02 icelandic in easy stages no. 1

8/11/2019 02 Icelandic in Easy Stages No. 1

1/137

DI

EL

II

EISY IIGE

W ll IIIIS n nlna

II I

Iy

EIIIIR PIL

01 8.


2/137

MA LASK

OLINN MIMIR

BRAUTARHOLTI4

REYKJAVIK

SIMI

10004

ICELANDIC IN EASY

STAGES

with

notes in

English

BY

EINAR

pALSSON B.A.

GRADED

LESSONS FOR PRACTICE IN

COLLOQUIAL

ICELANDIC

DESIGNED

FOR THE

FOREIGNER

LIVING IN ICELAND

NR

The

most

common

phrases

Simple

conversa t ions

Hints

on g rammar

Simple

texts

Drawings by Calum Campel l

and Robert

Guil lemette

Copyright

1975

by

Mlmir .

ll r ights r ese rved including t ransla t ion

mto foreIgn

languages

ew Impression 1979

with some ed i t o r i a l changes


3/137

2.

Index Book

1 .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17

.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

Index

p. 2

To the Student p. 5

How to use

the

book p. 6

Pronuncia t ion of Icelandic

p.

7

The alphabet and the sounds of Icelandic p .

8

Some

peculiar i t ies of

Icelandic pronunciat ion

p.

9

Some

express ions in the c lass room p. 11

Greet ings p. 12

Text

-

Units

The

indefini te ar t ic le . What,

i t ,

thi

s ,

ye s .

He, who,

no,

not.

That ,

or ,

also;

as .

Verb

and the

word

you .

To

ask and to answer .

Where , I am,

you a r e . P r e s e n t

cont inuous.

Definite ar t ic le . Gender . Vocabulary .

To unders tand . Adject ives .

Colours .

To

be.

To

have, to own. These are .

Gender

of

proper names .

To

become. To

be

able to. Days

of

week.

Dropping the vowel . I changes into Ye . Plu ra l .

Declension

of

i t

and

what .

Why-because .

Verb

in

the infini t ive.

Vocabulary .

Declens ion

of nouns. Indicat ive of verbs .

You

and

1. Declension. Icelandic

ver ses .

am

doing something.

I am - I

was

- I have been.

have f inished. I t is over .

I t

has happened.

Gunnar og

Hallged5ur . Simple

text . TO

HAVE

as he lper verb .

Possess ive pronouns.

Asking

for

your

heal th .

He

and

she.

Declension.

The

head.

Declension

of f i r s t 4 numbers . Opposi tes . Gender .

Conversa t ion .

Your heal th . Cases . Two

forms

of YES.

Do

you speak

Icelandic? Engl ish?

Quest ion - answer . To know, to be

able

to.

To have. Simple text . Two

ver ses .

Nouns.

Declension.

Definite

ar t ic le .


4/137

3.

31.

Time. Cases . Adverbs .

32.

Place . I wonder.

33.

To

be

going

( to). The hotel .

34. Food.

A res tauran t .

The meal .

35. Nouns.

Declension.

36.

Formal

polite

speech. Conversat ion.

37.

Gender . Adject ives.

38. Finding your way.

39.

Compar ison.

Money.

40.

What

t ime is

i t?

41. Food. A word- l i s t .

42.

What you drink and

smoke .

Nominat ive .

43. The shop.

Direc t

and

indirect

speech.

44. What you do and what

you

are doing now. When? Why not?

45.

Accusat ive

case . Asking

for things.

What

you

eat .

46. Useful

sentences .

When

you

get

up.

47.

Impersonal verbs . I want, I need, I

should

l ike.

48.

Plura l .

Definite

ar t ic le .

49.

In the

shop.

50.

Prepos i t ions .

51.

Siggi s

por r idge . Simple

text .

52.

Dr

iving. Simple

text .

53.

How

dare

he Simple text .

54.

A l e t ter

for

grandmother .

55.

A l e t ter for grandfather .

56.

Icelandic

name

s .

57. Pronouns . Declension.

58.

Pronouns. Some sentences .

59 Pronouns . Trans la t ion . Lis t of ver bs. Indic at ive.

60. N um bers . Cardina ls . Ordinals . Gender .

THE

f i r s t .

Declension.

61. Commer ce . Shopping.

62.

Conversat ion in

the

shop.

63. Adject ives . Strong or

weak.

Declension of THIS, THAT.

64. Fun

with

adjectiv e

s .

65. Dril l .

Adject ives .

66. Tim e

Conversat ion

To

c:atch

a

bus.

67.

What and

when

? List

of verbs . Indicative.

68.

The world . Vocabulary .

69.

What you

say

to guests . A

vis i t .

70. Possess ive pronouns. Declension.


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7 l .

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

8l .

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

9l .

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

4.

Simple songs.

For

embas sy

people.

A telephone conver

sat ion.

Nationali t ie

s . Language s . Phraseology for embassy people .

Emba s s ie s , t i t le s , poli t ical par t ie s .

Islendingasaga. The

past .

Vocabulary.

The

Pr ice- Index

family .

Meeting people. Basic sen tences .

Simple dialogue.

Where

are you going?

Gunnar

and Inger

. Simple

text .

Adject ives. Opposi tes .

Elephant jokes.

Accusat ive - dat ive . Poetry .

To

have

to,

to

need,

to

be

expected

to,

to

be

going.

Adject ives.

Jon and Gunna.

The weather .

The weather .

A

dialogue.

Compar i son

of adjectives .

Some verSes .

The te lephone.

Phrases .

Fore ign currency . Where is the

bank?

Yesterday.

Pas t

tense

of to

be,

have,

Siggi.

Presen t - fu tu re .

The blood. An essay .

The

doctor .

A

dialogue.

The

Cardinal

Poin ts .

Life. Simple past .

The family.

Declension.

The

Arr ival

Your

passpor t . Immigra t ion .

own,

do.

100. The gir l and the pol iceman. A dialogue.


6/137

5.

To the student:

Icelandic

is an

inflect ing language.

This means that

the

sam e word often changes form without changing meaning . Such

grammat ical

features as

tense,

aspect ,

person,

nu.rnber, mood

etc , are fo rmed

by

attaching affixe s to roots of s t ems , so, if the

foreign student is

not

careful he may eas i ly get

lost

in the

in tr icacies of g r a mma r

without ever

learning the language.

The

a im of this

book

is to teach

the

fore igner

in

-

Iceland

who has l i t t le

t ime

and only scant knowl_edge 01

grammat ical terminology

how

to

m a s te r

the

essen t ia l s

of

the

language with a

minimum

of

tediu.rn

and effort .

f your pr imary a im is to

SPEAK Icelandic you

m ust

have a

ready

knowledge of a re la t ive ly sma l l

nu.rnber

of words

and a

fair ly

accura te knowledge of the

essen t ia l

gr ammat ica l

conventions

and

id ioms.

To

l earn

this

is quite a

task. The

solution?

Fi r st: l ea rn the

essen t ia l

word s . Second: l earn to

recognize

the

DIFFERING FORMS

of

words when you come across them. f you

have

t ime

-

by al l means l earn

by

hear t

the different fo rm s

and

pa r ad igms . f you

have

not got too much

t ime

concent ra te on

the

essen t ia l

words . You will waste an immense

amoWlt

of

t ime

if you

t ry to be a perfectionis t before

you

know the genera l lay-out of

the

language.

f your m ain

aim

is to

be

able to

READ

the language

without

a

dict ionary,

you need a re la t ively

l arge vocabulary

and

a genera l familiar i ty

with

the

grammar .

The main

thing

to

r e me mb e r

in

that connection i s , that vocabulary

in

Icelandic m eans

di f ferent form s

of the

s a me

word.

In

other

words:

you

mus t

recognize

which

fo rm s

belong

to which

words . A

dict ionary

will

not give the

different forms.

As

for di rect ives ,

their correspondence

in

any

two

languages

is never absolute.

Hence

we do

not

presen t

those as g r a mma r

but

as idiomatic

par ts

of sentences . Words

appearing

in the text are in genera l the

highes t - f requency

words

in

the language employed in sentence s of

high

frequency.

This you must

know:

Icelandic is a DIFFICULT language.

I t s rudiments

CAN

NOT

be learned as eas i ly as the

rudiments

of

mos t other languages. It takes t ime to unders tand

the

grammat ical

fea tures

of

a s imple sentence . A sentence of the order Subject /

V

e r

b/

Object

, usually

found

in

the

f i r

s t

Ie

s sons

of

other

text books,

is not

so s imple

in Icelandic.

The minute you

s tar t

using

the

Object

of a sentence

you

are involved in declension,

the

main stumbling

block of

Icelandic.

Simila r ly , the pas t tense can not be in t roduced

until compara t ive ly la te in your study.

But

then again,

after

you

mas te r the essen t ia l s ,

you

will find yourse l f

in

ca lm water s .
http:///reader/full/tediu.rnhttp:///reader/full/tediu.rn


7/137

6.

How to use

the book:

The wises t plan is to read the lessons through quickly. After gett ing

a

bi rd s eye view you can set t le down to detai led study. Do not waste too

much

t ime t rying to

memor ize

the case endings of

the nouns

or any of the

f lexions of the adject ive other

than

compar i son ) t i l l you are famil ia r

with the

necessary par t ic les

of the

language.

Concentrate on

l ea rn ing

a relat ively smal l c lass

of

words .

This c lass

includes the

par t ic les ,

pronouns pointer words and helper verbs .

A bat te ry

of about two hundred

such words

for

ready use , supplemented by a nodding acquaintance with

about

a hundred

others

includes a

very

high

propor t ion

of

the

words

we

constant ly

use. The most

impor tan t

thing at

the

outset is to

have a smal l

vocabulary of the

essent ia l nouns

adject ives and

verbs

always at

your

disposa l .

Icelandic has a lot

of archaic

g r ammat ica l

devices . In

this

book

we t ry

to l ighten the burden

of

learning

the

se by giving t hem in

an

evolut ionary context .

Thus al l the lessons a re lessons

in g r a mma r

whether

or not gr ammat ica l t e rminology is used.

In

actual fact we expect th is book

to

se rve

you

BEFORE

you

s ta r t

studying

g r a mma r

se r ious ly .

The

text

is

so des igned

as to

help you

fix

the ru les without

taxing

the

memor y unduly.

You

s tar t

using

the language

right

away. The only way to fluency

in

a

language

which

has the grammatica l in t r icac ie

s

of Icelandic is

-

pract ice .

Hence

the design of the book the

presenta t ion

of

the

mater i a l

and

the

ques t ions .

This

book is

pr imar i ly

a work-book wri t ten for prac t ica l

ends .


8/137

7.

Pronuncia t ion of

Ice landic

The Ice landic A lpha bet re

sem

ble s the English Alphabet exc ept for

ce r t a in l e t t e r s

whlch

a re in ac tua l fact

phonet ic

s ymbol s .

l

New l e t t e r s a re

p- J E- O- D.

The P sound s tands for the Engl i sh sound

th

in

the word t h o u g h t ~ '

and

the

D 15)

sound

s tands for

the

Engl i sh

th

in

the

word the . A s a ru le : i?1leComes D when not s t r e s s e d . Both

l e t t e r s

a r e

in te rna t ional

phonet ic symbols used

in

or de r to

faci l i ta te

spel l ing

and

save

the

t rouble of wri t ing two l e t t e r s for one sound. The

JE

sound s tands for the i sound in the word

hide or

l ight and

i s

s imi l a r ly used

to

faci l i ta te reading.

The

0

sound

s tands for

the Engl ish

in bi rd or in wor d , but spoken WITh pr o t r uded

and

rounded

l ips .

2 .

The l e t t e r s C - W

-Q

do

not

occur in Icelandic.

3. Pecu l i a r

to

the

Ice landic

Alphabet is the

use

of an accent over ce r t a in vowels .

The

accent

is not a St r e s s

Mar k ,

as

no s t r eSs

m a r k s a r e needed

in

Ice landic

at al l . The s imple expedient of using an accent makes these vowels

phonet ic sounds , so tha t you

immedia te ly know

how to

pronounce

t h e m

when

you

corne upon t h e m

in

the t ex t . The i r sound s will be

given

in the tab le

below.

4. Stre s s invar iab ly

fal l

s on

the

f i r s t syl lable in

Ic

e landic .

The

mai n

differenc e between Engl i sh and Ic elandic pronuncia t ion

i s

tha t in

Ic

elandic

you

a lways pronounce al l

the

vowels of a

word ,

giving

them the

full value

of the i r

sound,

wher eas in

Engl i sh you tend to

s lu r

t h e m

over

and thus

neut ra l ize t hem

when not s t r e s s e d .

5.

There a r e ce r ta in sounds in Ice landic which have no prec ise equivalent

in Engl i sh in spi te of the s imi l a r i t y of

the

Alphabe t . In the tab le below

the sounds which

r e semble

the Ice landic

sounds m o s t c lose ly

will

be

given.

As

a

gene r a l

ru le

the

di f ferences

a re s l igh t however ,

and are

eas i ly over come

with

a l i t t le

prac t ice .

6.

Sounds in

Ice landic

can be

both long and

s h o r t , jus t as in Engl i sh . I f

long, consonants are

genera l ly

doubled in the spel l ing, but

this

expedient

is

not

cons i de r ed

neces sa r y

in

the

cas e

of vowels , as they a r e always

condi t ioned

by

the

following

cons onant

s ,

so

tha t

onc

e

you

get the hang

of Ice landic pronuncia t ion you wil l find it r egu la r .

7.

An

id iosyncrasy of

the

Ice landic

language is the use

of

the

so ca l l ed

aspi ra t ion , a

f low

of a i r , o r H sound, with rnost of the

consonant s .

An

Engl i shman pronunc ing

the word

sk ip

f.

ex .

wil l tend to say

sk ibp

whereas

the

ac tua l pronuncia t ion is

m o r e

l ike

skhj iph .

A word l ike

det t a

( to fall) wil l

sound

something l ike deddta in

the

mouth of an

Engl i shman,

whereas i t wil l sound

l ike dehht t a

when spoken by

an

Ice lander .


9/137

8.

8.

Icelandic

is

general ly spokencr i sp ly and definitelywith pure

vowels ,

and

thus

r esembles

I tal ian

or

Spanish

inmanyways . But it

is

cont inuous

in speech,

has no glo tt a l s top

o r "hyatus"

( two vowels

up against one ano the r) , d rops

extra vowels

where one suf f ices ,

and

consonant s

when

they

get in

your

way.

A s imple

sentence

l ike: "Hvatl

gedSi

hann?" is pronounced: "Kva(tl) gert l( i ) (h)ann" .

In

this way it

r esembles

French . Most

of

the language

follows a s imi l a r pattern.

TheAlphabet and the

Sounds of Icelandic .

A Val, band. (A pure

vowel ,

l ike the Scott ishor I tal ianA . )

(The

English

A in "can" or the A

in

"calin"

do

not

occur

in

Icelandic) .

A

Ain,

hatt. (A dipthong l ike

the

OW in "how" o r OU in "about" . )

Au

Autlur, aut t .

Note

well:

This

combinat ion

of

vowels does NOT

s tand for the

OU

sound in "house" or the German A U in "Haus" .

t

r ep resen t s

a

sound

foreign to Engl ish

but

well

knownin

Fr ench ,

the

EU

in

"feuil le".

B

Batur , bol. (A sound s imi l a r to the Engl ish B

in "boat") .

D

Dagur ,

dIs . (Similar to

the

Engl ish

D

except

that it

is

pronounced by

touching

the f ron t t ee th with t ip of

tongue.

)

(tl)

Batl,

hlatla. (Same as English th in

" the" .

Never used as

f i r s t l e t ter of

a word

in

writ ing. )

E

Kern, ekki . (Like Engl ish e in

"end" ,

but

pronounced

deeper

in

the

mouth .

(Khjem, ehkki . )

When K or G

are followed

by

E or I

you

genera l ly i n se r t a j

sound.)

Ey- Ei

Leyfa ,

lei t t .

(This

combinat ionof

vowels

s tands for the

Engl ish Ey in " they" or the A in

"a le" .

E Eg, f le t ta .

(Same sound as

YE

in " ye s " . )

F

F e r ,

f r am.

(Same

as

English F

in

" for " . )

G Gaman ,

get . (Same as

Engl ishG

in "got" . )

- Haga,

laga.

(Like G in Engl i sh "Magda"

but

sof te r . S imila r to

soft

Ger man g

in

"sagen" . ) - Eigi , pegi . (Like Y in "yes" . )

H

Hann, hun . (Similar to Engl ishH

in "he" . )

(This

sound

is often

dropped in

speech

whennot s t r es sed . )

I Y

Sitja, tyggja. (Same as Engl ish I in "lid" or "s i t " . )

[

Y

Yta, Iskur . (Same

as

Engl ish EA in " leave"

o r

EE in " fee t " . )

(The Y and Y a r e pronounced

exact ly

l ike

I

and [ anddo

not

show a different pronunciat ion,

but

a di f fe ren t o r ig in of the

word. )

J

Jon,

ja ta .

(Same as

Engl ishY in "ye t " . )

K

Kar l , ket tur . (Similar to Engl ishC in "cat" , but

pronounced

fur ther forward in the mouth . )

L

Laki , l a tu r . (Similar to

the f ir

s t L in "l i t t le" , butnot

so

cr i sp .

On

the

other

hand

an L never becomes so "dark"

as in "muddle"

or

" i l l" . )

LL

Hell ,

kal la . (Pronounced l ike

DDL, Hedd I, khaddla .)

M

Magnus , s tama. (Same as Engl ish M in "mou th" . )

N

Nei, fani.

(Same as

Engl ish N in

"no" . )

NN

Einn,

beinn. (Like DDN,

eiddn, beiddn. )

o

Pota , Oddur . (Same

as

Engl ish 0

in

" l o r d " '')r "co t " . )

o For ,

Olafur .

(Similar toAmer ican pronunciat ionof 0

in

" those" . )

P

Pal l , poki . (Same as P in "Pau l " . Often sof tens in to an

F -

sound in the

middle

of

word

s , e .

g. ski

pta (skhj i f ta . )


10/137

9.

R

Ragnar ,

bara .

( A ro l led or t r i l led R l ike scott ish " ra in" . )

S

Siggi, segja: (Similar to English S in "say", but th icker . )

(The voiced

S

in

" rose" does

not occur

in Icelandic.)

T

T

ota, tala .

(Similar to English T

in talk,

but spokenwith

t ip of

tongue

on front teeth. Sound softens i n middle o f word. )

u

Bura ,

sund . (Thi s sound does

not

exis t

in

Engl ish . S imi lar

to ii inGerman "di i r r" . Say "sWld"

as

if itwere an English

word, and

then

t ry

with

rOWlded

and

very prot rudingl ips ,

andyoumay

catch i t . )

o

Hus, ulfur .

(Same

as

English 0 in

" lose" or

0 0 in

"choose" . )

V

Valur , vera . (Similar

to English

V in

"va lue" , but

less

forceful .

)

x

Vaxa,

lax.

(Like soft

gs,

not ks . )

Z

Stanz .

(No

word beg ins

with

Z . PronOWlced just l ike S in

Icelandic, and is

used

to indicate a combinat ionof

t s ,

ds ,

o r

tis. The

le t te r

Z

thus

only

represents

s impli f ied spell ing.)

PU,

petta . (Pronounced l ike English

TH

in "thought". When

not s t re s sed

it

usual ly sof tens

into

D

l ike

TH

in

" thi s" . )

Saera, aett.

(Like

English I in "f ive"

or " l ike" . )

Lot ,

orn .

(Like

English

I in "bi rd" , but

with

prot ruded

and

rounded

l ips .

)

A s no ted , a ll

vowels

can be longo r shor t . This table

give

s

the

long var ie ty fir st.

Some Pecu la r i t i e s

of

Icelandic Pronunciat ion

1.

As al l

o ther languages

Icelandic

is condit ioned by s t r ess

and

the

ry th m of thewhole sentence or clause . This has given r i se to

cer ta in deviations from or tographic spell ing

in

the sil0k.\!n

language, e speciallywhen spoken fast . These deviat ions are

almost

always

regular ,

however ,

and

those

pecul iar i t i es

which

a re

not the resul t of s t r ess

or

ry thm

a re eas i ly recognized.

The

main pecular i t ies

of

speechversus or thographyare

l is ted below:

2.

In the

middle

ofwords t he so

cal led unvoiced

consonants P - T - K - F

general ly become softened and resemble the i r B-D-G-V

counterpar t s .

3.

F L and FN

This

clus ter ofconsonants is

pronounced bl and

bn

betweenvowels

or

at

the

end ofwords , e .g .

Keflavlk

(Khjebblavlk) . , Hafnars t raet i (Habbnar

straet i) . When not s t r e s sedbefore consonant s they

tend not to be pronoWlced at a l l

or

l ike soft

m

sounds, e .g . hefndi (hemdi) .

4.

RN

often becomes rdn

in pronunciat ion,

e .g .

st jorna

(s thjordna), 'or

just dd

: harn

(baddn).

. . . .

5.

The vowel s

U

- I -E -A tend to

become broader

before the clus ter

of

consonants

NG and

NK . A s

this come

s more o r Ie S 5

automatical ly

in speech

it is

not

consid e red necessa ry to accent

the vowels:

honk

(haWlk), hlunkur (

hlunkur) , Ingi (fngi) . enginn (einginn),

pankar (pankar). The same

phenomenon

somet imes occur s before

g

whenpronuncia t ion

is eas ie r that way, e .

g.

legi

(leigj i)

etc .


11/137

10.

6 .

When the consonants K or G are followed by I or E , you

usually inser t

a J sound,

e . g . kem (khjem), ges tur (gjes tur)

e tc .

7.

As in Engl ish the NG clus ter has

two

sounds, somet imes l ike

ng in "thing" f ex.

the word hr ingla , and somet imes

l ike

in

f inger

f. ex. the word

"lyng".

8.

The

consonants

L-M-N are se ldom voiced

as

in English .

When

followed

by

unvoiced consonants

like

P - T - K - F they

are pronounced in a s t r essed and clipyed manne r ,

e .g .

l ampi

(lahmp i), k al t (khalt), hanki (hahnki) .

9.

Dipthongs tend to

be shor ter and mor e

cl ipped than in

Enghsh .

When pronounCIng the sound

represented

by

a

au, ei , 0,

ae,

you

a lmost

always make them as shor t as

thei r

shor te

s t counte rpar ts in

Engl ish .

10.

When

ini t ia l vowels

are shor t

the

f l l o w i n ~

consonant

often tends to be doubled, even i f not

spel

ed that way,

e .

g. a()fert5

(at5t5fer8),

afstat ia

ahffstatia)

e tc .

11.

A s a l ready

s ta ted

mos t

of these pecul ia r i t ies come mor e

or

l e s s

automatical ly

in speech because

of

their

obvious

connect ion with

s t re

s s

and the asp ira t ion

the

puff

of brea th

or

H sound)

and

a r e -

jus t

l ike

the

dropping of

middle consonants

-

condit ioned by the eas i es t ry thm of the whole.


12/137

Some

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16 .

17.

18.

19.

20.

Expre s sions.' in the Clas s room.

Go


13/137

12.

Gree t ings .

1 .

Al5 heilsa:

to

greet .

Al5

kvel5ja:

to

say good-bye.

Al5

hei lsas t :

to gree t eachother (

the

s t i s ref lexive)

Al5 kvel5jast: to say good-bye to each other .

2.

Greet ing

a man

( three ways):

a) S ~ l l ~ b) Komdu s ~ l ~

c)

Komdu s ~ l l og b l e s s a l 5 u r ~

3.

Greet ing

a

woman

( three ways):

a)

S ~ l

b) Komdu

s ~ l ~ c)

Komdu

s ~ l

og

b l e s s u l 5 ~

4.

Saying good- bye to a man

( th ree ways):

a) S ~ l 1 ~ b)

Ver tu

s ~ l l :

c) Vertu

s ~ l l og blessal5ur :

5.

Saying good-bye to a woman

( th ree ways):

a) S ~ l : b)

Ver tu s ~ l : c) Vertu

s ~ l

og blessul5:

6"

Greeting two o r

mor e people:

A

mixed

group: a) S ~ l : b) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l :

c)

Komil5 pil5 s ~ l og

blessul5:

Men:

a)

S ~ l i r . '

b)

Komil5

pil5

s ~ l i r ~

c)

Komil5

pil5 s ~ l i r

og

b l e s s a l 5 i r ~

Women: a) S ~ l a r : b) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l a r : c) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l a r og blessal5ar :

Good - bye

to

two or m o r e people:

A

mixed

group:

a) S ~ l ~ b) Veril5 pil5 s ~ l : c) Veril5 pil5 blessul5 og s ~ l :

Men:

a)

S ~ l i r :

b)

Veril5 pil5

s ~ l i r :

c) Veril5 pil5 blessal5ir og

s ~ l i r :

Women: a)

S ~ l a r :

b) Veril5 pil5 s ~ l a r :

c)

Veril5 pil5 blessal5ar og s ~ l a r :

A

shor t

form

of Good-bye

for

e i ther or

both

sexes :

BLESS.


14/137

13.

Hvat5 e r

? Pet ta

e r

. . . (What is

?

This

is . . )

~

@

...0--.

5U;C \ .

iii

The

Indefini te

Art ic le .

I

1. Mat5ur.

Pet ta

e r mat5ur.

Er pet ta mat5ur?

Ja,

pet ta

er mat5ur.

2.

Kona.

Pet ta e r

kona.

Er

pet ta kona?

Ja , pet ta

e r kona.

3.

Barn.

Pet ta

e r

barn.

1

Er petta

barn?

Ja,

pet ta e r

barn.

4 . Bok.

Pet ta e r bok.

Er petta bok?

Ja.,

pet ta er bok,

5 .

Mynd.

Pet ta e r

mynd.

Hvat5 er

pet ta?

Pet ta e r mynd,

M

B o r ~

Pet ta

e r bort5.

Hvat5

er

petta?

Pet ta e r bort5.

7.

Er

pet ta mat5ur?

Nei,

pet ta

er

ekki

mat5ur.

Hvat5 e r

pet ta?

Pet ta e r kona.

8.

Pet ta

e r

stol l .

Hvat5

e r pet ta?

pat5 er

stoll .

9 .

Pet ta

e r

hes tur .

Hvat5 er pet ta?

~ a t 5 e r hestur .

A. NOTES: Pet ta (N): this -

er

(v. vera) : is mat5ur (M): a man - ja:

yes

.

kona (F) :

a woman -

barn

(N): a child - bok

(F):

a

book

- mynd

(F):

a picture - hvat5 (N):what -

bort5

(N): a table - nei:

no

-

ekki: not

stoll (M): a

chair

- pat5 (N): i t -

hestur

(M): a horse - numer (N):

number - spurning, spurningar

(F):

ques tion , ques t ions

B.

In

Icelandic

there

is no indefinite ar t ic le .

Instead of

saying:A

book,

:. picture, :. man, woman

etc .

you simply say:

book,

picture,

man,

woman.

C . ADTELJA (

to count):

1

einn

- 2

tvei r

- 3 pri 'r - 4 f jo r i r - 5 f imm - 6 sex - 7 sjo - 8

at ta

9

nlu

- 10 t lu (M).

1 ein 2

tvaer

- 3

pr ja r

- 4 f jorar - 5 f imm - 6

sex

- 7 sjo .

8 at ta

9

nlu -10

t lu (F).

1 eitt 2

tvo

- 3 prju - 4 fjogur - 5

f imm

- 6 sex - 7

sja

- 8

at ta

9

nlu

- 10 t lu (N).

D. Spurningar:

1.

Hvat5 er

numer e i t t ? tva?

pr

j u? f ja gu r? f imm? s ex ?

sja ? at ta?

nlu? 2.

Er numer

eit t

kona?

3.

Er numer tvamat5ur ?

4.

Er

numer

pr ju

barn? 5.

Er

numer

fjagur

hes tu r?

6. Er

numer

f imm

s tol l?

7. Hvat5 e r numer

sex? 8.

Er nUrner sjo bort5? 9. Hvat5

e r nUrner at ta? 10. Er numer nlu

hes tur?


15/137

1.

2.

3.

4 .

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

14.

? Hver - hann (Who - he)

et ta er Einar .

Einar

er (s lendingur.

Pet ta e r Ca1um.

Ca1um

er

Skoti.

E r

Einar

Skoti?

Nei ,

Einar e r

ekki

Skoti.

Er Ca1um Skoti?

Ja,

Ca1um

er

Skoti.

E r Ca1um

(s lendingur?

Nei,

Calurn

e r ekki

(s lendingur.

Hvats

er

Ca1um?

Hann

e r Skoti .

Er petta

Einar?

Nei, pet ta

e r

ekki

Einar .

Hver

er

pet ta?

Pet ta

e r

Ca1urn.

E r

petta

Ca1um?

Nei, petta

er

ekki

Ca1urn.

Hver

er

pet ta?

Pet ta er

Einar .

Hvats

ger i r

Einar?

Hann

skr i far .

Hvats skr i far hann?

Hann

skr i far bok

Hvats

ger i r

Ca1um?

Hann te iknar .

Hvats

te iknar hann?

Hann te iknar

mynd.

Spurningar: 1. Hvats er Einar? 2. Hvats e r

Cal

urn? 3.

E r

Einar

Skoti?

4 . Er Ca1um

rs1endingur?

5. E r Einar

rs1endingur?

6. E r Ca1umSkoti?

7. Hver

er

Skoti?

8.

Hver e r

(s lendingur?

9. Hvat5

ger i r Einar?

10. Hvats

ger i r

Ca1um?

11. Hvats skr i far Einar? 12. Hvats te iknar

Calum?

NOTES: rs1endingur (M): an Icelander - Skoti (M): a

Scotsman

- hann: he

- hver: who - ger i r (v. gera): does - skr i far ( v . sk ri fa ) :

wri tes

- te iknar

(

v.

teikna): draws

Litiff Ij6ff.

Notes:

Li t i3 Ij6ff

(N):

a littl poem

S61

(F):

.sun

u t i : outs ide

S61

u t i

S61

inni

inni : ins ide

h ja r t a

(N): hear t

Sol i

h ja r t a

s inn i (N): mind bara:

j u s t

S61

i s inn i

S61

Bara

s61!


16/137

15.

ECSa - l Ika -

eins og

- auCSvitaCS

tOr - also _'Eke - of course)

1.

Penni .

HvaCS

e r pet ta? Pet ta e r

penni.

E r petta

penni? Ja , paCS e r penni.

Er petta penni

eCSa

blyantur?

paCS

e r penni.

2.

BlYantur.

HvaCS e r pet ta?

.Petta

e r blYantur.

~

Er petta blyantur? Ja,

paCS

e r

blYantur.

E r petta blyantur

eCSa

penni? paCS e r blYantur.

3.

Taf la . HvaCS e r pet ta? .Petta e r taf la .

Er petta taf la?

Ja , pacs e r taf la .

E r

petta blyantur eCSa taf la? paCS e r taf la .

4.

BIll .

HvaCS

e r

pet ta? .Petta

e r

bI l l .

E r petta

bIl l?

Ja , pacs e r bill .

Er

petta

bIll

eCSa batur? .Petta e r bIl l .

5 .

Batur . HvaCS e r pet ta? Pet ta

e r

batur .

Er

petta batur? Ja , pacs e r batur .

E r petta bIl l? Nei , petta e r ekki

bill .

-

-

.--

-

- - -

6.

Einar e r maCSur og

Calum

e r maCSur lIka.

7.

E r Calum

maCSur l Ika?

8.

Ja ,

Calum

e r maCSur

lIka.

9. Er hann ekki kona?

10. Nei, hann

e r

ekki kona.

Hann

e r

S k o t i ~

11.

Nu,

e r hann pa maCSur eins

og Einar?

12.

Ja,

auCSvitaCS e r

Calum

maCSur. En hann

e r skryt inn maCSur

13.

PaCS

rna nu

segja.

NOTES:

Penni

(M)

a pen

et5a

:

or

blyantur(M):

a pencil

l Ika:

also

tafla

(F) :a chalkboard

and

. bIll

(M):

a car

nu: oh (lit . now)

batur (M): a boat eins og : as

ja:

yes , ja :wel l

auCSvitaCS: of course

paCS rna

nu

se

gja

s krytinn: s t range

he sure

i s .

AD

TELJA:

11 ellefu -

12

ta lf -

13

pre t tan - 14 f jar tan

- 15

f immtan

- 16 sextan - 17 sautjan - 18 at

jan

19 nIt

jan

- 20 tut tugu


17/137

15 a

Let tu r t e x t i (M). (An easy t ex t ) .

A. Hvaff e r pe t ta? What i s

t h i s?

Hvaff

e r

paff?

Wha t i s i t ?

I aff

e r

pe t t a .

It i s

t h i s .

I aff er paff.

That ' s

it.

B. Hvaff e r nu

p e t t a ?

Now, what i s

t h i s?

Hvaff

e r

nu paff? Now, what

i s

i t ?

I aff er

nu pe t t a .

Well, it is

t h i s .

Og

paff er

nu

pao.

And ,

well ,

t ha t ' s what

it i s .

c.

Ja

og

Ne i (Yes and No) Ja . . Jre ja . . . (Well) .

Ja

means

"yes" .

Ju

i s

used

a f t e r

a

nega t ion .

Ja

means

"wel l" .

Jreja

means "wel l" too .

Dremi :

Er pe t t a b i l l ?

Ja .

Er pe t t a

ekki b i l l ? Ju.

Er pe t t a

b i l l ?

Ja, paff e r nu paff.

(Meaning:

Well ,

I

wonder . )

Jreja,

elskan.

Well , my dear .

Nei means "no". Neee means "Noooo

Is t ha t

so?

I don ' t be l ieve it.

This

word i s seldom

wri t ten

but

much

used.

I aff e r nefn i l ega paff: Ah, well , so it i s .

D. Neitun (F ) .

(Negat ion)

Ekki

means "no t" .

AIls

ekki

means

"not a t a l l " .

Aldre i means "never" .

A common nega t ion:

Ekki

fa ra .

Don' t go.

Li t . Not to

go.

Ekki

koma. Don' t come.

Ekki

fa ra

ut .

Don' t

go

ou t .

Ekki

koma

inn.

Don ' t

come in .

Ekki

l a t a svona.

Don' t

behave l i ke

tha t .

Ekki

keyra . Don' t dr ive .

Ekki gra ta . Don' t

cry .

Ekki hlreja. Don' t

laugh.

E.

Orff

(N)

(Words)

.

Ao endur taka : to repea t

Aff

seg ja

a f tu r :

to

say

again

( r epea t )

Aff s ja : to s ee aff s j a s t : to see each o ther

Aff h i t t a : to meet aff h i t t a s t : to meet each

o ther

Aff halda afram:

to

go

on

aff hretta: to s top

Aff t aka viff: to take over

Aff k la r a : to f i n i s h aff k l a r a s t : to be f in ished ,

ge t

done

I>etta

herna

( t h i s here)

og pe t t a parna

( tha t t he re )

i s

the

normal way

to

d i f f e ren t i a t e

between

" th i s and

tha t" in

Ice land ic .


18/137

16.

t

Sognin

og:

oro io

}:n:i t

( The

verb

and the word

"you

It).

I

Ao s k i l j a

( to unders tand) . Ski lur

pu:

sk i lu rou?

2.

Ao f a ra

( to

go,

l eave ) . Far pu:

farou .

3.

M

sk r i f a

( to

wri t e )

.

Skr i f a

pu:

skr i f aou .

4.

Ao

svara ( to answer) .

Svara pu: svaraou .

5.

Ao byr j a ( to begin) .

Byrja

pu:

byr jaou .

6.

Ao

opna

( to

open)

.

Opna pu: opnaou.

7 .

M

loka

( to

c lose ,

shu t ) . Loka

pu: lokaou.

8. Ao seg ja

( to

say,

t e l l )

.

Seg

pu:

segou.

9. M hafa ( to have) .

Haf

pu: i'lafou.

10 . M

koma

( to come) . Kom pu: komdu.

I ! .

Ao

pyoa ( to

t r an s l a t e , melt) .

Pyo pu:

12.

Ao

l e s a ( to

read)

.

Les

pu:

l e s tu .

13.

Ao

taka

( to

t ake)

.

Tak

pu:

t ak tu .

14.

M

vera

( to be)

.

Ertu : aJ;e

you?

15. Ao vera

( to

be) . Vertu : be.

A. Simple Sentences :

1 . Komdu h ingao . (Come

here ) .

2 . Farou ut . (Go

ou t ) .

3.

Skr i faou

mer bre f . (Wri te

me a

l e t t e r ) .

(U18).

4. Svaraou

mer

e l skan .

(Answer

me

da r l ing ) .

5. Taktu

b6kina .

(Take

the book) .

(U45) .

6. Ertu kominn? (Have you a r r i ved? ) .

7 . Vertu her lengur . (Stay here l onge r ) .

8. Ski lurou pe t t a? (Do you unders tand tha t? ) .

9. Byrjaou pa. (Then begin) .

10. La tt u e kki svona. (Don' t behave l i ke t ha t ) .

11.

Keyrou heim. (Drive home).

12. Gra t tu

bara .

( Ju s t c r y ).

13. Ja ,

hlreOu bara, asn i .

(Yes,

j u s t

laugh,

foo l ) .

14 . Sj aoumig .

(Look

a t me). (U18).

15. Hit tu mig

klukkan

f jogur .

(Meet

me

a t

four o ' c lock ) .

16.

Haltu afram.

(Go

on) .

17. Segou

pe t t a

a f tu r . (Say

t ha t

aga in) .

18. Endur tak tu oro io . (Repeat the word).

19.

Klaraou

k aflann . (F in ish the

chap te r )

U 45) .

20 Taktu vio .

(Take over ) .

B. When

speaking: to somebody in th e

so - ca l l ed

"second

person" you

almost always su f f ix t he p e rs ona l pronoun

pn (you) to t h e v e rb. Depending on t h e p r ev iou s consonant

of the

verb it then

becomes e i t he r :

-ou, -du or - t u .

In

the plura l you wri t e pID but

normal ly

pronounce it -o i .

Komio

pio : komioi .

Far io pio : f a r io i .

pYddu.


19/137

17.

AD SPYRJA OG AD SVARA

(to ask and to answer)

Spurning

(que stion):

Ert

pu ma()ur?

Svar (answer) : Ja , eg e r ma()ur

SAMTAL A conversat ion)

E . Go()an daginn, Calwn

E . Hvar er t pu nu.na?

E .

Ja ,

u ~

E.

En hvar e r eg?

E.

Alveg

re t t . Hva(j e r

eg ?

E.

Ja , HVAD e r eg?

E.

En

hva(j er t

pu?

E . Gott . Hva()

e r

eg

a )

gera?

E .

Og

hva(j er t

pu

a(j gera?

E.

Hva j e r ega j ke nna ?

E. Og hva(j

er t

pu a ) laera?

E . E r

pa(j

erf i t t?

E .

Hva() e r pa()

pa?

E .

Rett. Pet t a

e r gott

svar .

E . Takk

fyr i r .

SPURNINGAR (questions):

1.

Hva(j e r eg a(j gera?

2.

Hva(j er t pu a j gera?

3.

Hva(j

e r

Einar

a )

gera?

4 . Hva(j er Calwn a(j

gera?

5. Hvar er t

pu

nu.na?

6. Hva(j er tu?

7.

Ertu kennar i?

The

presen t continuous tense-

C . Go(jan daginn,

Einar .

C.

Hver, eg?

C.

Eg

er

herna

inni .

C.

P u

er t he rna

inni H'ka.

C.

HVAD e r t pu?

C.

P\1 er t kennari .

C.

Eg e r nemandi .

C . Pu er t a(j

kenna.

C. Eg e r

a(j

laera.

C. P u

er t

a(j kenna Is lenzku.

C . ls lenzku, au(jvita(j.

C. Nei, pa(j

e r ekki

erf i t t .

C.

Pa()

er au(jvelt.

C.

Ja ,

en

pa(j

er"

.e,kJ.i

satt:.

C. Ekke r t a(j pakka.

8.

E r E i n a r n e m a n d i ?

9. Hva(j

e r

Calum?

10.

E r

Ca1wn

herna

inni

nu.na?

11. Hva(j

e r Einar a(j kenna?

12. Hva(j e r Calum a(j laera?

13. En hva(j

er t

pu a(j

laera?

14.

E r erf i t t a(j laera Is lenzku?

15. E r au(jvelt

a j svara?

NOT

ES:

Go(jan

daginn (acc . M): good

morning,

good day

hvar : where -

nuna:

now - herna inni: in here -

alveg

ret t :

quite

right

- kennari (M): a

teacher

-

nemandi

(M):

student

a(j gera :

doing

- a j laera: learning - a ) kenna: teaching -

Islenzku

(acc .

F):

Ic

e landic - erf i t t

(N): difficul t

- au(jvelt (N).

easy -

pa:

then

-

re t t

(N):

right

-

gott

(N): good

- sat t

CN

t rue -

takk

fyrir : thank

(you)

for (that) - Ekker t a ) pakka: don't

ment ion

i t

(lit:

nothing

to

thank for)

-

Spurn ing

F) S pur n inga r

F

pI )

Svar N) Svor N

pI )


20/137

j

Kyn - akveC5ni greinir inn.

Indefini te:

A man etc .

Mascul ine

words:

Pet ta

e r

maC5ur

( m a n )

Pet ta

er

s t rakur ( boy)

Pet ta

e r veggur (wall )

Pet ta e r

svampur

( sponge)

Pe t ta

er

blyantur (

penc i l )

Pet ta

e r stoll ( c h a i r )

Pet ta

e r gluggi

(

window)

Pet ta e r

ls1endingur

( Icelander

Pet ta

e r

Skoti ( Sco t sman)

Pet ta

e r

bIll (

c a r )

Pet ta e r

penni

( pe n )

Pet ta e r batur ( boat )

Pet ta

e r nemandi ( s tudent )

Pet ta

er

kennar i

( t eache r )

PaC e r dagur ( da y )

Feminine words:

Pet ta e r

kona

(

woman

Pet ta e r s te lpa ( gir l )

Pet ta

e r

hurC5 (

door )

Pet ta e r

tafla

( chalkboard

Pet ta e r bok ( book)

Pe t ta

er

mynd ( p ic tu r e )

Pet t a er

Is lenzka

(

Icelandic

Pet ta e r

lygi (

l ie

)

Pet ta er spurning ( question

PaC

e r

nott

( n igh t )

Neuter

words:

Pet ta e r

golf

( f loor )

pe.bta e r loft ( ceil ing, air

Pet ta

e r

borC5 ( t ab le )

Pet ta er fjall (mountain

Pet ta

e r barn (

ch i ld )

Pet ta

e r svar ( a ns we r )

PaC

er

kvold

(

evening

).

18.

(Gende

-

The defini te

ar t ic le) .

Defini te : THE man etc .

Pet ta

e r

maC5ur -

inn

Pet ta

er

s t rakur - inn

Pet t a e r veggur -

inn

Pet ta

e r svampur -

inn

Pet ta er

blyantur-

inn

Pet ta er

stoll

-

inn

Pet ta e r

gluggi

- nn

Pet ta e r

ls lendingur

- Inn

Pet ta

er Skoti - nn

Pet ta e r

bnl- inn

Pet ta

e r

penni

-

nn

Pet ta

e r batur - inn

Pet ta e r

nemandi - nn

Pet ta e r kennar i - nn

Pet t a e r dagur - inn

Pet ta e r kona - n

Pet ta

e r s te lpa - n

Pet ta

e r

hurC5 -

in

Pet ta e r taf la - n

Pet ta e r bok - in

Pet ta er

mynd - in

Pet t a e r

Is lenzka

- n

Pet ta e r

lygi

- n

Pet ta e r spurning - in

Pet ta

er

nott

- in

Pet ta e r

golf

- iC

Pet ta

e r loft - iC

Pet ta er borC5 - iC

Pet t a e r fjall - iC

Pet ta

e r barn -

iC

Pet ta

e r

svar -

iC

paC5

er

kvold

-

iC

A.

NOTES:

Gender: Whenyou

speak of

a " m a s c u l ine "

word or

a

"feminine"

word

it

has

nothing

to dowith sex . This i s a gr ammat ica l convention

and

has to dowith

the

fo rm or

the endingof the word .

In

English

" things"

are

always

neuter ,

in Icelandic

they

may

be mascul ine ,

feminine

OR

neuter , depending on

the

fo rm of

theword .


21/137

19.

B.

All the words

here

given

are

in the so-ca l led "nomina. t ive"

c alOe,

i .

e . the undecl ined

word

as

you

will find i t in the

dic t ionary .

The defin.i te ar t ic le is suffixed, i . e . it is added to the

word

and

become s

pa r t

of i t .

Icelandic

has

four so-ca l led

"cases" .

These will be deal t

with pre sent ly. The ar t ic le i s decl ined with the word in accordance

with these case s as you wil l

see l a te r . This

means that

the

word

i t se l f AND

the ar t ic le

change

form

according

to

the

case .

In the nominat ive

case

all mascul ine

words

end

in INN

In the nominat ive

case

all

feminine words

end in N - . -

In

the nominat ive case

all

neuter

words

end

in ID-;

when

the

ar t ic le is suffixed .

(For

cases see U17, 50).

C . In elevated speech and in

l i t e r a ry

Icelandic the defini te

ar t ic le is some t imes put in front of the word: HINN got5i

mat5ur,

HIN got5a kona, HID got5a barn ( the good

man

etc . ) .

This pa r t

of

the

language wil l be

deal t

with l a t e r .

D.

For r e f e r ence ,

here are the

dif ferent forms of the

defini te

ar t ic le in all case s singular and plura l when not suffixed.

R e m e m b e r that the H-sound is

only

an

asp ira t ion

and

falls

off

when not s t r essed :

SINGULAR

MASCULINE-FEMININE-NEUTER

Nominative

case

(ne fn i fa l l )

:

hinn hin

i ~

Accusat ive case

(l>olfal l )

hinn hina

hi3

Dative case

(pagufal l ) hinum

hinni

hinu

Genit ive case

( e i gna r fa l l

)

hins

hinnar

hins

PL U R A L

Nominative

case

(ne fn i fa l l ) :

h i n i r

hinar

hin

Accusat ive

case (po l fa l l

)

hina

h inar h in

Dative

case

(pagufa l l )

hinum hinum

hinum

Geni t ive

case (e ignarfa l l )

hinna

hinna

hinna

E.

Her e ' s

how th is

works :

1

Mat5ur-hinn

: mat5ur(h)inn

2.

Kennar i -h inn

:

kennari (hi )nn

3.

Veggur -h inn

:

veggur(h)inn

4.

Gluggi-hinn

gluggi(hi)nn

5.

Ste lpa-h in

ste lpa(hi )n

6.

Kona-h in

kona(hi)n

7.

Lygi-hin

lygi(hi)n

8.

Bok-hin

bok(h) in

9.

Barn-hit5

barn(h)it5

10.

Bort5-hit5

bort5(h)it5

And

so

on

in the

dif ferent

case s

as

you will soon

see .


22/137

20.

7

A


23/137

21.

Li t i r n i r .

(The

Colours ) .

Li tu r

(M): a co lour .

L i t u r i n n :

t he co lour (U 6) .

L i t i r

(p I ) :

co lours .

L i t i r n i r

:

the

co lours ( U

l7C) .

~ e s s i (M) - pe s s i (F) - pe t t a (N) : t h i s .

Hvernig er ba tu r inn a l i t i n n : What

co lour i s the boa t?

lit.

How

i s

the

boa t

on

colour

? ) ( "

l i t i n n "

i s

the accusa t ive

case of l i t u r i nn , the

nom. ending -u r i s dropped) .

Ao

lita:

to co lour - ao

mala

:. to

pa in t

. I f you

have

crayons

pa i n t the

o b j e c t s

in l esson 8 , 22 and 63 say ing the sen tences

in I ce land ic a t the

same

t ime ,

a l t e r n a t i v e l y a f f i r m i n g

and

denying:

The

boa t

i s

ye l low

.

Is it black? No, it i s n ' t

.

I t

i s

ye l low e t c .

Litaou p e t t a :

1 .

~ e s s i

ba tu r e r gulur .

2.

~ e s s i ba tu r e r rauour .

3.

~ e s s i

ba tu r

e r

grrenn.

4 . ~ e s s i b a t u r e r

b l i r .

5.

~ e t t

e r he s t u r .

Hann e r

hv i tu r .

6.

~ e t t

e r

s t 6 l l .

Hann e r brunn.

7 .

~ e t t

e r

penn i .

Hann e r gra r .

8 . ~ e t t e r fan i .

Hann er rauour og hv i t u r .

9 . ~ e t t

e r

ha t t u r .

Hann

e r

s va r tu r .

g .

10.

~ e t t

e r

k j 6 l l .

.. .

Hann e r

b l e i ku r .

Spurningar : 1 . Hvernig e r hes tu r inn a

l i t i n n ?

2. Hvernig

e r

s t 6 l l i n n a l i t i n n ? 3 . Hvernig e r penninn a l i t i n n ?

4 . Hvernig e r fan inn a l i t i n n ? 5 . Hvernig e r ha t t u r i nn a

l i t i n n ?

6.

Hvernig e r k j 6 l l i n n a l i t i n n ? 7.

Hvernig

e r

regnboginn

M the ra inbow)

a l i t i n n ? 8. Er hv i t u r hes tu r

Sko t i ?

L i t i r n i r : Gulur :

ye l low

- rauour :

red

-

grrenn

: green

b la r : b lue -

hv i t u r :

whi te - brunn: brown -

gra r

: grey

s va r tu r : b lack

- b le iku r :

pink

- gu l l i nn :

golden

appe l s inugu lu r

: orange - .

(For grammar see U 63-65) .


24/137

At> ve r a

to be

f

l . ( d a ~ e r

Calumdapur .

Mjo:

dapur .

2. Hann e r allara

3.

Hvat> e r

hann

a ~

laera? ( l ilenzku.

(ace)

4. E r

pat> erf i t t?

Ja rnjog

erf i t t .

5. Einar e r l (ka . a pu r . Mjogdapur .

. Hann e r

kenna.

7. Hvat5 e r

h.anll.

l kenna? (s lenzku.

(ace)

I . Pet ta

e r m.j(j:

er f i t t

mal .

9. Calum e r at> lilera

pat>

semE ina r e r at> kenna.

lQ.

t

e r l kellna

l l i lenzku

0: pu er t ati

bltTa l l i lenzku.

11

t :

veit pa l . Einar .

12

t

e r at5

t a la 18iel'lzku

o ~

pu

er t

l lka

at5

ta la l l i lenzku.

13. t :

skil pat>. Einar .

14.. Vit>

e r um

at>

ta la

samano

15. Ja , pet ta

e r

er f i t t III.

Mjog

er f i t t I lL

.

Spurningar :

l .

Hvat> e r

Calum

dag?

2.

Er t pu

dapur?

3.

Hvat> e r

Calum

at> gera?

Hvat>

e r hann at>

loera?

5.

E r

Einar katur?

6. Hvat>

e r

hannpa?

7.

E r

hanndapur e ins

og

Calum?

8. Hvat>

e r Einar

at>

gera?

9.

E r l s lenzka erf i t t mal?

10. E r Einar at>

loera pat>

sem

Calum e r at>

kenna?

11. Er tu at> ta la l s lenzku?

12.

Erumvit> at>

t a l a s aman?

13.

E r

pet ta er f i t t

l l f?

14.

E r pat> mjog erf i t t?

. At> ve r a

(to

be)

l .

t ~ e r .

r am.

2. PU e r t .

You

a r e .

3. Hann,

hun.

pat> e r

He, she , it is

4.

Vit>

e rum.

We

a r e .

5.

pit>

erut>.

You

a r e

.

6.

pe i r . poer.

pau eru .

They

M, F,

N)

a re .

NOTES: r

dag: today

- dapur

(M)

:

sad

- mjog: very - at>

loera:

l ea rn ing

-

erf i t t (N): difficul t

- pat> sem:

that which

-

vei t (v. vita): know

-

ta la

saman: talking toge ther .

to

each other

- l lf

(N): life

- katur (M):

happy.

gay

- pa: then - eins

og:

as


25/137

23.

If

Ats vera mets - Ats

hafa

- Ats eiga . (To have) .

A.

1. Pet ta

e r matsur og pet ta e r kona.

2.

Pet ta

eru

matsur

og

kona.

3.

Pet ta e r jakki og

pet ta

e r

kapa.

4.

Pet ta

eru jakki og

kapa.

5.

Pet ta e r

s ta fur

og pet ta e r t aska .

6.

Pet ta eru s tafur og taska .

7.

E r

matsur inn

mets ha r ?

B

N ei, hann e r ekki

mets

har .

9.

En

konan?

10.

Hun

e r mets

har .

11.

Hvats

e r matsurinn?

12.

Hann e r

skol lot tur .

13.

Matsurinn hefur

got t kaup.

14.

Hannhe

fur mikits ats

gera .

15.

Konan hefur

ekker t

kaup.

16.

Hun

hefur

ekker t

ats

gera .

17.

Konanhefur

fal legt

andl i t .

lB

Matsurinn he fur hraus t leg t utli t .

19.

Pet ta e r gotsur

matsur M) og

pe t t a e r

goo kona (F) .

20.

Pau eiga

go t t barn

(N) og

pau e iga

1ika hvor t

anna6- N)

B.

Spurningar :1 Er u

pet ta

matsur og kona? 2. E r matsurinn mets

har?

3.

E r konan

mets ha r ? 4.

Hvats

e r

m ats ur in n? 5 . E r eg

skollottur?

6 . H e fu r pugot t kaup? 7 . H e f e g mikits ats gera? B. Hefur mats

ur inn mikits ats

gera?

9. Hver he fur 1i tits ats

gera?

10. Hefur

konan

mikits

kaup? 11. Hefur

hun

mikits ats

gera?

12. Hvats

hefur

konan? 13. En

matsurinn?

14.

E r

pet ta

vondur

matsur

etsa

gotsur

matsur?

15. Hvats eiga matsurinn og k o n a n - ? -

C.

Ats hafa (

to

have

Ats

eiga

(

to

have, to o w n )

1.

Eg hef

1.

Eg

a

2.

Pu hefur 2.

p u :itt

3.

Hann, hun, pats

hefur

3.

Hann, hun,

pats

a

4 .

Vits hofurn 4 .

Vits

eigum

5.

pitshafits

5.

pits eigits

6.

Pei r ,

paer,

pau hafa

. Pe i r , paer,

pau

eiga

c.

NOTES: Ins tead of saying:

th is is a

man and

a woman,

or

these

are a man

and

a

woman, you say

THIS

ARE

a

m a n

and a

woman.

jakki (M): a

jacket

- kapa (F): a coat -

s ta fur

(M): a

s t ick

taska

(F):

a purse , bag - har

(N): hair

- En konan: how

about

the woman? - skol lot tur (M): bald - gott kaup (N): a

good

sa l a ry .

pay - ekker t ats

gera :

nothing to

do

-

fallegt

andli t

(N):

a

beaut i ful face - hraus t leg t utlit (N): a

healthy

look, i e .

he

looks

heal thy -

gotsur (M)

,gots

(F),

gott (N): good - sem: who,

which

hvor t annats

(N):

each other .


26/137

24.

Eig inhe i t i

(N) - Kyn

(N)

(Proper

names

-

Gender) .

Fat>irinn er

at> kenna.

Sonurinn er

at> laera.

Eiri 'kur:

Hvat>

e r

Esja?

Leifur:

HUn er

fjall .

Eiri 'kur:

En Snaefell ? Le ifur: pat>

e r

fjall

li 'ka.

Eiri 'kur: En Hekla?

Leifur:

HUn

e r

fjall .

Eiri 'kur: Hver s konar fjall? Leifur:

Eldfjal l .

Eiri 'kur: Hvat> er Mlmir ? Leifur: Hann e r skal i , aut>vitat>.

Eiri 'kur: Og Reykjavi 'k?

Leifur: HUn e r borg.

Eiri 'kur:

En

hvat> er Noregur?

Leifur:

Hann

er

land.

Eiri 'kur: Og Ameri 'ka?

Leifur: Yi'nland,

meinart>u?

Eiri 'kur: Jaeja, Yi'nland, p.1.

Leifur:

Pat>

e r land eins og

Noregur .

Eiri 'kur:

Star t et>a li tit>

land. Leifur:

Li tit> land.

Eiri 'kur:

Betra en Graenland?

Leifur:

Nei,

Graenland

e r bet ra .

Eiri 'kur: Pu e r t ekki svo vit laus ,

s t rakur .

Spurningar : 1. v a ~

e r Esja?

2. Hvat>

e r Snaefell? 3. Hvers konar

fjall e r Hekla?

4.

Hvat> e r Mi'mir? 5. En hvat5 e r Reykjavi'k?

6.

Hvat5 e r Noregur?

7. En

Yi'nland?

8.

E r Danmork

land

eins og

Noregur?

9.

E r

Island

betra

en

Danmork?

10. E r Graenland

betra

en Amer lka? 11.

E r Leifur

vi t laus? 12.

Hvor

e r

fat5irinn

og

hvor er sonurinn?

Gender: All

Ice landic

nouns

are

e i t he r

masculine , feminine or

neu te r .

This has

nothing to do with sex or thQ

gender

of the

th ing i t s e l f . What i s M F

or

N i s the WORD

not

the th ing

t rep resen t s . Usually the

ending

determines the gender :

A

word

which ends in -a i s near ly always feminine .

A

word which ends in -u r i s near ly always masculine

A

word which ends in -8

or

- t

i s

near ly always

neuter .

Even proper

names

are thought

of

as M F

or

N.

NOTES:

fjall

(N): mountain -

hvers

Konar:

what

kind - eldfjall :

volcano

( eld:

f i r e )

- skali

(M):

school -

autsvitat5:

of course -

Ylnland (N):

Wineland

- s tar t e


27/137

25.

2

A5 ver5a: to become.

1.

Vi5

erum

a l l

her inni .

2.

Gunnar e r

her

og Geir

er

her .

~ e i r eru

her ba5i r .

3. Hallger5ur

e r

her og

Bergpora er

her . Prer eru her ba5ar .

4.

Gunnlaugur er

her

og Helga

er her .

Dau eru

her breei.

5. All i r

menn

eru

go5i r .

6 .

Allar

konur

eru go5ar.

7.

a l l

born

eru

go5.

8. ~ e t t a e r

s a t t .

Alveg

s a t t .

9.

Eg e r her

i dag.

10. ~ u ver5ur her a morgun.

11. Vi5

ver5um her ba5ir

a manudag.

12. Gunnar

og

Geir ver5a her

a

pr i5judag.

13.

~ a ver5ur

eng inn her

a

mi5vikudag.

14.

~ i ver5i5

a l l

her

a

fimmtudag.

15. Gunnlaugur og Helga ver5a her a fos tudag.

16.

A

laugardag ver5a a l l i r menn

brreeur.

17.

~ a

fa ra

margir

u t

a5

drekka.

18 . sunnudag fara menn i ki rk ju .

19.

Bra5um ver5ur veroldin ful lkomin.

A l l i r M)

a l1ar

F) a l l N)

Ba5ir

M)

ba5ar

F)

breei

N)

Enginn

M)

engin

F)

ekker t

N)

Margir M) mar gar

F)

morg N)

G03ur M) go5 F)

got t

N)

Pronouns

are M, F or N. Adjec t ives

agree

with the nouns they modify. in

gender, number and

case

.

Spurningar:

1. Hver

e r her inn i?

2. Er t pu her inni? 3.

Eru

Gunnar

og

Geir ba5i r her? 4. En Hal1ger5ur og Bergpora ?

5.

Eru a l l i r menn go5i r ? 6. En a l l a r konur? 7. Og a l l born?

8. Hvar

e r t pu

nuna

? 9. A l l i r menn

eru

go5i r . Er

pa5 s a t t ?

10.

Ver5ur

pu

her a

morgun? 11. Ver5um

vi5 her ba5i r a pr i5 ju -

dag

? 12.

Hvar

ver5i5

pi5

a mi5vikudag?

13.

Fara menn i kirkju

a laugardag? 14. Ver5ur

vero ld in bra5um ful lkomin?

15. Hva3

gera menn a laugardag?

NOTES: G65ir, g65ar , goo M , F, N

pI :

good

see U63-65)

s a t t

N): t rue

- a lveg: qui te - i

dag,

a morgun:

today,

tomorrow - enginn M): no body) - a l1 i r menn M pI : a ~ l men,

a l l people - brreeur M pI : brothers ,

bre thren

- fa ra : go

margir M

pI :

many -

u t

a5 drekka:

out

to dr ink - i kirkju

F acc :

to church - bra5um : soon - veroldin F):

the

world

fullkomin: per fec t


28/137

26.

B.

Ao veroa ( to become, to

have

t o ) . Ao

ge ta

( to be

ab le

t o ) .

l.

g

vero .

1 .

g

g et (se e u n i t 28 and 11 ,4)

2.

1u

ve rour .

2. 1u ge tu r .

3.

Hann,

hun, pao verour .

3. Hann

,

hun,

pao ge tu r .

4 . Vio veroum.

4. Vio getum.

5 . 1io

vero io .

5.

1io

g e t i o .

6.

1eir,

prer, pau veroa .

6. 1eir ge ta .

C.

Einn

dagur -

marg i r

dagar . (One day - many days (M .

Sunnudagur

A sunnudaginn

(kemur)

(Next

sunday e t c . This

i s

Manudagur

a manudaginn

the

accusa t ive form,

the

1riojudagur

a pr io judag inn

ending

-u r

i s

dropped

Miovikudagur

a miovikudaginn

be fore

def .

a r t i c l e ) .

Fimmtudagur

a f immtudaginn

Fostudagur

a fos tudag inn

Laugardagur

a l augardag inn

D.

t s l ensk

ga ta (F) .

(An I ce lan d i c p u zz l e ).

Spurn ing : Hvao e r pao sem allir v i l j a veroa en eng

inn

vera?

Svar : Gamall .

Malsha t tu r :

1ao ungur nemur

(sem) gamal l

temur .

T v i sv a r v e rou r gamall

maour barn .

Sa

verour

gamal l

sem

guo v i I I .

Gamall

(M) - gomul

(F)

-

gamal

t

(N):

old

Ungur (M) - ung

(F)

-

ungt

(N):

young

Notes :

Malsha t tu r

(M):

a proverb - mal (N): language

ha t tu r

(M):

mode, way (p l . hret t i r ) - allir a l l , everybody

ao v i l j a : to want

to -

sem: which

- nemur (v.

nema):

l ea rns

temur

(v. t em j a ): t ea ch e s,

i n cu l ca t e s -

t v i s va r :

twice

sa M): he who

E. Mil

treki

(N). (Proverbs )

.

l.

Ao hika

e r

sarna og t apa . (To

h e s i t a t e

i s

the same as to l o s e ) .

2:

1ao e r

mannlegt ao

s k ja t l as t . ( I t i s human to e r r ) .

3.

Alvara

og

gaman

e iga bez t

samano

(Ser iousness

and

fun

are

b e s t combined) .

4. Aumur er io ju laus

maour.

(Wretched

i s an i d l e

man).

5. Bet ra er ao b i o j a en s t e l a . (Be t te r to beg than to s t e a l ) .

6. Bl indur

e r boklaus maour. (Bl ind

i s

a man withou t

books) .

7 .

Koma dagar , koma r ao . (Come

days , come

s o lu t ions ) .

8. Ao

f l a u s t r a

e r ekk i ao f ly t a s e r . (To make has t e i s not

to

hur ry ) .

9. Bet ra e r s e i n t en a l d r e i . (Be t te r

l a t e than

neve r ) .


29/137

27 .

} J

Fle i r ta la

F) .

Ati s leppa serhl jo t ianum

M

d a t ) .

Plura l .

Dropping the Vowel .

1. pett{a) e r

bok -

pett{a)

eru baekur. pett{a)

e r hurti

-

pett(a)

eru

hurti ir . pett{a) e r veggur

-

pett{a)

eru

veggir . pett{a) e r

gluggi

pett{a)

eru

gluggar.

pett{a) e r

borti

-

pett{a)

eru borti . pett{a) e r

stoll -

pett{a)

eru

s to lar .

pett{a) e r hundur

- pett{1a) e r u hundar .

Pett{a)

e r

matiur

-

pett{a)

eru menno pett{a)

e r kona

-

pett{a)

eru

konur. pett{a)

e r mynd

-

pett{a)

eru myndir .

2. Hvati e r

pet ta? p a o

e r

stoll - pati eru s to lar .

Er u petta hurti ir? Ja, pett{a)

eru

hurt i i r .

Eru

petta

veggir? Ja , pett{a)

eru

veggir .

Eru petta myndir? Ja, pett{a) eru myndir .

Eru

pet ta g luggar?

Nei,

pett{a)

er(u)

ekki

gluggar.

E r u

petta

bort i? Nei , pett{a) er(u) ekki bort i .

Er u petta s to lar? Ja,

pett{a)

eru

s to lar .

Not: they - these - those - are chai rs as in Engl ish . )

3. Pronunciat ion:

the i changes into "Y"

as

in the Word "yes" .

1. Eg e r ati laera.

Eg

e r ekk(j) ati

laera.

2. Eg e r ati vinna. Eg e r

ekk(j)

ati vinna.

3 . pu er t

ati

kenna. pu er t ekk(j)

ati kenna.

4.

Hann

e r

ati

lesa .

Hann e r ekk{j) ati

lesa .

5. Viti e r u m ati ta la samano Viti

erUITI

ekk{j) ati ta la samano

6. Eg

e r inni . Eg e r

ekk{j) inni.

7.

pit i erut i

uti.

piti eruti

ekk(j)

uti .

8. E r u m viti ati bortia? Nei, viti e r um ekk(j) ati bortia.

Notes:

In normal colloquial speech a hia tus , i .

e . two vowels

pronounced together

with

a

sor t of

glottal stop, does

NOT occur .

You therefore almost

invariably

DROP the

f i r s t

of the two vowels

standing together .

Hurti

(F): door - veggur

(M):

wall -

gluggi (M):

window -

hundur

lvi): dog


30/137

28.

ILt

Beyging

ort>a (T h e Declension of words ).

Icelandic

has

four cases cal led The Nominat ive Case , the Accusat ive

Case , the Dative Case , the Geni t ive Case .

U

l 7 , 5 0 ) .

A. Hvat> ) What

B. Pat>

N): t

E i n t a l a

F)

Sing :u la r :

l

nom: hvat> 1.

nom: pat

2: acc . pat


31/137

nothing

29.

15

Sognin 1 nafnhretti ( The ve r b in the infini t ive )

Hvemer?

pegar

(When? when).

1. pat5 e r

gott

at5 hafa nag at5 gera .

2.

pat5

e r

vont

at

vinna of

11tit5,

3. og pat5

er

11ka

vont

at5 vinna of mikit5.

4.

pat5

er

agrett at5 vinna

matulega

mikit5.

5.

pat5 e r aut5velt at5 spyr ja ,

6.

en pat5

er oft

erf i t t

at5 svara .

7.

pat5

er

ekki pat5 sarna at5 vil ja og geta.

8.

pat5

er

gott

at5

bort5a,

pegar

mat5ur

er

svangur.

9.

pat5 e r

gott

at5 drekka , pegar mat5ur

er

pyrs tur

10. pat5

er

gott at5 bort5a og drekka,

11.

pegar mat5ur

er

svangur og

pyr s tur .

12.

En pat5 e r ekki

gott

at5

bort5a

of mikit5.

13.

Og pat5 e r

al ls ekki

gott at5 drekka

of

mikit5.

14. pat5

er

beinl1nis hrettulegt.

15. pat5 e r aut5velt at> s i t ja kyr r .

16. En pat> e r

erf i t t

at5

standa

kyr r

lengi .

17.

Yfirlei t t e r

mjog

erf i t t at>

vinna 1engi.

18.

En pat5 e r

11ka

erf i t t at5 gera ekker t .

Spurningar: 1. Er

gott at5

hafa

nag at5

gera?

2. Er gott

et5a vont at

vinna of litit5, 3.

Er

gott

at5 vinna of mikit5?

4.

Hvernig

e r

at vinna

matulega

mikit5? 5. Er aut5velt at5 spyr ja? 6.

Er

oft

e;f i t t

at5 svara?

7.

Er

pat5 pat5

sarna at5 vil ja og

geta?

8.

Hvenrer

er

gott

at5 bort5a?

9. Hvenrer

er

gott at5

dre

kka? 10. E r gott at5 bort5a of mikit5?

11.

Er

gott

at5 drekka of mikit5?

12.

Er aut5velt

at

s i t ja kyr r? 13. Er aut5velt

at5

vinna of

lengi?

14.

Er

aut5velt

at>

gera

ekker t?

.

NOTES:

nog: enough - v ~ n t

gott (N): bad, good

-

vinna: work

- of:

too

litit5, mikit5 (N): l i t t le , much - aut5velt,

erf i t t (N):

easy ,

difficul t

-

spyr ja ,

svara: ask , answer - pat5 el' ekki: i t is not - pat5 sama: the sam e - at5 vil ja

og geta: to want to and to be able to -

bort5a, drekka: eat ,

dr ink - pegar :

when - hvenrer: when? -

mat5ur:

one -

svangur , pyrs tur (M):

hungry,

th irsty

al ls ekki: not at

all

-

beinl1nis

hrettu1egt (N): directly dangerous - s i t ja kyrr :

s i t still - standa: stand - yfir le i t t : genera l ly - lengi: long - ekker t (N):


32/137

30.

Oroaforoi . (Vocabulary) .

If

l

~ a o

er

got t

ao vera ungur

og

as t fanginn ,

2.

og pao

er

of t got t ao e l ska og vera til

3.

En

l i f i o

e r

stundum

e r f i t t .

4.

~ o

e r a l I t of s t u t t ,

5 .

og

pao

e r ekki nrerri

a l l t a f

skemmti legt .

6.

Stundum er pao

bein l in i s

l e io in l eg t .

7.

Hya{5 .e r l i U 6 ?

8.

Ao

hugsa, o t t a s t

og

f inna

til

9.

Svona e r pao e i n f a l t .

10.

Ao

koma og fa ra ,

ll

ao freaast,

ao

vaxa,

ao

l i f a

12.

ao e lska og

p ja s t og

s ioan

deyja .

13. ~ o e r a l l t

og

sumt.

~ d J

14. En

pao

e r

f j andi

gaman

stundum.

15.

~ o e r

got t ao

vera f r i sku r ,

16.

en pao er vont ao

vera

veikur .

17.

~ o er l e io in l eg t ao vera of mikio einn,

18. en skemmti legt ao t a l a via got t folk.

19.

Hvao e r l i f i o?

20.

Eg ve i t

pao

ekki . ~ o ve i t

v i s t

enginn.

l :l- jo1f . . b . ~ UMJ '

-

j a . 5 I f C l A < . s ~

Spurningar : 1.

Er

go t t ao vera ungur og as t fanginn? 2. Er got t

ao elska og

vera t i l ?

3.

Ert

pu as t fanginn? 4.

Er l i f i o o f t

e r f i t t ?

5.

Er

pao

of l angt? 6. Er l i f i o a l l t a f skemmti legt?

7. Er pao

stundum

l e io in l eg t ? 8. Hvao

er l i f i o?

9. Er l i f i o

e i n f a l t

eoa

f lok io? 10. Er

stundum

gaman? 11. Er

got t

eoa vont

ao vera

f r i skur?

12.

Er go t t ao vera veikur? 13. Er skemmtilegt

ao vera mikio einn? 14. Er gaman ao t a l a via

l e io in l eg t

folk?

15. Hver

ve i t hvao l i f i o er?

NOTES: Ungur

og

as t fanginn

(M): young

and in love l it. love

captured)-

elslea: love Note

well : ao vera :

to

be

ao vera

til:

to

ex i s t l i f i o (N): l i f e a l I t of: fa r too s t u t t , l angt (N):

shor t , long

skemmtil

eg t , l e io in l eg t (N): pleasant , unpleasant -

hugsa:

th ink

o t t ~ s t fea r Note wel l :

ao

f inna: to

f ind -

ao

f inna

~ i l

to fee l (pain) svona: so e i n f a l t (N): s imple -

koma,

fa ra

:

come, go

frei3


33/137

31.

17

Foll

- fraITlsoguhattur

sagnar innar .

Cases -

The

Indicat ive of the Verb.

1. Pet ta e r ITlynd noITl). Pet ta e r ITlynd af hesti

og

s t rak

(dat).

P u

serti

hest

og

s t rak

(ace)

a

ITlyndinni (dat). Pu serti baetii hest inn og

s t rakinn

(ace). Hestur inn

e r

l s lenzkur

og

s t rakur inn

e r 11ka l s lenzkur

noITl).

2. Strakur inn noITl) stendur hja hestinuITl (dat).

Hestur inn noITl) stendur

hja

straknuITl

(dat).

Pet ta e r fal legur

hes tur

noITl). Strakur inn

e r

11ka

fa l legur

noITl).

3. Pet ta

e r ITlynd noITl)

af

hundi

(dat).

Hundurinn noITl)

si tur og

hugsar . Pe t ta e r vitur hundur noITl). Hann e r a(5 hugsa

UITl

s t rakinn

og

hest inn

(ace) .

4.

StunduITl

hleypur hundurinn noITl) t i l s t raks ins

(gen). Og

oft

hleypur s t rakur inn noITl)

t i l

,.

hests ins

(gen). En

hes tur inn

noITl) hleypur

stunduITl burt f ra

hundinuITl

og straknuITl

(dat).

p a sez t hundurinn aftur

nit5ur

og hugsar .

Pet ta e r ITljog vitur hundur . Skyldi hann

vera a(5

hugsa

UITl

l s lenzka ITlalfraetii (ace)?

A

Sl,)Urningar: 1.

Ser(5u

ITlynd? 2. Af hver ju e r ITlyndin? 3.

Hvati

sertiu

a

ITlyndinni?

4. Sert iu

bae 5i hest inn

og

s trakinn?

5.

E r

he

s tur inn l s lenzkur etia danskur? 6. En

s t rakur inn?

7. Hvar

s tendur s t rakur inn?

8.

Hvar stendur

he s tur inn? 9.

E r

petta

fal legur etia

I jotur

hes tu r? 10. E r s t rakur inn fa l legur?

11.

Ser(5u

ITlynd af hundi?

12.

E r petta

fa l legur

e 5a I jotur hundur?

13.

Hvernig

e r hann a

l i t inn?

14. E r hundurinn vi tur? 15. UITl hva 5

e r

hann

ati hugs a ? 16.

Hugsar

pu ITlikiti

UITl

l s lenzka ITlalfraet5i?

17.

Hvert h leypur h und urinn

stunduITl? 18.

Hvert h leypur he s tur inn ?

19.

UITl hva(5 er t pu a(5 hugsa nuna?

20. En

hundurinn?

CASES: Ice landic has four

cases .

The same noun may

have

four d i f f e ren t

forms

in

s ingula r

and

plura l ,

e ight a l toge the r .

The cases depend upon the

funct ion

of the word in the sentence

.

General ly

speaking,

word order and

prepos i t ions

in English

have

replaced our c a s e - s y s t e ~ .

The

NOMINATIVE i s the

case of the subjec t , he

who

does , tha t

which i s . The undecl ined word to which

everyth ing in

the

sentence re fe r s .

The ACCUSATIVE i s normally

the

goal or

the objec t of the

ac t ion , the person

or

th ing to

which

rhc

ac t ion i s

aimed.

The

DATIVE i s

often the ind i rec t

ob jec t of

verbs and

can s tand

for

the goal or purpose of

an ac t iv i ty . He or

tha t with r e ~

eard

to

whom or

which

the

doer

i s

performing

something.

The

GENITIVE

is ca l led the

"owner 's case"

denoting tha t which

i s h i ~ h e r ~ e tc . but note :

Idiom i s s t ronger than

any

ru le , ce r t a in prepos i t ions t ake

ce r t a in cases , so do

ce r t a i n

verbs .

The only

mastery i s

through usage.

(For

prepos i t ions see U

50) .


34/137

32.

B.

Notes: Heatur (M) :

horile

- i l t r ikur (M) : boy - j e r ~ (v. sja.) : aee

fa l lecur

(M)

: beautiful - si tur (v. si t ja) : s i ts - hugilar (v. hu,aa) :

thinks - amyndinni (F) :

in

the pic ture - hja

hes t inum

: by the horse

t i l s t raks ins :

to

the boy - burt f ra : away f rom -

sez t

(v.

setjalit)

s i t

down - vi tur

(M)

: wise -

skyldi

hann ve r a : I

wonder i f

he is

(lit.

should he be?) - ~ hugsa urn : to think about - l i l lenzka mal-

f r i l e ~ i (F ac

c)

:

Ic elandic ! ; r ammar .

C.

Declension of Noun and Art ic le :

(see Unit

6

1.

(nom) Hestur(h )inn

Strakur

(h)inn

Mynd(h)in

2.

(acc) hest(h)inn s t rak(h) inn

mynd(h)ina

3. (dat) he st i (hi)num s t rak(hi)num mynd

(h )inni

4.

(gen)

hests(h)ins

straks(h)ins

myndar(h) innar

Plural :

5. (nom) Hestar (h i )n i r strakar(hi)nir myndir(hi)nar

6. (acc) hesta(hi)na straka{hi)na

myndir(hi)nar

7. (dat) hestu(m)(hi)nwn s t raku(m)(hi)nwn

myndu{m)(hi)nwn

8 . (gen)

hesta{hi)nna straka{hi)nna

mynda{hi)nna

D. Verbs :

~ s ja (see), standa

(s tand) '

si t ja (si t) , hugsa (think)

set jas t (si t down),

hlaupa

(run)

1.

Eg

se

stend

si t

hugsa

sez t

2.

pu s e r ~

s tendur si tur hugsar

sez t

3.

hann, hun, - p ~

se r

stendur

si tur

hugsar

sez t

4 . vit5

s jaum

s tondwn

si t jum

hugsum se t jumst

5. p i ~

s j i ~

standit5

sitjit5 h u g s i ~

se t j iz t

6.

peir ,

peer,

pau

s ja s tanda s i t ja hugsa

set jas t

1.

Hleyp 2. hleypur 3. hleypur 4. hlaupum 5.

h l a u p i ~

6. hlaupa


35/137

33.

Pu 02 eg

you and

lTIe

FoIl . P er sonufornofn

02 icelandic in easy stages no. 1

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