those of another student. Identify what is thesame and what is different in your charts.


Hertzsprung–Russell:A Life History for theStars, and Figure 1

Red Giant to WhiteDwarf, and Figures 2and 3

Supernovas, NeutronStars, and BlackHoles, and Figures 4,5, and 6

Try This: Black Holes: Gravity’s Relentless Pull1. Go to the Nelson Science website, www.science.nelson.com, and follow the links to

Black Holes: Gravity’s Relentless Pull. Play the Intro.

2. Finding the Invisible:

a. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

b. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

c. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

d. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

e. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

f. Object: _______________ Distance: _______________ Black hole: ______________

Learn more: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. The Voyage to Cygnus X-1:

• Velocity to escape Earth’s gravity: ____________, in km/hr? ____________

• Energy boost to reach Pluto: ____________

Time to reach Pluto now: ____________

• Current percentage of light speed: ____________

Time to reach Cygnus X-1: ____________

• Energy boost to reach Cygnus X-1 ____________ in ____________ seconds


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.4


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.4

Try This: Black Holes: Gravity’s Relentless Pull (continued)OR: The Voyage to Andromeda:

• Velocity to escape Earth’s gravity: ____________, in km/hr? ____________

• Energy boost to reach Pluto: ____________

Time to reach Pluto now: ____________

• Current percentage of light speed: ____________

• Time to reach the edge of our galaxy: ____________

• Energy boost to reach the galaxy’s edge ____________ and do so in ____________

• Energy boost to reach Andromeda ____________and do so in ____________

4. Cygnus X-1 or Andromeda’s properties: ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Accretion disk properties: ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Jet properties: _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Black hole properties: _________________________________________________

5. Up Close and Personal:

Orbiting a black hole: _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Einstein’s Cross: _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

6. Experiment Name: ___________________________________________________

Description and results: _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Stars: Old Age, Death, and New Life Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS DOWN

2. tightly packed neutrons form a ________ 1. shows a star’s life history

4. light will not escape from one 3. emits high energy radio waves

6. fate of stars over 10 solar masses 5. created in a supernova

7. what our Sun will become

8. our star is in this band

9. energy output


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.4

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Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.5

Galaxies and Our Home: The Milky WayKey Question: How can you tell one galaxy from another?

BEFORE YOU READ

Preview the figures on pages 437 to 440. Complete the chart below.

What you will learn from studying this feature What questions do you have?

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Galaxies and Our Home: The Milky Way (continued)WHILE YOU READ

Pause and think as you read. After you read the text under each heading, pause and writebrief notes or make sketches in the right-hand column.

AFTER YOU READ

Compare your completed chart with that of another student. What information is thesame? What information is different?


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.5


Our Local Group

Classifying Galaxies

The Milky Way


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.5

Galaxies and the Milky Way Word Search

Word List

ANDROMEDA BARRED SPIRALELLIPTICAL GALACTIC COREGLOBULAR CLUSTER IRREGULARLOCAL GROUP MAGELLANIC CLOUDMILKY WAY OPEN CLUSTERORION PLEIADESQUASAR SAGITTARIUS ASPIRAL TARANTULA NEBULAVLT

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Dark Energy and the Expansion of the UniverseKey Question: What theories explain the expansion of the universe?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim Section 13.6, including the headings, bolded words, and diagrams. On the linesbelow, predict two things that you will learn about the expansion of the universe byreading this section.

1. __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

WHILE YOU READ

Pause and think as you read. After you read the parts identified in the left-hand column,pause and write brief notes in the right-hand column of ideas you want to remember.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.6

Paragraphs Ideas to remember

Paragraphs 1 and 2Figure 1

Dark MatterParagraphs 3 to 5Figure 2

Dark Energy Paragraphs 6 to 8


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.6

Dark Energy and the Expansion of the Universe (continued)AFTER YOU READ

With another student, use the space below to summarize what you learned from readingthe section. Then develop a response to the Key Question. Meet with another pair ofstudents and compare responses.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 13.6

Dark Energy and the Expansion of the Universe Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS DOWN

5. where dark matter is found 1. most of the universe9. supports dark energy 2. shows galaxies are moving away

10. dark energy is not this force 3. a concentration of galaxies12. what spiral galaxies do 4. 13.7 billion years ago13. models expansion of the universe 5. force to hold galaxies together

6. discovered the expanding universe7. missing mass 8. 9.5 � 1012 km

11. 0.4 %; stars and galaxies 14. 3.6 %; mostly hydrogen 15. what the universe is doing 16. increasing the expansion of the universe

1

4

8

12 13

10

9

7

6

11

14 15 16

2

3

5


Chapter 13 Quiz

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Part A: MatchingMatch each term to its correct description.

____ 1. causes the increased expansion of the universe (a) parallax

____ 2. the apparent movement of a nearby star against a non-moving background (b) standard candles

____ 3. responsible for the mass and gravity holding galaxies together (c) absolute magnitude

____ 4. a stellar object of known brightness and behaviour (d) nuclear fusion

____ 5. actual amount of light given off (e) photosphere

____ 6. has an immense gravitational pull (f ) sunspot

____ 7. process that releases great amounts of heat and light (g) pulsar

____ 8. at 5500 °C, it is the coolest part of the Sun (h) black hole

____ 9. caused by magnetic fields breaking through the surface (i) dark matter

____10. a rotating neutron star giving off high-energy radio waves (j) dark energy

Part B: Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter beside the answer that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.

11. Modern support for the Big Bang theory states that

(a) The universe is 13.7 billion years old +/– 200 million years.(b) Background radiation at the outer boundary of visible space has a temperature

of –273 oC.(c) The background radiation shows fluctuations in temperature and density that are

believed to be the beginnings of all galaxies.(d) All of the above are correct.

12. A simple way to increase the accuracy of the measurements of the distances to stars is to

(a) increase the length of the baseline(b) measure only the brightest stars(c) make the measurements three months apart(d) look at stars that are 90o overhead

13CHAPTER


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

13. Solar prominences and flares are caused by

(a) volcanic eruptions on the Sun(b) the rapidly spinning Sun throwing material into space(c) the gravitational pull of Jupiter and Saturn(d) disturbances in the Sun’s magnetic field

14. A star’s position on the main sequence band of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagramdepends upon its

(a) age (b) mass (c) diameter (d) type

15. Supernovas

(a) occur in stars over 10 solar masses(b) produce all the elements heavier than iron(c) form neutron stars and black holes(d) all of the above are correct

Part C: Diagram Question

16. Label the diagram of the Sun and briefly describe what occurs in each portion.

13CHAPTER


E

F

A

B

C

D




Part D: Short Answer

17. A body orbiting between Jupiter and Saturn forms an angle of 82o whenmeasurements are made six months apart. Earth’s baseline is 3.0 � 108 km. Create ascale diagram to determine the distance to this possible new planet.

18. Summarize the evidence that points to the existence of dark matter.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

19. Name and describe the characteristics of the three main types of galaxies.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

20. Why will a red giant become a white dwarf and not a black hole?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Study Guide Outline

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________


ancient and modern toolsancient tools

modern toolselectromagnetic spectrum

radio telescopes

microwave technology

infrared telescopes

optical telescopes

observatories

ultraviolet telescopes

X-ray telescopes

gamma ray telescopes

Hubble Space Telescope

computers and probescomputers

probes

amateur astronomers

14CHAPTER




Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.1

Ancient and Modern ToolsKey Question: What technologies have helped astronomers investigate the universe?

BEFORE YOU READ

• Preview Section 14.1. Look at the headings. Read the first and last sentence in eachparagraph. Study the figures and read the captions. What do you already know aboutthis topic?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

WHILE YOU READ

Make notes from the section. Turn the headings and subheadings into questions and usethem to guide your note taking.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.1

Ancient and Modern Tools (continued)AFTER YOU READ

Create a multiple-choice quiz in the space below and give it to another student tocomplete. Use your notes to write questions. Give three possible answers. Only oneanswer can be correct.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.1

Astronomer’s ToolboxUsing Section 14.1, list a number of tools that astronomers use and make point-formnotes about each tool in the spaces provided.

Tool

s of

the

Ast

rono

mer

Ancient and Modern Tools Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS

2. long, low-energy waves3. very short, high-energy waves6. what we feel infrared radiation as8. Radio telescopes are usually found in

____________.9. the name of the project dedicated to finding

extraterrestrial life10. This is responsible for the blurring of stars viewed

from Earth.

DOWN

1. a world-renowned research site for particlephysics

4. early tool used by astronomers5. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the different

forms of this.7. Observatories are usually built near this.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.1

1

2

3 4

5

6 7

8

9

10


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.3

Computers and ProbesKey Question: What part do computers and probes play in investigating the universe?

BEFORE YOU READ

• Preview Section 14.3. Look at the headings. Read the first and last sentence in eachparagraph. Study the figures and read the captions. What do you already know aboutthis topic?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

WHILE YOU READ


Computers and Probes (continued)AFTER YOU READ

Create a multiple-choice quiz in the space below and give it to another student tocomplete. Use your notes to write questions. Give three possible answers. Only oneanswer can be correct.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.3


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.3

Space Probes SummaryIn the table below, list the probes discussed in Section 14.3, the planet or body they wereused to research, and the major discovery that the probe found.

Planet/Body Probe(s) Major discoveries/purpose


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 14.3

Computers and Probes Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS

2. Voyager 2 and Voyager 1 discovered that Io hasthese on its surface.

8. Spirit and Opportunity explored this planet.9. Most photographs taken by specialized telescopes

are enhanced by using this.

DOWN

1. A space probe is a(n) ______________ spacecraftthat leaves Earth’s orbit.

3. Information gathered by telescopes is analyzed by______________.

4. Luna 1 was the first successful one of these.5. An important function of computers in astronomy

is that they allow scientists to share this.6. When a celestial object, such as the Moon, passes

between an observer and a star.7. Cassini was the first probe to examine this planet.

1

2

8

9

7

3 4 5 6



Chapter 14 Quiz


____ 1. A simple tool used to measure angular distances is the spectroscope.__________________

____ 2. Another name for the astrolabe is the sextant. _______________

____ 3. Refracting telescopes use mirrors to gather light. __________________

____ 4. Reflecting telescopes are limited in size because their lenses sag if too heavy.___________________

____ 5. Organisms such as pit vipers see where areas are warm and cold because theydetect light in the microwave frequency. ____________________


6. All the energies in the universe that behave as waves are referred to as the____________________.

7. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the amount of ____________ associatedwith a particular band of electromagnetic radiation.

8. Indirect light that is not used is called __________________________.

9. Optical telescopes __________ and focus visible light.

10. An unpiloted spacecraft that leaves Earth’s orbit is known as a(n)__________________.

Part C: Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter beside the answer that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.

11. Most of the photographs taken by specialized telescopes, such as the UV telescope,are enhanced by computers so that we can see the energy emitted from objects thatwould otherwise be invisible to human eyes. Such images are said to be in

(a) digital format (c) true colour(b) false colour (d) pseudo-colour

12. The device used to search for extraterrestrial life is the

(a) radio telescope (c) spectroscope (b) refracting telescope (d) gamma ray detector


13. These tools are usually built on mountains in dry locations near the equator.

(a) satellites (c) radio telescopes (b) optical telescopes (d) observatories

14. Most radio telescopes are arranged in ________, as they gather more radio wavesfrom outer space than individual radio telescopes.

(a) arrows (c) random patterns(b) arrays (d) groups

15. Atmospheric diffraction is best described as

(a) the bending of light waves as they enter a lens(b) the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low

concentration(c) the scattering of light waves from objects in outer space due to an interaction

with the atmosphere(d) none of the above

16. Astronomers use computers to do the following:

(a) analyze data and perform simulations(b) produce images of objects that emit wavelengths humans cannot see(c) (a) and (b) (d) none of the above

Part D: Short AnswerUse sentences to answer the following questions.

17. Name three space probes, the planets they surveyed, and one piece of information wehave gained as a result of each probe’s mission.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

18. List three criteria for choosing a good location to build an observatory and explainthe reason for each criterion.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

19. Discuss how modern tools of the astronomer have improved our knowledge of theuniverse and the solar system.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________



Study Guide Outline


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________


faster than the speed of lightwarp speed

power without fuel

energy from space

warp drive

gravity

antimatter

getting into space free fall

launching into space

traditional rockets

space elevator

all these worlds

return to the Moon

new spacesuit

15CHAPTER



Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

to Mars

protection against radiation

on Mars

terraforming

are we alone?

other suns, other planets

detecting extrasolar planets

SETI: extraterrestrial intelligence

the Drake equation

15CHAPTER


Faster Than the Speed of Light


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: What do we need to discover to be able to explore beyond our solar system?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim Section 15.1, paying close attention to Table 1. On the lines below, predict whatyour answer will be to the Key Question.

WHILE YOU READ

As you read, note the ideas that you want to remember.

15.1

Heading or subheading

Ideas to remember

Warp Speed

Power without Fuel

Energy from Space


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.1

Faster Than the Speed of Light (continued)

AFTER YOU READ

Work with another student to develop a response to the Key Question. Meet with anotherpair of students and compare responses.

Heading or subheading

Ideas to remember

Warp Drive

Gravity

Antimatter


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.1

The Scale of Progress

Much of the science fiction of space travel is just fiction. Warp drive, inertia dampeners,and antimatter propulsion do not get beyond the wishful thinking or speculation stageson the scale of progress. Give a few examples from your everyday experiences of thingsthat progressed from wishful thinking to practical application over the last 50 years.

WishfulThinking Speculation Science Technology

PracticalApplication

Faster Than the Speed of Light Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS

3. faster than the speed of light4. object in motion stays in motion because of this7. asks the right questions to solve a problem8. holds matter together9. matter opposite to an electron

10. needed to power any spacecraft11. travels at 300 000 km/s13. closest star14. first stage in the scale of progress

DOWN

1. matter with its electric charge reversed2. not yet considered to be impossible5. belongs in science fiction6. travels at 60 000 km/h

10. space ship of science fiction12. a one-way force


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.1

1

2

3

4

7

65

8

9 10

13

14

11 12


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.2

Getting into SpaceKey Question: What issues confront those wishing to explore space?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim pages 486 to 490. Look at the headings. Read the first and last sentence in eachparagraph. Study the figures and read the captions. Look over the questions on page 491.On the lines below, predict what you will learn by reading this section.

WHILE YOU READ


Getting into Space (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

AFTER YOU READ

Create a quiz in the space below and give it to another student to complete. Use yournotes to write questions. Include the following:

• two multiple-choice questions that give three possible answers, where only oneanswer can be correct

• three true or false questions• one “why” question

15.2

Constant Free Fall


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

As you learn about free fall, fill in the labels and make notes.

A. ____________________________________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________________________________

15.2

G

A

BC

D E

F

The Space Elevator


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

As you learn about the space elevator, add captions to the figure and make notes.

Instead of extending the cable farther into space to keep it taut, what other proposals havebeen made to keep the cable extended into space?

15.2

Rocket Data Table

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

NUMBER OF PUMPS VERSUS HEIGHT

VOLUME OF WATER VERSUS HEIGHT

15A

Water volume(mL)

Number ofpumps

Baseline Height angle Height ofobserver’s eyesabove launchheight

Height reachedby rocket

40 or maximum 5

40 or maximum 10

40 or maximum 15

40 or maximum

40 or maximum

Water volume(mL)

Number ofpumps

Baseline Height angle Height ofobserver’s eyesabove launchheight

Height reachedby rocket

0 15

10 15

20 15

30 15

40 15

Chapter 15 Worksheet 15A 275

Rocket Data Table (continued)

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson276 Chapter 15 Worksheet 15A

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

distance to launch sample scale diagram10 m

Trial 1

Amount of water Number of pumps Angle reached Height from scale drawing

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

Trial 2


_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

Trial 3


_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

_____________ _____________ _____________ ______________________

15A

angle

rockettravel

observationpoint

launchpoint

10 m

All These Worlds


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: What challenges do people face in attempting space travel?

BEFORE YOU READ

Complete the second and third columns of the chart below.

WHILE YOU READ

Complete the last column of your chart, What I learned.

AFTER YOU READ

Write a brief summary of the challenges people face when they travel in space.

15.3

Space travel What I know What I wonder What I learned

Interstellar travel

Travel to theMoon

Travel to Mars

The Orion Capsule versus the Apollo Capsule


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

The Apollo capsule that took astronauts to the Moon in the late 1960s and 1970s offered6 m3 of space for the occupants. In the space below, create a diagram of a three-dimensional shape that would give that volume.

Sample Diagram Your Diagram

Dimensions of your box

l � ________ w � ________ h � _________

Using metre sticks, masking tape, and three chairs, create a mock-up of your box for threestudents to sit in. You can use the masking tape to outline on the floor the length andwidth of the box, and have someone hold up a metre stick to simulate the height.

Now, create another diagram for the Orion crew capsule. Recall Orion’s volume fromSection 15.3, and then calculate the volume of the capsule. Determine what are the bestdimensions for the capsule, and create your diagram.

Orion Capsule Diagram

Dimensions

l � ________ w � ________ h � _________

Create a mock-up for the Orion capsule to gain an understanding of how much moreroom future astronauts will have.

15.3

Are We Alone?


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Key Question: Is there life out there?

BEFORE YOU READ

Skim pages 500 to 502. Look at the headings. Read the first and last sentence in eachparagraph. Study the figures and read the captions. Look over the questions on page 503.On the lines below, predict what you will learn by reading this section.

WHILE YOU READ


15.5

Are We Alone? (continued)


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

AFTER YOU READ

Create a quiz in the space below and give it to another student to complete. Use yournotes to write questions. Include the following:

• two multiple-choice questions that give three possible answers, where only oneanswer can be correct

• three “why” questions

15.5


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.5

Try This: The Drake EquationThe Drake equation is

N � N* � fp � ne � fl � fi � fc � fLWhere N � the number of civilizations with detectable electromagnetic emissions

N* � the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy suitable for the development of intelligent life

fp � the fraction of those stars with planets

ne � the number of planets in each solar system with environments suitable for life

fl � the fraction of suitable planets where life actually develops

fi � the fraction of life-bearing planets where intelligent beings develop

fc � the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signals into space

fL � the length of time those civilizations release signals into space

Data blanks for the Drake equation

Trial 1

N* � _____________________________

fp � ______________________________

ne � _____________________________

fl � ______________________________

fi � ______________________________

fc � ______________________________

fL � ______________________________

N � _____________________________

Trial 2

N* � _____________________________

fp � ______________________________

ne � _____________________________

fl � _____________________________

fi � ______________________________

fc � ______________________________

fL � ______________________________

N � _____________________________

The MOST with the Least: Canada’s First Space TelescopeKey Question: What type of information is Canada’s space telescope collecting?

BEFORE YOU READ

What do you already know about Canada’s Space Telescope?

WHILE YOU READ

1. MOST is an acronym for ______________________________________________

2. Summarize some of the key features of the MOST telescope.

(a) mass ____________________________________________________________

(b) dimensions _______________________________________________________

(c) cost vs. Hubble _______________________________________

(d) % of time on target ____________________________________

3. MOST is extremely sensitive. Describe what it discovered in 2006 about the star HD 209458.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

4. The differential rotation of Epsilon Eridani with its equator spinning faster than itspoles can be shown by changing the position of the dots in the following diagrams.Redraw the remaining four dots to show the effect of the equator spinning faster thanthe poles.


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________ 15.5

direction ofrotation

north pole north pole


Chapter 15 Quiz

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Part A: MatchingPlace the letter of the correct term on the line to the left of the numbered description.

____ 1. detects a change in stellar brightness (a) inertia

____ 2. orbit with a fixed position above Earth (b) antimatter

____ 3. constant everywhere in the universe (c) free fall

____ 4. will gather data about the Moon for our safe return (d) low Earth orbit

____ 5. creates an alternating red shift–blue shift (e) escape velocity

____ 6. force that moves a rocket (f ) thrust

____ 7. 200–1000 km above Earth (g) geosynchronous

____ 8. a positron (h) terraforming

____ 9. oxygen-rich lunar material (i) extrasolar planets

____10. planets around other stars (j) radial velocity method

____11. changes to an alien world to support human life (k) photometric transit method

____12. speed needed to escape Earth’s gravity (l) electromagnetic forces

____13. occurs at a balance between gravity and (m) speed of lightforward motion

____14. objects in motion stay in motion (n) LRO

____15. holds matter together at the subatomic level (o) ilmenite

Part B: Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter beside the answer that best answers the question or completes thestatement.

16. To explore interstellar space and other star systems, we must be able to travel fasterthan the speed of light because

(a) the distance between the stars is enormous(b) it is not good science to use many generations of astronauts to explore the stars(c) so much time on Earth would pass that your mission would be forgotten(d) all of the above are correct

15CHAPTER


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

17. The force that holds matter together is

(a) inertia(b) heat (c) electromagnetic (d) gravity

18. Astronauts seem to float in their spacecraft because

(a) there is no gravity in space(b) inertia keeps them in the air(c) their spacecraft is going too slowly(d) they are in a spacecraft that is moving away from Earth as well as falling toward

Earth at the same time, and the two forces are balanced

19. Rockets move forward because

(a) gravity pulls them along(b) escaping gas molecules push the rocket forward(c) gases push on the ground at launch to move the rocket through its entire flight(d) their streamlined shape allows laminar flow over the rocket

20. A space elevator would be located at the equator because

(a) it is halfway between the countries of the world for easy access(b) the hot weather will keep the cable stretched tight(c) the equator aligns with geosynchronous orbit(d) there already is an asteroid above the equator in low Earth orbit to attach the

cable to

21. Oxygen on the Moon can be obtained from

(a) the lunar atmosphere after it has been purified(b) compounds in the lunar soil(c) microbes in the lunar soil(d) water in the local lakes

22. The next generation of space suit will

(a) protect itself from odour-causing bacteria(b) be able to seal small punctures(c) supply its own power(d) all of the above

15CHAPTER




Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Part C: Short AnswerUse complete sentences to answer each question.

23. Is escape velocity the same for every rocket that is launched? Explain.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

24. Where would a solid fuel rocket get the oxygen it needs to burn its fuel?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

25. Outline the major characteristics of the wink and the wobble methods for discoveringextrasolar planets. Include one difficulty with each method.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

26. Robotic rovers currently operating on the irregular surface of Mars have to be“smart.” They have to be able to make decisions about the safest route to follow asthey carry out their missions. Explain why these rovers cannot be adequatelycontrolled by Earth-based researchers.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

27. Why is it difficult for astronomers to detect groups of planets similar to our own solarsystem, even though they are believed to be quite common?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

15CHAPTER

Unit D Quiz

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________


____ 1. The wavelength of red light is longer than the wavelength of violet light.___________

____ 2. All the planets rotate in the same direction. _______________

____ 3. The dates on which the Sun crosses the celestial equator are called the solstices._____________

____ 4. Most of the photographs we see of objects in the universe show the true colour of objects.

____ 5. Helium-3, a critical part of the fusion process that powers a star, is found on the Moon.


6. An advantage of using VLAs instead of one large radio telescope is the increased______________ they provide.

7. Approximately 15 000 years from now, the pole star will be Vega, not Polaris. The phenomenon responsible for this is known as ______________.

8. The position of Earth’s orbit known as ____________ occurs when Earth is closestto the Sun.

9. The force causing the increase in the expansion of the universe and working againstthe force of gravity is called _________________________.

10. On the Moon, oxygen will be extracted from ________________________.

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson286 Unit D Quiz

DUNIT

Unit D Quiz (continued)

Unit D Quiz 287Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

Part C: MatchingMatch each astronomical term with the correct description.

____11. astrolabe (a) a range of energies that results from both electric and magnetic fields generated by atoms

____12. plane of the ecliptic (b) a technique of detecting extrasolar planets that relies on discovering a star that shows an alternating red shift–blue shift to its spectrum

____13. EM spectrum (c) the path the Sun takes through the sky marked by the twelve zodiac constellations

____14. space probe (d) a device used by astronomers to safely survey distant objects at close range

____15. absolute magnitude (e) phenomenon mistakenly referred to as weightlessness

____16. supernova (f ) the apparent reverse motion of a planet across the sky

____17. free fall (g) the future of a star greater than 10 solar masses

____18. radial velocity (h) simple tool used by ancient astronomers to measure method angles between objects in the sky

____19. retrograde motion (i) the actual amount of light given off by a star

Part D: Multiple ChoiceCircle the letter of the answer that best completes the statement or answers the question.

20. The astronomer who first proposed the geocentric model of the universe was

(a) Galileo Galilei (c) Tycho Brahe(b) Ptolemy (d) Nicholas Copernicus

21. Which of the following can be categorized as a trans-Neptunian object (TNO)?

(a) Sedna (c) the Kuiper Belt(b) the Oort Cloud (d) all of the above

22. Which of the following devices has a lens limited in size to 1.2 m in diameter due toits sagging under its own weight?

(a) radio telescope (c) spectroscope(b) refracting telescope (d) reflecting telescope

DUNIT


Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

23. Which of the following protects us from most of the harmful radiation from outer space?

(a) diffraction (c) atmosphere (b) reflection (d) melanin

24. Which of the following is the type of radiation emitted by some of the hottest objectsin the universe?

(a) radio waves (c) UV radiation(b) microwaves (d) X-ray radiation

25. The habitable zone for a star

(a) is the same for all stars (c) changes as a planet orbits a star(b) is close to a large mass star (d) varies with the mass of and distance

from a star

26. Dark matter

(a) is responsible for the gravity that holds galaxies together(b) likely exists in the outer fringes of a galaxy(c) may be, as yet, some form of undiscovered particle(d) all of the above

27. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has at its centre

(a) the VLT Yepun (c) a supermassive black hole(b) the constellation Sagittarius (d) a really big star

28. In 5 billion years, when our Sun is ready to move off the main sequence

(a) it will have burned all its helium(b) it will explode to become a neutron star(c) it will become a red giant and then a white dwarf(d) all of the above

Part E: Short AnswerUse sentences to answer the following questions.

29. Describe the EM spectrum. How are the different bands different and how are theysimilar?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

DUNIT

Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson288 Unit D Quiz


Unit D Quiz 289Copyright © 2008 by Thomson Nelson

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________

30. Describe why Earth has seasons.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

31. Describe the difference between a red shift and a blue shift.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

32. Outline the connection between the Sun’s magnetic field, sunspots, solarprominences, and solar flares.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

33. One of the many tasks of the LRO is to look for ice on the Moon. Why is it lookingfor ice instead of water, and where will that ice likely be discovered?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

DUNIT

04sp9 wb unitd - nelson

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