Answers—RonaldWantsToKnow:Summer,Spring,Fall,Winter,clock

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A FREE ICE CREAM CONEUnscramble the words and bring in your answers for

Word of the Weekminute — the 60th part of anhour; 60 seconds

Did You Know?The official spelling is

Daylight “Saving” Time, notDaylight “SavingS” Time.Saving is used here as a

verbal adjective (a participle). Itmodifies time and tells us moreabout its nature; namely, that itis characterized by the activityof saving daylight. It is a savingdaylight kind of time. Becauseof this, it would be more accu-rate to refer to DST as day-light-saving time. Similar exam-ples would be a mind-expand-ing book or a man-eating tiger.Saving is used in the sameway as saving a ball game,rather than as a savingsaccount.Nevertheless, many people

feel the word savings (with an's') flows more mellifluously offthe tongue. Daylight SavingTime also is in common usage,and can be found in dictionar-ies.Adding to the confusion is

that the phrase Daylight SavingTime is inaccurate, since nodaylight is actually saved.Daylight Shifting Time wouldbe better, and Daylight TimeShifting more accurate, but nei-ther is politically desirable.

Write aneditorial statingwhy you believethe United Statesshould or shouldnot change tothe metricsystem.

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People in some parts of the worldgain an extra hour in winters and are ableto sleep and snore that much longerthanks to a suggestion by BenjaminFranklin about Daylight Saving Time. Butwhen the suggestion was first made, itraised such a furor not only from thosekept awake by the extra snoring, but alsofrom others and they wasted a lot of timefighting over this extra hour.

Actually the confusion began whenthe postal service and the railways beganto connect far-flung cities. These townsfollowed their town clock by measuringthe position of the sun. Therefore, everycity was on a slightly different time.

In 1784, Benjamin Franklin, who wasU.S. ambassador to France then, sug-gested the Daylight Saving Time conceptbut he was ignored. However, the railwaysdecided to standardise time and Britainwas the first to adapt a single consistenttime across the country. But, this didnothing to ease international travel.

In 1884, a Canadian railway engineerSir Sanford Fleming suggested that theentire world be divided into time zonesthat would be calculated from a primemeridian. This would help calculate vari-ous time zones relative to that one.

In October 1884, the InternationalMeridian Conference met in Washington,D.C. and chose Greenwich, a village justoutside London in England as the primemeridian. Though this GreenwichMeridian Time (GMT) was approved andadopted by the world, the various timezones across the world caused longerdaylight hours in summer and shorterdaylight hours in winter in certain coun-tries.

So in 1907, a Londoner called WilliamWillett tried to revive the subject ofDaylight Saving Time. Unfortunately, hegot laughed at. It was the practicalGermans who realized that such ascheme helped reduce energy costs inlighting and electricity and immediatelyimplemented it.

But why would you want to save day-light time at all? Adopting the DaylightSaving Time (DST) scheme saves ener-

gy. Energy used and the demand forelectricity for lighting our homes is directlyconnected to when we go to bed andwhen we get up.

Studies show that sunrise in the sum-mer is very early and most people wakeup after the sun rises. Because the sun isup, we don't need to turn on lights in ourhomes. Thus, we actually use less energyin the morning. The opposite works inwinter.

With DST, the “spring forward and fall(autumn) backward” system comes intoplay. In summer, the clock is extended byan hour and the sun therefore “sets” onehour later. This means that less electricitywould be used for lighting and applianceslater in the day. In autumn and winters,the clock is set an hour backward asmore light is needed in the morning.

However, there was opposition aspeople did not like the idea of getting upan hour early or going to bed an hourlater, just to keep up with the Joneses insome far off village in Greenwich.

Others complained of the inconven-ience of changing all the clocks, andadjusting to a new sleeping schedule. Formost people, this is a mere nuisance, butfor some people with sleep disorders thistransition is very difficult.

But in 1916, a year after Willett died,Britain and USA adapted DST. Othercountries followed suit. The motivationwas to conserve coal during World War I.

Clocks were put one hour ahead of GMTduring the summer months. But in 1918,the law was repealed in the UnitedStates.

Two decades later during World WarII, DST was re-introduced to help the wareffort and clocks were put two hoursahead of GMT during summer! Thisbecame known as Double Summer Time.

From 1945 to 1962, DST becamequite inconsistent with a hodgepodge oftime observances and no agreementwhen to change clocks. Countries werefree to observe or not observe DST. Thiscaused confusion no end – especially forthe broadcasting industry, for the postalservice, railways and airlines.

In 1966, the United States Congressintroduced the Uniform Time Act to regu-late DST across the country. Today,approximately 70 countries utilize DST.While Europe has been taking advantageof the time change for decades, in 1996the European Union (or EU) standardizeda EU-wide “summertime period.” The EUis the union of all European countries intoone economic entity, though they differpolitically.

However, some countries like those inthe equatorial and tropical regions do notobserver DST as daylight hours are simi-lar through the year and there is noadvantage in moving clocks backwardand forward.

What Is Daylight Saving Time?

United EuropeanStates Union

Summertime SummertimeDST Begins DST Ends period begins period ends

Year at 2 a.m. at 2 a.m. at 1 a.m. UT at 1 a.m. UT2009 March 8 November 1 March 29 October 252010 March 14 November 7 March 28 October 312011 March 13 November 6 March 27 October 302012 March 11 November 4 March 25 October 282013 March 10 November 3 March 31 October 272014 March 9 November 2 March 30 October 262015 March 8 November 1 March 29 October 252016 March 13 November 6 March 27 October 30

US calculator valid 1976-2099; EU 1996-2099.

Following the 1973oil embargo, the U.S.Congress extendedDaylight Saving Time toeight months, ratherthan the normal sixmonths. During thattime, the U.S.Department of

Transportation found that observing Daylight Saving Time inMarch and April saved the equivalent in energy of 10,000barrels of oil each day – a total of 600,000 barrels in each ofthose two years.Likewise, in 1986, Daylight Saving Time moved from the

last Sunday in April to the first Sunday in April. No changewas made to the ending date of the last Sunday in October.Adding the entire month of April to Daylight Saving Time isestimated to save the U.S. about 300,000 barrels of oil eachyear.Beginning in 2007, Daylight Saving Time commenced on

the second Sunday in March and ended on the first Sundayin November, thereby saving even more oil.

Oil Conservation