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Baquizero presentarttionTRANSCRIPT
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1The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Part 2: Installation Processes/EquipmentAndres Baquerizo, P.E., HJ Foundation Company
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Process Summary Drill to required depth using continuous-flight,
hollow-stem auger Begin pumping grout (expel cork) Build up target grout head on auger Withdraw auger at constant rate to produce a
target over-supply per length of pile Continue pumping grout until auger tip reaches
ground surface Insert Reinforcing bar or cage
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2Caissons/Shafts or Barretes/ LBE
Augered PileAugered Pile
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Vs Shaft/Caisson
The Deep Foundations Institutes Cast-in-Place Piling Seminar- KC '09
Equipment
Hollow Stem Auger Drill Bits Leads/Torque Arm Hydraulic Gearbox Hydraulic Power Unit Grout Pump Crawler Crane
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3Typical Equipment
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
GEAR BOX
PILE LEADS
TORQUE ARM
HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT
CRANE
STICKERS
CRANE
MAST
BOOM
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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4Hollow Stem Auger
Continuous flight auger 3 inch inside diameter pipe Auger diameters: 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,
24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 inches Auger section lengths: 4, 5, 10, and 20 ft Weight ranges from about 70 lbs per ft
for 12 inch, to 120 lbs per ft for 24 inch, and 200 lbs per ft for 36 inch
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
AUGER CONNECTORS
Torque Resistant
Fluid Tight
Ease of assembly disassembly
Bayonet Connector
API Connector
Hex Connector
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5Drill Bits Basic Bit - Pengo bit Basic Rock Bit - fitted with carbide teeth Clay Flight Bit - for clay soils
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Cutting Head for IGM Application
Leads/Torque Arm Leads provide the guide for the gearbox to
travel up and down on during drilling Leads can either be fixed to the crane boom
or hung from a cable Torque Arm - steel pipe designed to absorb
torque from drilling operation - optional Hydraulic Spotter - used for tiebacks and
battered piles Traveling Guide-maintain stability of auger
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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6The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Gearbox Hydraulically operated top head drive Travels up and down the leads Torques range from about 15,000 ft-lbs to
90,000 ft-lbs or more Weighs 2,000 to 10,000 lbs
(down force in addition to the auger weight) Rotational speed ranges from 30 to 60 rpm
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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7SWIVEL
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Hydraulic Power Unit
Provides the hydraulic power to turn the gearbox and auger
Typically mounted on the back of a crawler crane to aid in mobility
The higher the hp rating, the greater the torque and rotational speed for drilling
Horsepower ratings range from about 200 hp to 750 hp
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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8The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Grout Pump Hydraulically operated, positive displacement piston-ball valve
pump Pump pressures typically around 350 psi at pump outlet Stroke displacements range from about 0.4 to 1.7 cubic feet per
stroke Grout hoses typically 2 to 3 inch diameter Can pump grout several hundred feet Grout typically delivered by ready mix trucks Pump Calibration-Usually performed by counting the number
of pump strokes required to fill a 55 gal (7.35 cu ft) barrelNote: All 55 gallon barrels are not created equal-measure barrel,
calculate volume
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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9The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Stroke displacements range
from 0.4 to 1.7 cft per stroke
(40 to 170 cyds/hour)
Crawler Crane
Capacity and boom lengths vary with project conditions
40 to 100 ton cranes most typical 40 ton crane - 40 ft of up to 18 inch auger 60 ton crane - 60 ft of up to 18 inch auger 100 ton crane - 100 ft of up to 18 inch auger 150 ton crane - 100 ft of up to 24 inch auger
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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40 60 60 90 69 80100 155 85 120
155 120 130100 100 200220
335 440440 440
700 700 700
1,200
2200
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
1980 1983 1988 1994 2010 1996 2000 2004 2002 2004 2005 2006 2014
Cap
aciti
es (t
ons)
/ Le
ngth
s (ft
)
Years
Typical Pile Lengths (ft)
14-inch 16-inch 18-inch
30-inch
24-inch
36-inch
Future 42-inch
Reference Evolution of the Foundation Industry Met Miami Development Miami, Florida, Carlos Ortiz, P.E. & Matthew Meyer, P.E. Langan Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. presented in DFI referencing O-cell Tests on Augered Cast-in-Place Piles, Edwin W. Hickey and Andres M. Baquerizo of HJ Foundation, and John Hayes of Loadtest, presented in DFIs Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Committee Specialty Seminar: Augered Cast-in-Place Piles on June 22, 2007 in Coral Gables, FL.
Augered cast-in-place milestones
201218-inch145 ft
201236-inch 152 ft
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Use of full length reinforcing as Tension Reinforcement & instant quality control for Augered cast-in-place piles.
Augercast piles are not comonly designed with full length reinforcing. The questions is Can & Has it been done?
18-inch 145 Ft
36-inch 122 Ft
30-inch 130 FtYES
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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36-inch 152 Ft30-inch 155 Ft
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Batter Piles - Typically Inclined 1: 6 or less
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Full length reinforcing instant quality control method?
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Pile Cut Off When Required
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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5200 ton O-cell
Load Test: Top Down, O-cell & Statnamic Testing
3000 ton Top Down
1500 ton Top Down
4500 ton Statnamic
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Installation Close to Structures
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Install Augered Piles Close to Utilities?
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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2.2 Low Head Room/Limited Access (LHR-APG) Piles
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
(LHR) Limited Head Room Installation
Used where overhead clearances are at least 8.5 ft Track-mounted or forklift mounted drilling
equipment Piles are drilled with auger sections typically 3 ft
to 10 ft in length Installation time much longer than with crane-
mounted equipment
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Typical Limited Headroom (LHR) Rig
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Low Headroom Pile Installation
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Power Pack, Grout Pump
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Restricted Access Piles
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
30Ft 50Ft
4Ft
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Drilled displacement type pile - (pro's/con's)
Augered cast-In-Place Pile
Drilled Displacement
Limestone cannot be Displaced
DISPLACEMENT EQUIPMENT LIMITATIONS - (pro's/con's)
Variable top of limestone elevations iterbeded with
soft layers
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Numbering Print
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Submittals & Pile Cap Detail
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Part 3: Pile MaterialsAndres Baquerizo, P.E., HJ Foundation Company
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PILE MATERIALS
Ready-Mix Grout Steel Reinforcing
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
3.2 Grout
Portland cement Flyash Sand (fine to coarse) Grout aid
(fluidifier, non-shrink additive) Water
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Typical Grout Mix (cubic yard proportions)
752 lbs cement 225 lbs fly ash 2400 lbs sand 3 lbs grout aid W/C ratio: 0.45 to .50 Compressive strength: 4,000 psi (28 day)
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Compressive strengths are typically referenced to 2 X 2 cubes. Compressive strength tests on cylindrical (L=2D) specimens will produce about 0.85 of those on cubes (see ASTM C780-06, p482)
Compressive strengths in the range of 3000 psi to 5000 psi are common. Maximum available compressive strength is dependent upon available materials and varies regionally. Compressive strengths of 9000 psi have been used (South Florida)
Grout Strengths
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Importance of Testing Samples
Quality Control Fresh tests Cured tests
Represents the pile
Evaluates the material Predict future material behavior
Compressive strength Proportions in the mix
Determines compliance Specifications
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Part 1: Field Sampling & Testing
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
ASTM C172 Standard Practice for Sampling
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Proper Sampling Techniques
Important Factors Qualified Field Testing Technicians Area for testing/storing
No disturbances, vibrations Level surface
Frequency of sampling SpecificationsTime
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Size
Strength test specimens min 1ft3 Flow cone & temperature
specimens may be smaller Representative of the condition of
the grout
Revolving Drum Mixer
Specimens obtained from discharge stream
Specimens obtained from auger tip (DFI)
Collect after All water and admixtures added
Proper Sampling Techniques
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Temperature Thermometer capable to measure 30F-120F Sensor embedded in >3 in of grout Make sure no voids Leave in 2-5min Report to nearest 1F
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Field Tests: Temperature ASTM C1064
Standard Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Flow Cone Test Fluidity Measures the time of outflow of the grout Recommended 70-78F
Flow Cone Test 1 min before introducing grout drain cone with
water Close the outlet, introduce grout up to point gage Start stop watch, remove stopper Stop watch at first break in continuous flow
Flow Cone Test Recommends at least 2 tests with times within 2 s Flow time 15-25 seconds
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ASTM C939
Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method)
*If light not visible, not acceptable
inchdiameter
Field Tests: Flow Cone
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
ASTM C109 Standard Test Method for Compressive
Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
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Field Sampling: Strength Samples
Sampling Cubes 2 in x 2 in x 2 in cube molds No more than 3 compartments Separable in 2 sections Coat with release agent
Sampling Cubes: Mixing the Grout
Following flow cone test: Return batch to mixing bowl Scrape sides of bowl Mix for 15 seconds at medium speed Allow to stand 90 seconds with no cover Repeat
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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ASTM C109 Standard Test Method for Compressive
Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
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Sampling Cubes: Molding
Pour molds < 2 min 30 seconds after mixing Fill each mold halfway ( ASTM C1107) Puddle each mold with gloved finger five
times to consolidate Fill all compartments to top and puddle Smooth off tops of cubes
Trowel at 90 3 samples per composite sample for each
period of test (7, 14, 28 day)
Field Sampling: Strength Samples
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
ASTM C39 Standard Test Method for Compressive
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
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Sampling Cylinders
Length 2x diameter Coat with release agent Place grout in layers Tamp according to diameter
Into layer below ~1 Tap outsides 10-15 times Remove excess grout
Field Sampling: Strength Samples
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Water content Hydration of cement
Cement/water glue As hydration continues, strength bonding
increases
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Field Tests: Water Content
Unhydrated particles
Partially hydrated particles
Hydrated cementThe Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Water content Hydration of cement
Cement/water glue As hydration continues, strength bonding
increases Development of strength
Pores between cement filled Denser, stronger, less-permeable grout Depends on initial volume of pores (w/c)
Water/cement ratio (Weight of the water)/(weight of cement) 45%-60%
Want to Minimize pore space Provide sufficient water for hydration
Check batch ticket
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Low w/c High w/c
Low porosity High porosity
Cementsuspended
in water
Fullyhydratedcement
Field Tests: Water Content
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Extreme Temperature Influences
High temperatures ACI 305.1 Rapid rate of hydration, early setting Chemical admixtures
Reduce water demand Improve workability
Cement, water, aggregate temperatures Water is easiest to cool
Low Temperatures ACI 306R Slow rate of hydration, late setting Insulation
Other influences Evaporation due to
Wind Dry weather Direct sunlight
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Proper Storage: Initial Curing Immediately move to initial curing area Level surface, free from vibrations/disturbances Stored up to 48 hours
60-80F Environment preventing moisture loss
Proper Storage: Final Curing Keep in moist room for 20-72h
73.5+5.5F For 1 day compressive strength samples
Strip molds at 24 + 1 hr Strip remaining molds at 72 + 1 hr
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Proper Storage/CuringASTM C31
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Cubes vs. Cylinders Cylinders
Lower strength results (~15-20%) Geometry
Cubes High strength results More confinement More consistent performance
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Compressive Strength Testing
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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ASTM C109
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
Determination of Strength Place specimen in testing machine Apply load rate between upper and lower
plates to 200-400 lbs/s Specimens made from same batch
Average and report to nearest 10 psiDetermination of Strength
Specimens must be surface-dry Smooth and parallel No loading on uneven surfaces Uneven surface area (lbs/in2) Discard specimens (grinding >few thousandth
of an inch)
Test Age Permissible Tolerance
24 h + h
3 days + 1 h
7 days + 3 h
28 days + 12 h
Compressive Strength Testing
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Capping Methods Compressive forces evenly distributed Consistent and accurate results Different capping methods affect strength
Sulfur-mortar Neoprene pads & metal retaining rings
ASTM C617
Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimen
Compressive Strength Testing
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Other Roles of Grout in APG Piles
The injection of grout under pressure is considered to improve the soil in the pile area.
Grout acts to stabilize the hole until it hardens and becomes a pile.
The fresh grout column must be capable of accepting reinforcing steel.
In order to properly serve these purposes, the grout must be in a fluid state.
(DFI manual States a Flow Cone Rate of 10 to 25 seconds through a opening in the Flow Cone)
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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3.3 Steel Reinforcement
Cages Single center bar High strength (150 ksi) thread bar Combination of cages and center
bars Pipes All elements should be fitted with
centralizers to properly position them in the pile
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Reinforcing Cage Placement
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Reinforcing Cage with Wheels
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Centralizers for Center Bars/Pipes
Football for typical Center Bar Centralizer for Pipe Reinforcement
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
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Note 1: The length and configuration of the reinforcing steel cage can greatly impact the successful insertion of pile reinforcement into the grout. The addition of steel surface area (closely spaced circular ties with seismic hooks for example) has a significant impact on deep placement.
Note 2: High static pressures in the fresh grout column forces fluid from the grout into permeable soils, making steel placement difficult. At the bottom of a 50 column of fresh grout, the pressure is about 3.6 tons per square foot.
Local codes and pile loads dictate pile reinforcement design, but consideration must be made as to the constructability of installing massive post-set pile reinforcement elements. Consult a piling professional to discuss constructability issues and alternatives such as spiral cages, pipes, etc.
Pile Reinforcement Placement Issues
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
The Deep Foundations Institutes Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Short Course Houston 2012
Break