03 - schwalbe_tyrosafe.pdf

7/28/2019 03 - Schwalbe_TYROSAFE.pdf

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Content

Rolling resistance as a part of total energy loss

Rolling resistance and energy consumption Influence of road surface on rolling resistance Results of literature survey

References

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Rolling resistance as a part of total energyloss

flexing resistance

deflection of pavementdamping of unevenness

bearing friction

resistance of tyre/wheel

aerodynamic resistancefriction and adhesiondriving resistance aerodynamic resistance

climbing resistance

resistance of acceleration

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Rolling resistance and energy consumption

Proportion of energy consumptionof rolling resistance depends ondriving condition:

driving in urban area with constantspee n ow an s e nee sapp. 75% of total energyconsumption, at 100km/h it spendsapp. 50%

driving at high speeds the share of

RR is only app. 20% of the totalenergy consumption

Rolling resistance needs app. 25% of total energy consumption

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Influence of road surface on rolling resistance

Characteristics of road surface have an influence on roads rollingresistance

unevenness megatexture macrotexture

microtexture

Question: What influences road surfaces rolling resistance the most?

Literature survey of measurement results

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Results of literature survey

Increasing rolling resistance results in increasing of fuel consumptionand CO2-emission

Rolling resistance increases marginal but almost linear with velocity

Rollin resistance has onl mar inal influence on fuel consum tion

while driving with an uneven driving pattern (e. g. urban traffic, stop &go)

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Research of VTI (Influence of macro-/megatexture on fuelconsumption):

tests have been performed with a passenger car, 20 different roadsurfaces

unevenness (wavelength 0.63 3.15 m) influences RR the most

influence of macrotexture increases with velocity

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Research of VTI/TUG (Tests of 100 different passengercar tyres on laboratory drum / test track)

rolling resistance was measured on laboratory drum (TUG) noise/skid resistance measurements took place at test track (VTI

unknown if texture measurements took place

low correlation between rolling noise and rolling resistance

low correlation between skid resistance and rolling resistance no conflict of goals detectable

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Research of LCPC (The influence of pavement evennessand macrotexture on fuel consumption)

tests have been performed with actual vehicles on Frenchhighways and test track in Nantes

influence of unevenness and influence of macrotexture may combinebut influences are not linear

evenness is as important as macrotexture and both are influencing

fuel consumption but driving habbits and road alignment have bigger influence on fuel

consumption/CO2-emission

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Research of BASt (Tests at vehicle/pavement test facility)

measurement of 12 different surfaces with 4 different tyres

a correlation between rolling resistance and noise emission was not

best correlation between RR and texture was found at microtexture-range

megatexture had lowest correlation

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Research of BASt (Rolling resistance round robin test)

rolling resistance measurements of two different tyres on 12different pavements with BASts rolling resistance trailer

rolling resistance measurements

results show up to about 40% difference from minimal value tomaximum value of rolling resistance of different pavements tested

no correlation between low-noise pavement and low rolling resistance

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Conclusion

Road surface characteristics have an influence on rollingresistance and therefore on fuel consumption and CO2-

emission

Until now it is not sure which road characteristics are

influencing pavements rolling resistance at the most

A conflict between good skid resistance, low rolling noiseand low rolling resistance [13] could not be detected in theliterature survey

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References[1] Bendtsen H:Rolling resistance, fuel consumption , DRI 2003Proceedings of 1st int. symposium on surface characteristics 1988:

[2] Laganier R, Lucas J:The Influence of Pavement Evenness and Macrotexture on Fuel Consumption [3] Sandberg U:Road Macro- and Megatexture Influence on Fuel Consumption

[4] du Plessis H et al.:Fuel Consumption of Vehicles as Affected by Road-Surface Characteristics [5] Ullrich S et al.:Der Einfluss der Textur auf Reifen/Fahrbahngerusch und Rollwiderstand , Berichte

der BASt Heft S11[6] Round Robin Test Rolling Resistance/Fuel Consumption , report DWW-2005-046[7] Environmental Impacts and Fuel Efficiency of Road Pavements , eurobitume, industry report[8] Ejsmont J et al.:Rolling Resistance Results , SILVIA Project Report[9] Sandberg U, Ejsmont J:Noise emission, friction and rolling resistance of car tires Summary of an

experimental study , proceedings of 2000 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering[10] Glaeser K-P, Zller M:Der Rollwiderstand von Reifen auf Fahrbahnen , Fortschritt-Berichte VDI

Reihe 12 Nr. 603[11] Beuving E et al.:Fuel Efficiency of Road Pavements , paper 3rd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress

2004[12] Popov A at al.:Laboratory Measurement of Rolling Resistance in Truck Tyres under Dynamic Vertical Load , paper 2002

[13]Ermittlung des aktuellen Standes der Technik im Hinblick auf Abrollgerusch, Rollwiderstand sowie Sicherheitseigenschaften moderner Pkw-Reifen , report ,TV Automotive, Umwelt Bundesamt

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Standards: measurement methodologies of RR

ISO 4000-1, passenger car tyres and rims pt. 1: tyres

ISO 4209-1, commercial vehicle tyres and rims pt. 1: tyresDIN ISO 8767: passenger car tyres methods of measuring RR

ISO 18164: passenger car, truck and motorcycle tyres methods ofmeasuring rolling resistance

ISO/DIS 28580, passenger car, truck and bus tyres methods ofmeasuring rolling resistance(voting ends on 2008-10-23)

SAE J2452, stepwise coastdown methodology for measuring tyre RR

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Suggestion of reduction possibilities of RR

Pavement Tyres

TemperatureGeometry

texture characteristics:micro-texture

speed indexheight-to-width ratiorim size/-width

material:

rubber compoundcarcassbelt

-mega-textureroad-surface roughnesslongitudinal evenessgrip

surface temperature

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Methodology of measuring rolling resistance

test set-up test methods

test facilityexterior druminterior drum

deceleration method

road

vehicle

trailer

power/torque method

tractive force method

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Vehicle/Pavement interaction test facility at BASt

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Vehicle/Pavement interaction test facility at BASt

Measurement of RR and tyre/road noise on realpavements

18 caskets can be mounted in the inner drum,w v

maxiumum speed:

up to 280 km/hpossible

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RR-trailer of BASt

tyre/wheel load

reaction force

temperature

velocity

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03 - schwalbe_tyrosafe.pdf

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