01.camia fuel map of europe
TRANSCRIPT
Fuel type map of Europe: JRC approach and current development
Forest Fires 2012
New Forest, UK 22-24 May 2012
Andrea Camia, EC Joint Research Centre
Outline
• Background (EFFIS)
• Wildland fuels
• Fuel mapping
• Method and current development of the Fuel Map of Europe
• Conclusions
European Forest Fire Information System
WEB mapping interfaceWEB mapping interface((http://http://effis.jrc.ec.europa.eueffis.jrc.ec.europa.eu))
Models, data Models, data integration, analysisintegration, analysisWind speed
FIRE WEATHER INDEX (FWI)
Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC)
Duff Moisture Code (DMC)
Drought Code (DC)
INITIAL SPREAD INDEX (ISI)
BUILD UP INDEX (BUI)
Wind speed
FIRE WEATHER INDEX (FWI)
Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC)
Duff Moisture Code (DMC)
Drought Code (DC)
INITIAL SPREAD INDEX (ISI)
BUILD UP INDEX (BUI)
vvv
v ECBA ×××=∑2CO
Regional estimates of CO2 emissions
Burned area vs Monthly Severity Rating in EUMed(June to October 1985-2005)
y = 2199.1e0.4099x
R2 = 0.7551
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
MSR
Mon
thly
bur
ned
area
(ha)
Pre-fire StagePost-fire Stage
fireAv burned area (m2)
Bv biomass (g m-2)
C burning efficiency (g g-1)
Evemission coefficient for CO2
Remote Remote sensingsensing
Weather Weather forecastforecast
DatabasesDatabasesDataData
Data
GeoGeo--datasetsdatasets
InputInput
Fire Danger ForecastFire Danger Forecast
Active Fire DetectionActive Fire Detection
Fire MonitoringFire Monitoring
Damage AssessmentDamage Assessment
Fire EmissionsFire Emissions
PostPost--fire Soil Erosionfire Soil Erosion
EU Fire DatabaseEU Fire Database
OutputOutput
530 May 2012
Following the European Parliament Resolution of Sept. 2006 for the further development of the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS)
1. EFFIS rapid damage assessment (RDA) and damage assessment (DA) further development of the existing system;
2. Development of a fuel map of Europe
3. Forest fire causes determination and harmonization
4. Economic and social impacts of forest fires
5. Estimation of forest fire emissions and smoke dispersion modeling
EFFIS on-going developments
Budget of 3 million EUR and duration of 40 months
Wildland fuels•Crown fuels
Foliage, branches,Aerial lichens, mosses
•Surface fuelsShrubs, Herbs Litter, Slash
•Ground fuelsduff
Physical properties: load, particle size, bulk density, S/V ratio, depth…
Fuel characterization
• Landscape
• Stand
• Groups
• Individuals
• Particles
• Cells
Fuel Mapping challenges
Fuel classification
Fuel recognition
Fuel mapping
• High variability in time and space
• High cost of direct fuel measurements
• Vertical stratification of fuels
• Stand history
• Fuel models
Fuel Characteristic Classification System
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/jfsp/fcc/Sandberg et al. 2007
Approaches to fuel mapping
1. Field survey
2. Direct fuel mapping with remote sensing
3. Indirect fuel mapping with remote sensing
4. Biophysical modeling and environmental gradients
(Keane et al. 2001)
Fuel mapping context
• ScaleContinental, National, Regional, Local
• ApplicationFire behavior, fire potential, fire emissions, carbon budget, fuel management, fire effects, ecosystem modeling…
• Usersfire managers, researchers, policy makers, systems
Fuel map of Europe Basic requirements
Fuel classification scheme suited to the European environments Fuel classes to fit the coarse scale and the heterogeneity of the European landscapes. Tool to support different assessments to be made at EU scale, through specific EFFIS modules: • fire potential (fire danger and fire risk mapping), • fire effects • fire emissions • biomass consumption. Baseline for initiating a novel system of classification of fuelcomplexes in Europe.
EcoregionsLand Use‐Land
Cover
FUEL Level 1
Potential Vegetation
PotentialVegetationTypes (PVT)
WildlandFuels
FUEL Level 2(Fuel Complexes)
FUEL Level 3(Fuel Types)
FireParameters
Select“WildlandFuels”
Actual vegetation: conflicts & validation
Classification rules
Method and main data processing flow for the Fuel Map of Europe
Ecoregions12 Environmental Zones (
(Metzger et al. 2005)+
3 Biogeographical RegionsMap of Europe(Turkey, Cypruss)(Roekaerts 2002)
FUEL LEVEL 1FUEL LEVEL 1
Land Use‐Land CoverCORINE 2000 (250 m) (EEA, 2002)
+MGC‐MERIS (250 m) (Switzerland) (ESA, 2006)
Vegetation land‐cover types
FL1aFL1a FL1bFL1b
Step 1 (Fuel Level 1):
To define the basic set of vegetation land‐cover types by ecoregion
15 Eco‐regions(Metzger et al. 2005)
(Roekaerts et al. 2002)
Environmental Stratification of Europe
Biogeographical Regions Map of Europe
FL1b MAP
Output of FL1: Wildland fire spatial domain and main fuel categories
Pastures/ grasslands, sparsely vegetated areas, moors & heaths, sclerophyllous vegt., transitional woodlands, forests (broadleaved, coniferous, mixed), agroforestry areas, marshes, peatbogs.
Step 2 (Fuel Level 2):
To define Fuel Complexes (FC) by combining FL1 Wildland fuels with detailed information on Potential Vegetation Types
Potential Vegetation Types (PVT)BOHN (2000/2003)COUNCIL MAP (1987)
(Anatolian Peninsula, Cyprus)RIVAS‐MARTINEZ (1987) MAP
(Canary Islands, Spain)
101 PotentialVegetationTypes (PVT)
WildlandFuels
FUEL Level 2Extended FC list
FL1Wildland Fuels (WF)
by Ecoregion
CLASSIFICATION RULES: Expert opinion, CLC, Bohn’s substitute communities
Reclassification criteria:‐ Physignomy‐ Structure:vertical strata‐ Species composition
Overlay
Vegetation succession
101 PVT 101 PVT relevantrelevant forfor fuel fuel characterizationcharacterization
Reclassification of PVTs relevant for fireExample: Baetic Quercus ilex woodlands (S Spain) (Bohn et al. 2000/03)
EcoregionsLand Use‐Land
Cover
FUEL Level 1
Potential Vegetation
PotentialVegetationTypes (PVT)
WildlandFuels
FUEL Level 2(Fuel Complexes)
FUEL Level 3(Fuel Types)
FireParameters
Select“WildlandFuels”
Actual vegetation: conflicts & validation
Classification rules
Output of Fuel Level 2:
209 Fuel Complexes (FC)
Fuel types of Europe
42 Fuel types in 9 groups:
1. Peat bogs (2)2. Grasslands (4)3. Shrublands (6)4. Transitional Shrubland/Forest (7)5. Conifer forests (9)6. Broadleaved forests (6)7. Mixed forests (4)8. Marshes, riparial and coastal vegetation (3)9. Agro-forestry areas (1)
3 Pastures
4 Sparse grasslands
5 Mediterranean grasslands and steppes
6 Temperate, Alpine and Northern grasslands
Grassland fuel types
Shrubland fuel types7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
Shrubland fuel types7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
2010 Thermo‐Mediterranean xerophilous shrublands 2013 Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) alluvial shrublands 2018 Anatolian and aegean Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana shrublands 2021 Juniperus thurifera open Mediterranean shrublands 2022 Montane presteppe Juniperus excelsa shrublands 2027 Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica shrublands (partially with Sorbus spp., Acer spp.) 2028 Quercus pyrenaica‐ Quercus ilex shrublands 2029 Quercus canariensis shrublands 2030 Quercus trojana shrublands 2012 Mediterranean shrublands dominated by Quercus coccifera 2033 Luso‐extremadurian Quercus ilex open shrublands 2034 South Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 2037 Quercus suber shrublands 2038 Quercus alnifolia shrublands
Shrubland fuel types7 Mediterranean moors and heathlands
8 Temperate, Alpine and Northern moors and heathlands
9 Mediterranean open shrublands (sclerophylous)
10 Mediterranean shrublands (sclerophylous)
11 Deciduous broadleaved shrublands (thermophilous)
12 Alpine open shrublands (conifers)
2019 Mediterranean Pinus brutia shrublands 2011 Mediterranean coastal shrublands (Ceratonia spp., Juniperus spp.) 2031 Mediterranenan coastal Quercus ilex shrublands 2032 Central Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 2035 East Iberian Quercus ilex shrublands 2036 South east european Quercus ilex shrublands 2039 Wild olive tree (Olea europaea) shrublands
Transitional shrubland/forest fuel types
13 Shrublands in Mediterranean conifer forests
14 Shrublands in Mediterranean sclerophylous forests
15 Shrublands in Mediterranean montane conifer forests
16 Shrublands in thermophilous broadleaved forests
17 Shrublands in beech and mesophytic broadleaved forests
18 Northern open shrublands in broadleaved forests
19 Shrublands in Alpine and Northern conifer forests
Conifer forest fuel types20 Mediterranean long needled conifer forest (mediterranean pines)
21 Mediterranean scale‐needled open woodlands (juniperus, cupressus)
22 Mediterranean montane long needled conifer forest (black and scots pines)
23 Mediterranean montane short needled conifer forest (firs, cedar)
24 Temperate conifer pantation
25 Alpine long needled conifer forest (pines)
26 Alpine short needled conifer forest (fir, alp. spruce)
27 Northern long needled conifer forest (scots pine)
28 Northern short needled conifer forest (spruce)
Broadleaved forest fuel types
29 Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved forest
30 Thermophilous broadleaved forest
31 Mesophytic broadleaved forest
32 Beech forest
33 Montane beech forest
34 White birch boreal forest
Mixed forest fuel types
35 Mixed mediterranean evergreen broadleaved with conifers forest
36 Mixed thermophylous broadleaved with conifers forest
37 Mixed mesophytic broadleaved with conifers forest
38 Mixed beech with conifers forest
Aquatic vegetation fuel types
39 Riparian vegetation
40 Coastal and inland halophytic vegetation and dunes
41 Aquatic Marshes
Agro-forestry areas fuel types
Peat bogs fuel types
42 Agro‐forestry areas
1 Peat bogs
2 Wooded peatbogs
Initial foreseen usage of the fuel map in EFFIS
• Improve fire danger assessment
• Feed the new EFFIS fire emission and atmospheric
dispersion module
• Input into long term fire risk map of Europe
• Study on climate change impact on forest fires
ConclusionsFuel mapping is a challenging exercise, highly dependent
upon the context and objectives
The Fuel Map of Europe has been developed with a method adapted to the coarse scale and the intended use of the product
The Fuel Types identified can constitute a baseline for future applications. Work is still on going to assess quantitative properties of fuel types
Fuel maps developed at finer scales may consider the reference fuel classification scheme but should follow methodologies focused on the local application