A gold Byzantine �

incense burner in the shape of a church

� A mosaic of a Byzantinewoman

UNIT 7

314

Emergence ofNew Empires

0° P

rime

Mer

idia

n

60° W

60° E

120°

E

180°

180°

120°

W

Equator

527 A.D.Justinian I becomes

emperor ofByzantine Empire

622 A.D.Hijrah

750 A.D.Abbasids become newrulers of Arab Empire

330 A.D.Constantinople

becomes capital ofRoman Empire

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TM

Organizing Information Study Foldable Make the following foldable tohelp you organize information about how empires in the Middle East andeastern Europe influenced other civilizations.

Step 2 Turn the paperand fold it into thirds.

Step 4 Label as shown.

12

Fold it so the leftedge is about

inch from theright edge.

This will makethree tabs.

The ByzantineEmpire

The Spread

of Islam

The Eastern Slavs

EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half fromside to side.

Step 3 Unfold and cut the top layeronly along both folds.

Reading andWriting As you readthe unit, use yourfoldable to help youorganize informationabout how empiresaffected othercivilizations. Write themain ideas about eachempire under theappropriate tab of yourfoldable.

See pages 686–687 for another primarysource reading to accompany Unit 7.

Read “The Fall of Constantinople”from the World History Primary

Source Document Library CD-ROM.

PRIMARY SOURCESPRIMARY SOURCES

LibraryLibrary

Journal Notes

In what ways did the new empires

that developed in the Middle East

and in the eastern part of Europe

influence other civilizations? Note

details about these empires

as you read.

315

1500 A.D.Moscow becomes

political center of Rus

1453 A.D.Ottoman Turks

captureConstantinople

1243 A.D.Mongols defeat

Seljuq Turks

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CHAPTER

� A Byzantine wedding ring

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES316

21The ByzantineEmpire330 A.D.–1455 A.D.

� A gold Byzantinecrown

330 A.D.Constantinople becomescapital of Roman Empire

527 A.D.Justinian I rules

Byzantine Empire

726 A.D.Emperor Leo III

bans icons

1054 A.D.Eastern Orthodox

and Roman Catholicchurches separate

1453 A.D.Turkish armies

captureConstantinople

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Terms to LearnrelicstheologyGreek fireicons

People to KnowConstantine IJustinianTheodoraLeo III

Places to LocateConstantinopleByzantiumHagia Sophia

SECTION 1 ConstantinopleWhen Constantine first chose the old Greek city of

Byzantium as the place for his new capital, he was aware of itsadvantages. The Roman Empire depended on trade, and the greatcenters of trade lay to the east. Byzantium was on the waterwaybetween the Black and Aegean seas. Its harbor offered a safehaven for fishing boats, merchant ships, and warships. The citysat at the crossroads of the trading routes between Europe andAsia. Its location gave it control of the sea trade between KievanRus and the Mediterranean area. One of the most important east-west land routes passed through the city, too.

Why It’s Important Emperor Constantine I moved the capitalof the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople in about 330.About 100 years later, the Roman Empire in the West fell. TheRoman Empire in the East, however, survived and prospered.It became known as the Byzantine Empire. Its people werecalled Byzantines. The Byzantines built a civilization based ona blend of Greek, Roman, and Christian ideas.

The empire in the East survived for several reasons. Con-stantinople was a mighty fortress that needed few soldiers todefend it. This freed soldiers to protect other areas of theempire. The empire’s wealth supported a large army and wasused to pay invaders to move farther and farther west.

317CHAPTER 21 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Chapter OverviewVisit the Human Heritage Web siteat humanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 21—Chapter Overviews to previewthis chapter.

Chapter FocusRead to Discover

• Why the Byzantine Empire survived and prospered for 1,000 years.

• Why Constantinople was important to the empire.• What role the Eastern Orthodox Church played in the

Byzantine Empire.• What forces helped bring about the decline of the Byzantine

Empire.

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Constantine IC. 288 A.D.–337 A.D.

Roman EmperorBorn in what is nowSerbia, Constantinegrew up the son of aRoman army officer. In305 A.D., he became theco-emperor of Rome,but he continued tofight alongside thetroops. During onebattle, he saw a visionthat convinced him tobecome the firstRoman Emperor toaccept Christianity. In324 A.D., he triumphedas sole ruler of Romeand ordered a newcapital city built atByzantium. His rulehelped ensure the eastward spread ofChristianity.

318

The location also favored the city’s defense. The seaprotected it on three sides, and a huge wall protected it on thefourth side. Later, a huge chain was even strung across the city’snorth harbor for greater protection. Invaders would not easilytake the new capital, which was renamed Constantinople.

It took more than four years to build Constantinople.Constantine modeled it after Rome. The city stood on seven hills.Government buildings and palaces were designed in the Romanstyle. Streets were narrow and apartment houses crowded.Constantinople even had an oval arena like the Circus Maximuswhere races and other events were held.

The city’s political and social life was patterned on that ofRome, too. The emperor operated under Roman laws and ruledwith the help of highly trained officials, who took charge ofbuilding roads, bridges, wells, and caravan shelters. The armyfollowed Roman military customs. The poor people ofConstantinople received free bread and enjoyed circuses andchariot races put on by the government. The wealthy peoplelived in town or on large farming estates. In fact, Constantineconvinced many of the wealthy Romans to move to Constan-tinople by offering to build them palaces.

CONSTANTINOPLE Constantinople’s location made it an important centerfor trade. The wealth from this trade was used to make Constantinople an ornate andbeautiful city. Citizens shown in this painting gather to watch a royal procession. Whywas Constantinople called the “new Rome”?

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

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The family was the center of social life for most Byzantines.The majority of them made their living through farming, herd-ing, or working as laborers. There was, however, one importantdifference between Constantinople and Rome. From the begin-ning, Constantinople was a Christian city. It had been dedicatedto God by Constantine, who viewed it as the center of a greatChristian empire. Church leaders were consulted about allimportant events of everyday life and had great influence overthe people. For a young man of Constantinople, a career in thechurch was considered a very high goal.

Constantinople had many Christian churches. Constantinesaw to it that they were the most magnificent buildings in thecity. Government and church leaders gathered relics (rel’ iks), orvalued holy objects from the past, from throughout the Christianworld. These were placed in public monuments, palaces, andchurches. The bodies of saints rested in beautiful shrines. Thou-sands of people came to these shrines to pray to God for cures fortheir ills.

The city’s Christian values could be seen in the way needypeople were treated. The Byzantines believed that eachChristian was responsible for the well-being of other Chris-tians. Wealthy Byzantines formed organizations to care for thepoor, the aged, and the blind. Even members of the emperor’shousehold took great pride in founding and supporting goodcauses.

About 600,000 people lived in Constantinople duringConstantine’s rule. There were Greeks, Turks, Italians, Slavs,Persians, Armenians, and Jews. They spoke Greek amongthemselves but used Latin, the official language, for governmentbusiness. Most people became Christians, and all calledthemselves Romans. Byzantine nobles and rulers continued toboast of their ties to Rome for the next 1,100 years.

CHAPTER 21 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 319

Byzantine Coins

Reading Check What are relics,

and why did theyattract thousands ofpeople to Constan-tinople?

Section 1 Assessment1. Define: relics.2. Why did Constantine choose Byzan-

tium as the site for the empire’s newcapital?

3. How could the influence of Christianitybe seen in the city?

Critical Thinking4. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment

In your opinion, what were some of thegood things about living in Constan-tinople?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to

compare the cities of Rome and Constantinople.

Both ConstantinopleRome

Student Web ActivityVisit the Human Heritage Web site athumanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 21—Student Web Activities to find out more about the city of Constantinople.

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SECTION 2 Justinian IAfter Constantine died, his sons ruled the empire. They were

followed first by a general named Julian and then by a series ofother emperors. Finally, in 527, a Macedonian named Justinian(juh stin’ e uhn) came to the throne. He was a strong ruler whocame to be considered the greatest Byzantine emperor.

Justinian had served in the army and was a good general. Hewas well trained in law, music, architecture, and theology (theol’ uh je ), or the study of religion. The people who served himwere chosen for their abilities rather than for their wealth orsocial positions.

As emperor, Justinian controlled the army and navy, madethe laws, headed the Church and the government, and wassupreme judge. He could declare war or make peace. The Churchtaught that the emperor’s acts were inspired by God. Therefore,what Justinian did could not be questioned. Those who came intocontact with him were expected to bow down before him andkiss his feet and hands.

Theodora Justinian’s wife, the empress Theodora (the uhdor’ uh), was a great help to him. Theodora’s family had beenpoor, and she had worked as an actress before meeting Justinian.

JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA Theodora had a much greater influence onByzantine government than other empresses. In this painting she urges Justinian totake action against a revolt. What problems did Justinian face in marrying Theodora?

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Reading Check What is

theology?

Theodora AlthoughTheodora was the daughterof a bear-keeper with atraveling circus, her strongwill took her as far as theroyal court. Justinian’scourt historian com-mented: “She never didanything at any time as theresult of persuasion. . . .She claimed the right togovern the whole RomanEmpire.”

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If you say, "We have a good soccerteam," you are making a generalization,or general statement, about your team.If you go on to say that the team has notlost a game this season and is the top-rated team, you are providing evidenceto support your generalization. Whenstudying history, it is often necessary toput together pieces of information—supporting statements—to arrive at afull picture.

Learning the Skill In some cases,authors provide only supporting state-ments, and you will need to make gen-eralizations on your own. To makegeneralizations, follow these steps:

• Identify the subject matter and gatherfacts and examples related to it.

• Identify similarities or patterns amongthese facts.

• Use these similarities or patterns toform general ideas about the subject.

Read the passage about HagiaSophia, a cathedral built by Justinian,and study the picture on this page. Thenanswer the questions that follow.

HagiaSophia is thefourth largestcathedral in theworld. Only St.Paul’s Cathe-dral in Englandand St. Peter’s Cathedral and Milan Cathe-dral in Italy are larger.

The building’s huge round dome can beseen from everywhere in the church. Thedome rests on four arches and four giganticpiers. It measures 102 feet (31 m) in diame-ter and stands 184 feet (56 m) high. A seriesof 40 arching windows flood the interiorwith light and draw the visitor’s eyesupward.GENERALIZATIONS:a. It took great engineering skills to build Hagia

Sophia.b. Hagia Sophia made Constantinople the center

of the Christian world.c. Hagia Sophia is one of the world’s greatest

churches.d. The arching windows are Hagia Sophia’s

most impressive feature.

Making Generalizations

Skill Practice

1. Which of the generalizationsabove are supported by details inthe passage?

2. Which of the generalizations arenot supported by the passage?

3. Read Section 2 on pages 320–324.Write two generalizations aboutJustinian’s wife, Theodora.

Glencoe’s SkillbuilderInteractive Workbook CD-ROM,Level 1, provides instruction and practice in key social studies skills.

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The people of the empire had a low opinion of actresses. Therewas even a law forbidding marriages between them and highgovernment officials. Justinian, however, wanted to marryTheodora. After he became emperor, he abolished the law andmade Theodora his empress.

At first, Theodora only entertained guests and attendedpalace ceremonies. Gradually, however, she began to take aninterest in politics. Soon she was helping Justinian fill govern-ment and church offices. She also convinced Justinian to allowwomen more rights. For the first time, a Byzantine wife could ownland equal in value to her dowry (dow’ re), or the wealth shebrought with her when she married. A widow could raise andsupport her young children without government interference.

In 532, Theodora made her most important contribution. Agroup of senators had organized a revolt to protest high taxes.They were able to gain much support from both the poor and therich. The poor were angry because they were receiving less freefood and entertainment. The rich were angry because, for the firsttime, they had to pay taxes. The leaders of the revolt wereprepared to crown a new emperor. Justinian’s advisers urged himto leave the city. Theodora, however, urged him to stay and fight.Justinian and his supporters took Theodora’s advice. They stayedin Constantinople, trapped the rebels, killed 300,000 of them, andcrushed the uprising. As a result, Justinian kept control of thegovernment and became an even stronger ruler.

Law and Public Works Justinian was very interested inlaw and spent much time reading the laws made by otheremperors. He decided that the old legal system was toocomplicated and disorganized. He chose ten men to work out asimpler and better system. This group was headed by a legalscholar named Tribonian (tri bo’ ne ahn).

Tribonian and the others studied the existing laws. They didaway with those that were no longer needed. They organizedand rewrote those laws that remained. In six years, they haddeveloped a legal code that became the law of the land.

This code came to be known as the Justinian Code. It isconsidered one of Justinian’s greatest achievements. It provided asummary of Roman legal thinking. It also gave later generationsinsight into the basic ideas of Roman law. It has had a greatinfluence on the legal systems of almost every western country.

Justinian was as interested in public works as he was in law.He was almost always busy with some building program. He builtchurches, bridges, monasteries, and forums. He also built a sys-tem of forts connected by a large network of roads. When anearthquake destroyed Antioch, he had the whole city rebuilt.

One of Justinian’s greatest accomplishments was the churchcalled Hagia Sophia (hag’e ı so fe’ uh), or “Holy Wisdom.”

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

Hagia Sophia HagiaSophia, first built in thereign of Constantine, wastwice destroyed by fire.When Justinian rebuilt thechurch, he ordered it bemade fireproof. Earth-quakes caused the dome tocollapse in 559, but it toowas rebuilt. The buildingbecame a mosque in 1453,and today it is a museum.

Reading Check What is a dowry,

and what didTheodora say itshould be used tomeasure?

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Nearly 10,000 workers, watched over by 200 supervisors, laboredin shifts to build the church. It was built exactly as Justinianplanned. The church had a gold altar and walls of polished mar-ble. Gold and silver ornaments, woven cloth, and colorfulmosaics (mo za’ iks), or pictures made up of many bits of coloredglass or stone, were everywhere. Figures of Justinian andTheodora were among the angels and saints that lined the walls.

Most impressive was the huge dome that rose high over thecentral part of the church. It was the first time such a huge circu-lar dome had been set atop a rectangular opening. During theday, sunlight poured through the many windows in the dome. Atnight, thousands of oil lamps turned the building into a beaconthat could be seen for miles.

Hagia Sophia was later called St. Sophia. For more than 900years, it served as the religious center of the Byzantine Empire. Itstill stands today.

Conquest Justinian wanted to reunite the eastern andwestern parts of the empire and restore the glory and power thatwas Rome’s. To do this, he needed to conquer the Germankingdoms in western Europe and North Africa. He appointed anofficer named Belisarius (bel uh sar’ e uhs) to reorganize and leadthe Byzantine army.

CHAPTER 21 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian

Reading Check What are

mosaics?

THE WORLD INSPATIAL TERMSJustinian conqueredparts of Italy, NorthAfrica, and Spain.About how many miles(km) did the ByzantineEmpire under Justinianextend from its mosteastern to its mostwestern points?

MAP STUDYMAP STUDY

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Until that time, the cavalry had been divided into groups ofprivate soldiers hired by landowning nobles. Each group had itsown commanders. Foot soldiers, who made up the largest part ofthe army, were called up when needed and then sent back to theirhomes. As a result, they felt little loyalty toward their officers.

When Belisarius took command, he set up a basic group ofloyal and heavily armed cavalry soldiers. The group was sostrong that the other soldiers willingly obeyed its orders. Then,Belisarius developed a series of battle moves that greatlystrengthened the army’s striking power.

During this time, the Byzantine navy was also improved,and the first secret weapon in history was developed. It wascalled Greek fire, a chemical mixture that ignited when it cameinto contact with water. Greek fire burned a person’s skin andwas hard to put out. The Byzantines guarded their secret so care-fully that its exact formula is still unknown.

With these improvements, the Byzantines were able tocontrol more of the Mediterranean. They were also able to winback much of Italy and North Africa. They defeated the Persians,and ensured the security of the empire’s eastern borders. Most ofthe western provinces Justinian regained, however, were lostagain a generation or so after his death.

Church and government worked closely together in theByzantine Empire. Christianity was the official religion, whichmeant that everyone in the empire was supposed to be aChristian. The Byzantines believed the emperor representedChrist on Earth. Thus, the emperor was not only the head ofthe government but also of the Church.

Reading Check Why was Greek

fire the Byzantines’“secret weapon”?

Section 2 Assessment1. Define: theology, dowry, mosaics,

Greek fire.2. How did Justinian feel about the old

system of Roman laws? What did hedo about it?

3. What was Justinian’s goal for theByzantine Empire?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences What do you

think Justinian would say about thestate of the American legal systemtoday? Explain.

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to write

and support a generalization aboutimprovements made to the Byzantinearmy.

Supporting Details

Generalization

1.

2.

3.

SECTION 3 The Church

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

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325CHAPTER 21 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Reading Check What was

the role of the metropolitans in theByzantine Church?

Reading Check What are icons?

The leader of the Church in Constantinople was called thePatriarch. He was chosen by the emperor. Under him were themetropolitans (met ruh pol’ uh tuhns), or church officials in chargeof the empire’s important areas. Under them were the bishopsand priests. Most priests were married. All higher Churchofficials, however, came from monasteries and were not married.

The monasteries played an important role in the ByzantineEmpire. They helped the poor and ran hospitals and schools forneedy children. They sent missionaries to neighboring lands tohelp keep the peace. These missionaries translated parts of theBible and some religious services into several eastern Europeanlanguages. They believed more people would become Christiansif the Bible and Church ceremonies were in their own language.

Some missionaries, including a man named Cyril (sir’ uhl),traveled among the Slavs, a people who had settled in easternEurope. These missionaries gave the Slavs a new alphabet. It wasbased on the Greek alphabet and was called the Cyrillic (suh ril’ik) alphabet in honor of the man who had helped create it.

Religion was very important to the Byzantines. They oftenargued about religious matters. One point divided the Byzantinesfor more than 100 years. It centered on whether or not icons( ı ’ konz), or religious images, should be used in worship.

Many Byzantines honored icons. They covered the walls oftheir churches with them. Monasteries owned icons that were

Mosaics Byzantine artistsexcelled in the use of glassmosaics, especially in thedesign of icons (right).Today mosaics are still animportant art form in Mexi-co (far right), continuing atradition started byancient peoples such asthe Maya and Aztec.Why did the Byzan-tines argue over theuse of icons?

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believed to work miracles. Some Byzantines, however, wanted anend to the use of icons. They thought honoring them was a formof idol worship forbidden by God.

In 726, Emperor Leo III ordered a stop to the use of icons inreligious worship. He did not approve of icons, and he wanted toprevent church officials who favored them from gaining too muchpower. Leo and the church leaders argued over this. Most peoplerefused to give up their icons. In 843, the emperor realized thecause was lost and once again allowed their use.

The fight over icons damaged the empire’s relations withwestern Europe. Because so few people in the West could read,church leaders there used images instead of the written word toexplain Christian teachings. When Leo decided to do away withicons, the Pope called a council of bishops. The council declaredthat Leo and his supporters were no longer Church members.

An argument also developed between the Pope and thePatriarch. The Patriarch would not recognize the Pope as head ofthe Church. The Pope broke his ties with the Byzantine emperorand turned to the Frankish kings for military protection. Whenthe Pope crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” in 800,the Byzantines were very angry. They believed this title belongedonly to their emperor. These disputes helped pave the way forthe break between Western and Eastern Christianity in 1054.

The Byzantine Empire lasted for about 1,100 years. Its capitalwas the largest, richest, and most beautiful city in Europe. Itspeople were among the most educated and creative of that time.They preserved Greek culture and Roman law for other civiliza-tions. They also spread Christianity to peoples in the East. Theempire did much to help the growth of trade. It also gave the

Painting of Cyril

Section 3 Assessment1. Define: metropolitans, icons.2. What role did Christianity play in the

Byzantine Empire?3. What were some of the contributions

of monasteries to Byzantine societyand culture?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you

think the Slavs needed an alphabetthat was different from the one used inthe Byzantine Empire?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

the causes and effects of conflictsbetween the Pope in Rome and thePatriarch of Constantinople.

Causes ReligiousConflicts

Effects

SECTION 4 Decline of the Empire

UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

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world new techniques in the fine arts. Even with all of theseachievements, however, forces from both inside and outside theempire weakened it and led to its downfall.

Early Byzantine emperors had counted on farmers to makeup the army. In return for their services, these farmers were givenland. By the 1100s, however, the empire’s borders were safe, andnot as many soldiers were needed. The emperor decided to cutcosts by changing the policy toward the farmers. Once they hadlost their land, the farmers found little reason to remain loyal tothe empire.

The empire also began to have problems with trade. Whenthe Vikings conquered Byzantine lands in southern Italy in 1080,they threatened to attack Constantinople. The Byzantines nolonger had enough soldiers to fight them. So, they turned for helpto the Italian city-state of Venice. The Venetians defeated theVikings. In return, the Byzantine emperor gave them the right todo business tax-free in all the empire’s cities. Venetian ships andmerchants soon controlled most of the empire’s trade. This meanta great loss of income for the Byzantines.

Meanwhile, Christians from the West and Muslims from theEast attacked the empire. Asia Minor was lost to these invaders.This greatly weakened the empire, which had depended on AsiaMinor for food and materials as well as soldiers. One by one, theinvaders took over more lands. Before long, the Byzantine Empirewas reduced to a small area around Constantinople.

CHAPTER 21 THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

The End of the Byzantine Empire

PLACES ANDREGIONS TheByzantine Empire wasfrequently attacked byinvading armies. Com-pare this map with themap on page 323. Whatterritory did the Byzan-tine Empire losebetween 565 and 1453?

MAP STUDYMAP STUDY

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328 UNIT 7 EMERGENCE OF NEW EMPIRES

The population dropped to less than 100,000. Docks andmarketplaces stood empty. Even the emperors were poor. WhenTurkish armies with guns and gunpowder attacked Constantino-ple in 1453, they easily conquered the Byzantines.

Section 4 Assessment1. What problems within the Byzantine

Empire helped bring about its decline?2. What outside forces helped cause the

empire’s downfall?

Critical Thinking3. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment

Do you think the Byzantine emperorwas wise in asking Venice for helpagainst the Vikings? Why or why not?

Graphic Organizer Activity4. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

Byzantine contributions to world civi-lization.

ByzantineContributions

1. Around 330, Constantine moved thecapital of the Roman Empire to Con-stantinople, the site of the old Greekcity of Byzantium.

2. After the fall of Rome, the RomanEmpire in the East became known asthe Byzantine Empire.

3. Although Constantine patternedmuch of life in Constantinople afterRome, his acceptance of Christianityalso helped shape the city.

4. When Justinian became emperor in527, he was influenced in some of hisdecisions by the empress Theodora,who favored increased women’srights.

5. Two of Justinian’s greatest achieve-ments were development of a systemof law known as the Justinian Codeand construction of Hagia Sophia.

6. Under Justinian, Belisarius reorga-nized the Byzantine army andexpanded the empire’s borders.

7. Relations between the Pope and thePatriarch were weakened by the argu-ment over icons, by the Patriarch’srefusal to recognize the Pope as thehead of the Church, and by the Pope’scrowning of Charlemagne as emperor.

8. Both internal problems and outsideforces weakened the ByzantineEmpire, which was conquered byTurkish armies in 1453.

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Self-Check QuizVisit the Human Heritage Web site at humanheritage.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 21—Self-Check Quizto assess your understanding of this chapter.

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Using Key Terms

You live in ancient Byzantium and areasked to write a paragraph describingyour culture. Your paragraph is to be putin a time capsule to be opened by a futuregeneration. Write your paragraph, includ-ing the following words.

relics theology dowrymosaics Greek fire metropolitansicons

Understanding Main Ideas

1. Why did the Roman Empire in theEast survive the fall of Rome?

2. How did Constantinople’s locationhelp it become a great trading center?

3. How did Christianity affect Byzantineattitudes toward the care of needypeople?

4. How did Theodora help women with-in the Byzantine Empire?

5. What led to the separation of the East-ern Orthodox Church and the RomanCatholic Church in 1054?

6. Why did Byzantine farmers graduallylose their loyalty to the empire?

Critical Thinking

1. What is your opinion of the followingstatement: “Constantine was wise tomodel Constantinople after Rome”?

2. What are the advantages for a govern-ment to have an offical religion? Whatare the disadvantages?

3. What do you think had the most to dowith the decline of the ByzantineEmpire? Explain.

4. What contribution made by the Byzan-tines do you think was the mostimportant? Explain.

Graphic Organizer Activity

Citizenship Create a chart like theone shown, and use it to show the causesand effects of Justinian’s decision to drawup a new code of laws.

Geography in History

Human Systems Justinian expand-ed his empire greatly. Refer to the map onpage 323. If you had been Justinian, inwhich direction would you have senttroops next to gain new territory? Why?

AssessmentCHAPTER

Causes

Effects

New Code of Laws

Using Your Journal

Review any details you may

have noted about the ways the

Byzantine Empire influenced

other civilizations. Then com-

pare the Justinian Code to

modern laws in the United

States. Write an essay explain-

ing which set of laws seems

more just.

21

329

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