02. part i - installation of linux

8/6/2019 02. Part I - Installation of Linux

1/33

TRU-COMP425 Installation of Linux 1

Where Are We?

Part I Getting Started Introduction and overview

Installation of Linux Fedora 12

Starting servers and TCP/IP configuration

Part II Designing and Implementation of a LAN Part III Virtual Pivate Networks

Part IV Traffic Surveillance and Network Security

Part V Internetworking between Linux and Windows

Part VI Other Server Systems


2/33

Part I. Getting Started -Installation of Linux

Winter 2010

COMP425 Computer NetworkAdministration


3/33


Learning Outcomes

Discuss how a computer system starts from a hard disk.

Explain a hard disc structure partition table, MBR, super block, filesystem.

Explain the file system structure of FAT.

Describe boot loader.

Describe mount point, mounting and unmounting. Identify a proper Linux distribution for a given computer system.

Use a Linux distribution DVD-ROM to install an Linux operatingsystem.

Use the software management tools, yum, .


4/33


5/33


Quick Start for Experts

Was there any difficulty?


6/33


New Users

How do I download installation files? A full set of the installable software on CD-ROM or DVD media

//fedora/linux/releases/8/Live/arch/iso/F-8-arch-DVD.iso

ISO 9660 file system

Boot code

Super block

A live image

Minimal boot CD and USB flash disk images

A reduced-sized rescue CD image

From a mirror

From BitTorrent http://www.bittorrent.com/download/


7/33


New Users

Which architecture is my computer? i386

Intel except Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core 2 Duo, or Xeon

AMD except 64 or x2 dual-core

VIA C4

Apple MacBook Pro

i686 Intel P6 microarchitecture

Pentium Pro and all later processors

Athlon and all later AMD processors

x86_64

Intel Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core 2 Duo, Xeon

AMD Athlon 64/x2, Sempron 64/x2, Duron 64

ppc

Apple Macintosh

Why?


8/33


New Users

How do I make Fedora media? Making CD and DVD media on Windows

Making Fedora Discs: http://docs.fedoraproject.org/readme-burning-isos/en-US.html

Burning

Using theISO RecorderV2

In Windows Explorer, right click on the ISO file In the context menu, select Copy image to CD

Follow the steps given

Nero

Easy CD Creator

Active@ISO Burner freeware

...

Making CD and DVD media on Linux # dd if=.img of=/dev/sdX

It is burning images, not copying files onto an existing file system.

Different?


9/33


New Users

How do I start the installation program?


10/33


Beginning the Installation

The boot menu Install or upgrade an existing system

GUI

Install or upgrade an existing system (text mode)

Rescue installed system

Boot from local drive

Installing from a different source

DVD DVD, network, hard disk

Minimal boot CD or USB, rescue CD Network or hard disk

Live CD or USB Install to hard disk application

Verifying media


11/33


Identifying Your Locale

Language Selection You may also select additional languages

Keyboard configuration


12/33


Welcome Dialog

Initializing the hard disk?

RAID or other nonstandard configuration?

RAID?

Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks is a computer data storage schemethat divides and replicates data among multiple hard disk drives.

Why?


13/33


Disk Partitioning

Tracks and sectors


14/33


Disk Partitioning

Options Remove all partitions on selected drives and create default layout

Remove Linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout

Use free space on selected drives and create default layout

Create custom layout

Review and modify partitioning layout

What if there were other operating systems, e.g., windows, and noenough free space?

Resizing


15/33


Partitions, minidisks, volumes

Partitioning is a means to divide a single hard drive into many logical

drives.

A partition is a contiguous set of blocks on a drive that are treated as

an independent disk.

A partition table is an index that relates sections of the hard drive topartitions.

Typically at least one partition on a disk

Some systems allow partitions to be larger than a disk so that disks can

be grouped into one logical units


16/33


Why have multiple partitions?

Encapsulate your data.

Since file system corruption is local to a partition, you stand to lose only

some of your data if an accident occurs.

Increase disk access speed.

The super blockcontains a description of the basic size and shape of thisfile system. The information within it allows the file system manager to

use and maintain the file system.

Usually only the super block is read when the file system is mounted.

Small super blocks allow fast access to files.


17/33


Why have multiple partitions?

Increase disk space efficiency.

You can format partitions with varying block sizes, depending on your

usage. If your data is in a large number of small files (less than 1K) and

your partition uses 4K sized blocks, you are wasting 3K for every file. In

general, you waste on average one half of a block for every file, so

matching block size to the average size of your files is important if youhave many files.

Limit data growth.

Runaway processes or maniacal users can consume so much disk space

that the operating system no longer has room on the hard drive for its

bookkeeping operations. This will lead to disaster. By segregating space,

you ensure that things other than the operating system die when allocateddisk space is exhausted.

Different structure for a different partition is possible on the same

system

Multiple operating systems


18/33


Example: DOS-type partition tables

Partition table sector

Sector 0 of the disk

Called MBR (Master Boot Record) of total 512 bytes

Code area (Bootstrapping) 440 B

Optional disk signature 4 B

Nulls 2B

Table of maximum four primary partitions 64 B

MBR signature 2 B

Fourpartition descriptors (or also called partition record) of 16 bytes from

offset 446

What information is stored?

Maximum four partitions?


19/33


Example: DOS-type partition tables

Partition table sector

Sector 0 of the disk

Called MBR (Master Boot Record) of total 512 bytes

Fourpartition descriptors (or also called partition record) of 16 bytes from

offset 446

0 Boot indicator

1-3 Begin CHS (Cylinder/Head/Sector)

4 Partition type

05, 0f, 85 (hex) DOS, Window 95, Linux respectively

5-7 End CHS

8-11 Partition start 12-15 Partition size

0 unused

E.g., three primary (or logical) partitions and one extended partition

Windows can boot only from a primary partition


20/33


Extended partition The first sector is used as a partition table sector again

=> logical partitions, orinner extended partition

Primary (or logical) partition

Example of UNIX

Could be different from different file systems

Reference

Minimal partition table specification

http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/partitions/partition_tables.html

B S Inode list Data blocks

Bootblock superblock directories, files


21/33


MS-DOS, OS/2, Windows

Block size: 512Size of the link in FAT: 4

File: testFile pointer: 1020Reading 100 bytes

Block to be accessed:Which block[s] would be retrieved from

the file system?Displacement in the first block to be accessed:

What displacement is the file pointer

in the first block to be accessed?

The size of FAT?

-1

End of file

File attributes

Not the list of data blocks

An example:File-Allocation Table (FAT)


22/33


Disk Partitioning

Options Remove all partitions on selected drives and create default layout

Remove Linux partitions on selected drives and create default layout

Use free space on selected drives and create default layout

Create custom layout

Review and modify partitioning layout

What if there were other operating systems, e.g., windows, and noenough free space?

# ntfsresize

# ntfsclone

# fdisk


23/33


Disk Partitioning

General information on partitions Data partitions provide storage for files. Each data partition has a mount

point, to indicate the system directory whose contents reside on thatpartition

/boot

/

swap what is it?

And more partitions,

/home user data

/var the content for applications

/usr the majority of software

/usr/local

Where is /etc/password?


24/33


Disk Partitioning

Partition types The format of the file system

ext3, ext4

Minimum partition sizes

Understanding LVM (Logical Volume Management)

Physical volumes are combined to form a volume group.

Each volume groups total storage is divided into logical volumes.

Logical volumes function much like standard partitions.

Warning: /boot partition must not be LVM because the boot loader

cannot read LVM volumes An administrator may grow or shrink logical volumes without

destroying data, not like physical volumes.

For a while put / and swap partitions within LVM.


25/33


Disk Partitioning

DiskDruid An interactive program for editing disk partitions


26/33


BootLoader

A small program that reads and launches the operating system. GRUB by default

Where?

In the master boot record (MBR) of the device for the root file system

/boot/grub/grub.conf

Booting additional operating systems Fedora installation program automatically detects and configures GRUB

to boot them.

Add

Edit

Delete

Setting a boot loader password Optional


27/33


Network Configuration

Manual network configuration, or DHCP

Network devices

Active on boot

IPv4 support

Edit ->

Hostname

Miscellaneous settings

IP address of a gateway

IP addresses of DNS servers

TOF

DHCP uses ARP

DHCP uses IP


28/33


Time Zone Selection


29/33


Set the Root Password


30/33


Software Selection


31/33


Installing Packages

After installation completes, select Reboot to restart your computer


32/33


FirstBoot

Setup Agent License agreement

Firewall

By default the firewall is enabled

SSH provides immediate remote access

SELinux (Security Enhanced Linux) Confusing

Lets not use it.

Date and time

Network time protocol (NTP)

System user

A user account, not the root account

Sound card


33/33


Your Next Steps

Updating your system Applications -> System Tools -> Software Updater

Apply Updates, and Reboot Now

yumutility

# su c yum update

02. part i - installation of linux

Documents