03-petroleum recovery processes

Petroleum Recovery ProcessesPetroleum Recovery Processes

2


Primary RecoveryPrimary RecoveryPrimary RecoveryPrimary Recovery

IntroductionIntroduction

Natural FlowNatural FlowNatural FlowNatural Flow Secondary Secondary RecoveryRecovery

Secondary Secondary RecoveryRecovery

WaterfloodWaterfloodWaterfloodWaterflood

ThermalThermalThermalThermal GasGasMiscible/ImmiscibleMiscible/Immiscible

GasGasMiscible/ImmiscibleMiscible/Immiscible ChemicalChemicalChemicalChemical OtherOtherOtherOther

Pressure MaintenancePressure Maintenance

WaterWater Dry HydrocarbonGas InjectionDry HydrocarbonGas Injection

Pump Gas Lift OtherPump Gas Lift OtherPump Gas Lift OtherPump Gas Lift OtherArtificial LiftArtificial Lift

Tertiary RecoveryTertiary RecoveryTertiary RecoveryTertiary Recovery

In-situ CombustionCyclic Steam

Steam Drive/FloodHot Water Drive

In-situ CombustionCyclic Steam

Steam Drive/FloodHot Water Drive

HydrocarbonCO2

NitrogenFlue Gas

HydrocarbonCO2

NitrogenFlue Gas

AlkalinePolymer

Micellar/PolymerFoam

AlkalinePolymer

Micellar/PolymerFoam

MicrobialMicrobial

Con

ven

tion

al O

il R

ecovery

C

on

ven

tion

al O

il R

ecovery

En

han

ced

Oil

En

han

ced

Oil

Recovery

R

ecovery

3

Primary RecoveryPrimary Recovery

Hydrocarbon production is resulting

from natural reservoir energy

Hydrocarbon production is resulting

from natural reservoir energy


4


Reservoir Energy Sources

Liberation, expansion of solution gas

Influx of water from aquifer

Expansion of reservoir rock into pore space

Expansion of original reservoir fluids

- Free gas

- Interstitial water

- Oil, if present

Gravitational forces

Liberation, expansion of solution gas

Influx of water from aquifer

Expansion of reservoir rock into pore space

Expansion of original reservoir fluids

- Free gas

- Interstitial water

- Oil, if present

Gravitational forces


5


Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Solution-gas drive

Gas-cap drive

Water drive

Combination drive

Gravity-drainage drive

Solution-gas drive

Gas-cap drive

Water drive

Combination drive


Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

Volumetric reservoir

(gas expansion drive)

Water drive

Volumetric reservoir

(gas expansion drive)

Water drive


6


Oil

A. Original Conditions

B. 50% Depleted

Oil-producing wells

Oil-producing wellsLiberated

solution

gas


Solution-Gas Drive In Oil ReservoirSolution-Gas Drive In Oil Reservoir

7


Wellbore

Gas moves

upstructure

Liberated solution

gas

Secondarygas cap



8


Rapid and continuous pressure drop, rate of decline falls at bubble point pressure.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) low until p=pb, then increases to maximum and declines.

Absent or minimal waterinflux (water cut).

Well production declinesrapidly, early pumping required.

Rapid and continuous pressure drop, rate of decline falls at bubble point pressure.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) low until p=pb, then increases to maximum and declines.

Absent or minimal waterinflux (water cut).

Well production declinesrapidly, early pumping required. TimeTime

PressurePressureGOR (R)GOR (R)

RsiRsi Water CutWater Cut



9


Estimating Oil Recovery Factors

Solution-gas drive - API studySolution-gas drive - API study

-

=

1741.0

a

b3722.0wi

0979.0

ob

1611.0

ob

wiR

pp

S

k

B

S18.41E


10


Gas Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs Gas Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Cross Section

Oil-producing well

Oilzone

OilzoneGas cap


11


Pressure drops continuously, but slowly.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) increases continuously.

Water influx (water cut) absent or minimal

Wells have long flowinglife (depending on the size of the gas cap).

Pressure drops continuously, but slowly.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) increases continuously.

Water influx (water cut) absent or minimal

Wells have long flowinglife (depending on the size of the gas cap).

PressurePressure

GOR (R)GOR (R)

RsiRsi

Water CutWater Cut

TimeTime


Gas Cap Drive In Oil ReservoirGas Cap Drive In Oil Reservoir

12


Water Drive in Oil ReservoirsWater Drive in Oil ReservoirsEdgewater DriveEdgewater Drive

Oil-producing well

Water WaterCross Section

OilOil ZoneZone


13


Water Drive in Oil ReservoirsWater Drive in Oil ReservoirsBottomwater DriveBottomwater Drive

Oil-producing well

Cross Section

OilOil ZoneZone

Water


14


Pressure remains high, small drop.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) remains low.

Water influx starts early and increases to appreciable levels.

Residual oil may be trapped behind the advancing water.

Wells flow freely until water production (water cut) becomes excessive

Pressure remains high, small drop.

Rs (solution gas oil ratio) remains low.

Water influx starts early and increases to appreciable levels.

Residual oil may be trapped behind the advancing water.

Wells flow freely until water production (water cut) becomes excessive

PressurePressure

GOR (R)GOR (R)RsiRsi

Water CutWater Cut

TimeTime


Water Drive In Oil ReservoirWater Drive In Oil Reservoir

15


Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs Effect of Production Rate on PressureEffect of Production Rate on Pressure

Time, years

2000

1900

1800 2

1

0 60

40

20

0

1700

20

15

10

5

0

Pre

ssu

re,

psi

aO

il p

rod

uc

tio

n,

Wat

er C

ut,

%

Gas

/oil

rat

io,

MS

CF

/ST

B

MS

TB

/D

Reservoir pressure

Water

Gas/oil ratio

Oil

Production data - lower oil production rateProduction data - lower oil production rate


16


Estimating Oil Recovery Factors

Water drive - API studyWater drive - API study

-=

2159.0

a

i1903.0

wi

0770.0

oi

w

0422.0

oi

wiR

pp

S

k

B

S19.54E


17


Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Water

Cross Section

Oil zone

Gas cap


18


PRESSURE TRENDSPRESSURE TRENDS

0 20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

Gas-cap drive

Water drive

Solution-gas drive

Res

ervo

ir p

ress

ure

,

Per

cen

t o

f o

rig

inal

Reservoir pressure trends

Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place


19


Oil Reservoir Drive MechanismsSummary of Source(s) of Reservoir Energy

Solution-gas drive

Gas-cap drive

Water drive

Combination drive


Solution-gas drive

Gas-cap drive

Water drive

Combination drive



24


Average Recovery FactorsOil Reservoirs

Average Oil RecoveryFactors,

% of OOIPDrive Mechanism

Range Average

Solution-gas drive 5 - 30 15

Gas-cap drive 15 - 50 30

Water drive 30 - 60 40

Gravity-drainagedrive

16 - 85 50


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03-petroleum recovery processes

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