01_introduction to nonferrous metallurgy
TRANSCRIPT
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Nonferrous metallurgyNonferrous metallurgy
Subjects of interest
• Overviews of nonferrous metals
• Aluminium and aluminium alloys
• Magnesium and magnesium alloys
• Titanium and titanium alloys
• Copper and copper alloys
• Zinc and its alloys
• Nickel and its alloys
• Other significant alloys
Lecture 1
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Course instruction
Lecturer: Dr. Tapany Udomphol
Assessment
Assignment/quiz 20 %
Midterm exam 40 %
Final exam 40 %
Total 100 %
Nonferrous metallurgyNonferrous metallurgy
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
ObjectivesObjectives
• This course provides fundamental knowledge of metals
other than ferrous metals, for example aluminium,
magnesium, copper, zinc, titanium and nickel alloys, which
are significant for commercial uses.
• This starts with when the metals are extracted, melted and
formed in relation to their final applications. More importantly,
the nature of the alloys associated with their physical and
mechanical properties will be highlighted.
• The selection of nonferrous alloys for the desired
applications will be discussed such that the exploitation of
nonferrous metals will be at its best.
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Overview of nonferrous metalsOverview of nonferrous metals
Nonferrous
Light weight
Stiffness –strength to weight ratio
High temperature properties
Corrosion resistance
Biocompatibility
Oxidation resistance
High cost
Why nonferrous?Why nonferrous?
Depending on extraction
and production Thermal/electrical conductivity
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Nonferrous metalsNonferrous metals
• Aluminium and its alloys
• Magnesium and its alloys
• Titanium and its alloys
• Copper and its alloys
• Zinc and its alloys
• Nickel and its alloys
There are different types of nonferrous metals which are
commercially used;
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
World consumptionWorld consumption
• Aluminium, titanium and
magnesium alloys are
increasingly used in recent years
due to its attractive properties.
• The reserves for these alloys are
adequate for demands in centuries
to come but will be controlled by
future cost.
World production figure for
various metals and plastics.
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Major chemical elements Major chemical elements
available in earthavailable in earth
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in earth.
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Density of metalsDensity of metals
Metal Density (g.cm-3)
Iron 7.87
Steel 7.80
Aluminium 2.70
Magnesium 1.74
Titanium 4.54
Copper 8.96
Zinc 7.13
Nickel 8.89
Lead 11.36
Silver 10.49
Gold 19.32
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Total energy consumption for the Total energy consumption for the
production of nonferrous metalsproduction of nonferrous metals
Total energy consumption in megawatt
hours for each stage of production (1993).
Total energy consumption
Ti > Mg > Al > Cu > Zn > Steel
The energy consumption is
mainly paid in the
reduction process.
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Mechanical properties in comparisonMechanical properties in comparison
Relationship of specific 0.2% proof stress with temperature.
• Titanium alloys have superior specific strength than
steels or aluminium � good for high strength where
space is critical such aircrafts.
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Aluminium and its alloysAluminium and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
• Building/construction
• Container
• Packaging
• Transportation
• Electrical conductors
• Machinery/equipment
• Light weight
• High corrosion resistance
• High electrical and thermal
conductivities
• High ductility
• Easily deformable
Light-weight bike
Car body
Building/
construction
Containers
EquipmentTapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Magnesium and its alloysMagnesium and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
Disadvantages:
• Weight saving
• High machinability
• Used as alloying element for
aluminium, steel and nodular (SG)
cast iron.
• Die casting for aerospace
• Transport industry.
• Light weight bodies.• Difficulty in melting process
due to high reactivity.
Magnesium side panels
Handy cam & mobile
phone bodies
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Titanium and its alloysTitanium and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
• High strength to weight ratio
• Moderate-high temperature
properties
• Corrosion resistance
• Biocompatibility
• Shape memory
Disadvantages:
• High cost
• Difficulty in extraction
• Limited in high performance
applications
• Structure of high speed aircrafts
• 75% in aerospace
• Chemical industry
Hip-joint component
www3.lehigh.edu
Turbine blades
National science centre, Scotland
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Copper and its alloysCopper and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
• High electrical conductivity
• High thermal conductivity
• High corrosion resistance
• Good ductility and malleability
• Reasonable tensile strength.
• Electrical conductance
• Plating on components
• Give different copper alloys -
brasses and bronzes.
Electronic products
www.bergquistcompany.com
Copper
trolley
wires www.reawire.com
Copper plating
www.silvexinc.com
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Zinc and its alloysZinc and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
Disadvantages:
• Fast rate of die casting
• Excellent atmospheric
corrosion resistance.
• Ability to form a well-adhering
coating on steel.
• Used for galvanic protection in
steel and decorative finish.
• Used in die casting.
• Cannot be strain hardened. Zinc diecast
www.zincdiecast.com
Zinc roof protection
www.vmzinc.com
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
Nickel and its alloysNickel and its alloys
Advantages: Applications
Disadvantages:
• Tough and ductile
• Good high and low
temperature strength
• High oxidation resistance
• Good corrosion resistance
• High cost
• Not normally mixed with
cheaper alloying metals
• Applications required necessary
corrosion or heat- resisting properties
• Special engineering applications
• Turbine blades in combustion section
Aerospace flow bodies
www.immnet.com
Turbine bladeswww.msm.cam.ac.uk
Tapany Udomphol
Suranaree University of Technology May-Aug 2007
ReferencesReferences
• Polmear I.J., Light alloys: metallurgy of the light metals, 3rd edition,
1995, Arnold, London, ISBN 0-340-63207-0.
• Smith, W.F., Structure and properties of engineering alloys, second
edition, 1993, McGraw-Hill, ISB 0-07-59172-5.
• ���� �������, � �����กก ����� �ก, 2536, ����ก�������� �ก����� �!" �", ISBN 974-582-
155-1.
• Kainer, K.U. (editor), Magnesium alloys and technology, DMG, 2003,
WILEY-VCH, ISBN 3-527-30256-5.
• Hatch, J.E., Aluminium, Properties and physical metallurgy, ASM,
1998.
• Totten, G.E., Handbook of aluminium: Physical metallurgy and
processes, Vol.1, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2003, ISBN 0-8247-0494-0.
• Avedesian, M.M., Baker, H., ASM specialty handbook, Magnesium and
magnesium alloys, 1999, ISBN 0-87170-657-1.
Tapany Udomphol