03 ch22selection2008print
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2007-2008 AP Biology
Evolutionary ForcesWhat changes populations?
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AP Biology
Forces of evolutionary change __________________________
traits that improve survival or reproduction will accumulate in the population adaptive change
___________________________ frequency of traits can change
in a population due to chance events random change
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AP Biology
Natural Selection Selection acts on any trait that affects
survival or reproduction predation selection physiological selection sexual selection
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AP Biology
Predation Selection Predation selection
act on both predator & prey behaviors camouflage & mimicry speed defenses (physical & chemical)
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AP Biology
Physiological Selection Acting on body functions
disease resistance physiology efficiency (using oxygen, food, water) biochemical versatility protection from injury
HOT STUFF!Some fish had the
variation of producinganti-freeze protein
5.5 mya5.5 myaThe Antarctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean freezes overfreezes over
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AP Biology
Physiological selection
Dogs pee on trees…Why don’t trees pee on dogs?
NH3NH3
animal wasteanimal waste
plant nutrientplant nutrient
One critter’s trash is another critter’s treasure!
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AP Biology
Sexual Selection Acting on reproductive success
attractiveness to potential mate fertility of gametes successful rearing of offspring
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Survival doesn’t matterif you don’t reproduce!
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AP Biology
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Sexual selection
It’s FEMALE CHOICE, baby!
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AP Biology
The lion’s mane…
Females are attracted to males with larger, dark manes
Correlation with higher testosterone levels better nutrition & health more muscle & aggression better sperm count / fertility longer life
But imposes a cost to male HOT! Is it worth it??
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AP Biology
Sexual selection Acts in all sexually
reproducing species the traits that get you mates
sexual dimorphism influences both morphology &
behavior can act in opposition to natural
selection
Jacanas
Is there a testablehypothesis in there?
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AP Biology
Sexual selection Sexual selection acts in all
sexually reproducing species ___________________________ it influences both morphology
& behavior it acts on both
males and females
Jacanas
Is there a testablehypothesis in there?
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AP Biology
Coevolution ___________________________
___________________________ predator-prey
disease & host competitive species mutualism
pollinators & flowers
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AP Biology
Effects of Selection Changes in the average trait of a population
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AP Biology
Genetic Drift ____________________________________
____________________________________ not adaptation to environmental conditions
not selection _____________________
small group splinters off & starts a new colony _____________________
some factor (disaster) reduces population to small number & then population recovers & expands again but from a limited gene pool
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AP Biology
Founder effect __________________________________
__________________________________ just by chance some rare alleles may
be at high frequency; others may be missing
skew the gene pool of new population human populations that
started from small group of colonists
example: colonization of New World
albino deer Seneca Army Depot
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AP Biology
Distribution of blood types Distribution of the O type blood allele in native
populations of the world reflects original settlement
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AP Biology
Distribution of blood types Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations
of the world reflects original migration
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AP Biology
Out of AfricaLikely migration paths of humans out of AfricaLikely migration paths of humans out of Africa
Many patterns of human traits reflect this migrationMany patterns of human traits reflect this migration
50,000ya
10-20,000ya
10-20,000ya
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AP Biology
Bottleneck effect ____________________________________
__________________________________ famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat… loss of variation by chance event
alleles lost from gene pool not due to fitness
narrows the gene pool
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AP Biology
Cheetahs All cheetahs share a small number of alleles
less than 1% diversity as if all cheetahs are
identical twins
2 bottlenecks 10,000 years ago
Ice Age last 100 years
poaching & loss of habitat
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2007-2008 AP Biology
Evolution is "so overwhelmingly established that it has become irrational to call it a theory."
-- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is
2001Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology
Harvard University
(1904-2005)
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AP Biology
Any Questions??