02_minerals_students_revised
TRANSCRIPT
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CH. 2 - MINERALS
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MINERALS
Basic building block of rocks
>4,000 minerals identified
Mineral Definition (requirements):
1) Solid
2) Naturally Occurring
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Mineral Definition
3) Inorganic – no biologic origin4) Definite Chemical CompositionEx: Halite =
Quartz = Diamond =
Graphite =
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Mineral Definition
5) Ordered Crystalline Structure
Ex: Halite (NaCl)
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Ordered Crystalline Structure
Diamond = high pressure
- complex bonding of carbon atoms
Graphite = low pressure
- carbon atoms bond in sheets
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Mineral Definition
1. Solid
2. Naturally Occurring
3. Inorganic
4. Definite Chemical Composition
5. Ordered Crystalline Structure
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Structure of Minerals
1) Atom – smallest building block of an element
Composed of atomic particles
- protons (+)
- neutrons
- electrons (-)
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Periodic Table of the Elements (p. 31)
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Balanced Atoms
Atomic Number = number of protons
- defines which element atom belongs to
Atomic Mass = sum of protons & neutrons
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Balanced Atoms
Number of electrons = number of protons
Rule:
1st energy level = 2 electrons max
All other energy levels = 8 electrons max
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Balanced Atoms
Valence electrons = electrons in outermost energy level
Atoms bond b/c they want full outer shell of electrons
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Types of Bonding
1) Ionic Bonding
Ion = atom with an electrical charge
- caused by losing or gaining electrons
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Ionic Bonding
Atoms bond b/c opposites attract (like magnets)
Ex: Halite (NaCl)
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Types of Bonding
2) Covalent Bonding
- atoms share valence electrons
- outer energy levels overlap
Ex: Oxygen (O2)
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Structure of Minerals
2) Element – composed entirely of same kind of atoms
- all atoms have same number of ___________
92 naturally occurring elements
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Element
Some minerals are elements:
Ex: Native Copper
Gold
Sulfur
Graphite
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Structure of Minerals
3) Compound – combination of two or more elements
- characteristics are different than individual elements
Ex: Halite NaCl
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Compound
Most minerals are compounds:
Quartz = SiO2
Galena = PbS (lead sulfide)
Hematite = Fe2O3 (iron oxide)
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Chemical Composition of Crust
98.3% of crust composed of 8 elements (Figure 2.21)
Other 84 elements share 1.7% of remaining crust
- includes
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Mineral Groups
1) Silicate Group - 90% of all minerals
Basic building block is the silica tetrahedron SiO4
4-
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Silica tetrahedron (SiO44-)
Negative charge bonds with positive ions
Other abundant elements of crust are positive ions
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Mineral Groups
2) Nonsilicate Group
Includes:
a) rock-forming minerals
Ex: calcite
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Nonsilicate Group
b) native elements
Ex: sulfur, copper, gold
c) Metal ores
Ex: galena (PbS)
magnetite (Fe3O4)
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Rocks
Aggregate of minerals (mixture)
Some rx are impure quantities of the same mineral
Ex: Limestone = calcite
(rock) (mineral)
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Rocks
Most rx are composed of several minerals
Ex: Granite = quartz, feldspar, (rock) hornblende
(minerals)
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3 groups of rocks
1)
2)
3)