GovernmentManagement

Commerce

Usage ratio

Land Ownership

Individual Landlord Private Contractor NGO Community

Rent Owned Pay per Use Monthly Pass Free

1:1 1:25 1:50 1:Many 1:All

Private Government

Private Sanitation

Situations where sanitation is part of private housing (rented or owned). In cases where multiple tenants/residents are using a common toilet, such as those in rented multi-story housing, the sanitation situation would qualify as a semi-private facility. The dynamics of management and upkeep of the toilets in such a case become interesting - while the landlord is expected to provide for maintenance (since it is part of the rent), due to general apathy on his part residents are forced to make their own provisions.

Community Sanitation

These facilities cater to a community neighborhood but may also be used by passers-by by virtue of their location. Even though these follow a typical model of a caretaker managing the operations (either as pay per use, pass based or free), the condition of these facilities varies dramatically across locations. Among several potential contributing factors is the management of the facility which may lie with an NGO, a private contractor, a community based organisation or the government itself - each showing varying degrees of efficiency. What is interesting is that in most cases these toilets are built on government owned land and rarely on private land implying subsidies and disincentives for market based efficiencies.

No Sanitation

This signifies absence of toilet facilities so open defecation is the norm in these locations. The only variable in such cases is the ownership of land which may be with the government or with private entities - impacting user access and attitudes.

Sanitation SpectrumA sanitation facility can be characterised and defined by its management, method of payment, usage with respect to the broader community and land ownership. Represented here are different sanitation profiles observed at research locations in urban Indian cities in general.

UX Research on Sanitation in Urban India | Quicksand | August 2010

Ashwathpura Slum, Bangalore Open defecation

Shared Sanitation(semi private, 1:8)

Shared Sanitation(semi private, 1:25)

Govt. built and runcommunity toilet(pay per use)

Govt. built and runcommunity toilet(pay per use)

AMC builtprivate sanitation(under SNP)

Govt. built toilet(free to use)

NGO run toilet(pay per use)

Govt. installedmobile toilet(free to use)

Public toiletused occassionally(pay per use)

Mandal run/managed community toilet(pay per use)

Mathikere Flyover Slum, Bangalore

GP Block, Pitampura, Delhi

Zamrudhpur, Delhi

Mirzapur, Ahmedabad

Khodiyar Nagar, Ahmedabad

Janta Chowk, Mumbai

Gautamnagar, Govandi, Mumbai

Happy Colony, Pune

Ram Tekdi, Hadapsar, Pune

Open defecation

Open defecation

Govt. built community toilet(free to use)

SPARC toiletunder construction(monthly payment)

Govt. built toilet(free to use)

Sulabh run toilet(pay per use)

NGO builtcommunity toilet(monthly payment)

Govt. built community toilet(free to use)

Open defecation

NGO builtcommunity toilet(monthly payment)

NGO run toilet(pay per use)

Sanitation Spectrum The different kinds of sanitation facilities at each of the selected locations and the different sanitation profiles they fall under

UX Research on Sanitation in Urban India | Quicksand | August 2010