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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.publishing as Pearson [imprint]

It’s Tourism: Concepts and PracticesJohn Walker

Introduction to Tourism

Chapter 1



Objectives• After reading and studying this

chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the evolution of tourism– Define the scope and importance of

tourism, both for the U.S. economy and internationally

– Explain why tourism is described by Gunn and Leiper as a system



Objectives (cont’d.)– Suggest why so many governments

promote tourism and why tourist revenue is so highly valued

– Describe the types and characteristics of tourism



• We can approach tourism from multiple viewpoints– Areas are interrelated– Industry experts recommend a systems

approach• If something happens in one area, it will

likely cause an effect in another

Introduction



Introduction (cont’d.)Figure 1–1 • International Tourist Arrivals, 1950–2020Source: World Tourism Organization, Tourism 2020 Vision, Volume 1: Africa. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization, www.unwto.org, (accessed May 24, 2009). © UNWTO, 9284404409.



• United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) definition:– Activities of persons traveling to, and

staying in places outside their usual environment

• Not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes

Definition of Tourism



• Important terms:– Demand side

• Tourists’ motivations

– Supply side• Sectors that satisfy tourist needs

– Infrastructure• Components that an area’s residents rely on

– Superstructure• Facilities built to accommodate tourist needs

Definition of Tourism (cont’d.)



• Ludwig von Bertalanffy: – General systems theory

• Defined a system as “a set of elements standing in interrelation among themselves and with the environments”4

• Clare Gunn: – Functioning tourism system

• Consists of supply side of attractions, services, promotion, information, and transportation

A Systems Approach



• Neil Leiper:– Holistic approach

• The tourist– People who plan and prepare a visit to another

place

• Geographical regions– Traveler-generating region– Transit route– Tourist destination region

• Industry element– Distribution of travel

A Systems Approach (cont’d.)



A Systems Approach (cont’d.)Figure 1–2 • A Tourism System Model Showing the Interdependencies among the Various Elements




• Wall and Mathieson elements• Dynamic element

– Travelers’ decisions to travel to a selected destinations

– Social, economic, and institutional factors that affect these decisions

• A stay in the destination– Including interaction with the economic,

environmental, and social systems of the destination

• Consequential element– Results from preceding elements




Figure 1–3 • A Conceptual Framework of TourismSource: Wall and Mathieson, Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities, p. 20. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Harlow, Essex, U.K. 2006. Permission kindly granted.



• We can study tourism from several perspectives– Holistic interdisciplinary approach

• Includes all elements of Figure 1–2– Also includes several other elements (e.g.,

geography, motivation, marketing, economics, policy, agriculture, etc.)

Perspectives of Tourism



• Narrow sense– Consists of what the tourist buys

• Wider sense– Combination of what the tourist does at

the destination and services used

The Tourism Product



• Characteristics of a tourism product:– Service, which is intangible (e.g., cannot

be inspected physically)– Psychological in attraction– Varies in quality and standards– Supply side is fixed (e.g., more hotel

rooms cannot be instantly created to meet demand)

The Tourism Product (cont’d.)



• Major types:– Internal tourism

• Residents of a country visiting other parts of their own country

– Domestic tourism• Inbound tourism plus internal tourism

Characteristics of Tourism



– International tourism• Inbound tourism, which are visits to a

country or region by nonresident

– Outbound tourism• Visits by residents of a country or region to

another country or region

Characteristics (cont’d.)



• Characteristics:– Combination of phenomena and

relationships– Dynamic elements (the journey) and

static elements (the stay)– Movement to destinations is temporary– Not connected with paid work– Tourist goes to the product




– Tourism products are not used up – Labor-intensive– People-oriented– Multidimensional– Seasonal– Dynamic




• Several interacting industries make up the tourism system, including:– Transportation– Lodging– Attractions– Foodservice

Tourism Industry Sectors



Industry Sectors (cont’d.)Figure 1–4 • The Interrelated Nature of the Tourism System Source: Walker, John R., Introduction to Hospitality Management, 3rd., © 2010. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.



• Preindustrial age– Cruises on the Nile– Wealthy Egyptians, Greeks, and

Romans– Olympics – The wheel and roads– Trade– The Grand Tour

Tourism Past



• Trains– Steam power gave birth to rail travel

• Causes of increased growth: – Need to move goods– Politics, immigrants, and labor– Travel and tourism

• Causes of decline:– New modes of transportation (e.g., bus, car, and

airplanes)– Great Depression

Tourism Past (cont’d.)



• Cruising– Until 1830, travel by ship was primitive

• Mostly used for discovery, trading, or migration

– The Peninsula and Orient (P&O) company

• First to offer cruises between Britain, Spain, and Portugal




• Automobile travel– Internal combustion engine automobile

• Emerged from steam engines

– Henry Ford• Automobile assembly line

– Model-T Ford– Increased leisure travel




• Air travel– Wright brothers– 1935 commercial flights became feasible– World War II

• Pressed planes into military service

– 1950 commercial jet airplanes• Boeing 700 series




• Main elements:– Vital force for peace– Social importance– Economic importance– Cultural enrichment– Employment opportunities– Educational significance

Tourism Present



• Jafar Jafari’s platforms:– Advocacy platform

• Many were advocating for tourism development

– Cautionary platform• Studies that argued tourism is not all benefits

– Adaptancy platform• Favoring one alternative over another

– Knowledge based platform• Combined the platforms

Tourism Present (cont’d.)



• Scope of travel and tourism– Mass travel and tourism

• After World War II superhighways, commercial jets, and disposable income made it possible

– Travel flows change continuously• Depend on economic conditions

– Includes exchange rates, political factors, and business conditions

• Business power of Japan, China, and India




Tourism Present (cont’d.)Figure 1–5 • International Tourist Arrivals, Most Visited CountriesSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization, “International Tourist Arrivals by Country of Destination,” UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 6, no. 2 (June 2008), www.unwto.org, (accessed August 1, 2008). © UNWTO, 9284404409.



Tourism Present (cont’d.)Figure 1–6 • International Tourism Receipts, Top Tourism Earning CountriesSource: United Nations World Tourism Organization, “International Tourism Receipts,” UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 6, no. 2 (June 2008), www.unwto.org, (accessed August 2, 2008). © UNWTO, 9284404409.



• Business travel– Meetings, conferences, seminars,

workshops, and training sessions– Incentive travel– Normal business travel

• May be a combination of first two

– Research and teaching travel




• Domestic leisure travel– Large and growing sector

• Includes travel for recreation, visiting friends and relatives, history and culture, attractions, entertainment, cruising, and sightseeing

• Domestic business travel– Includes all forms that are work related

• MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions)

Domestic Travel and Tourism



• Travel and tourism industry involves a complex set of interrelated businesses– Hospitality, travel, and tourism

businesses• Retailers• Transportation sector• Recreation or gaming facilities• Hotels and restaurants

Interrelated Business



• Many possible destinations– Some are more popular than others

• Most Americans tend to think of vacation spots as beaches, mountains, and forests

• Many vacations take place in major cities• Main purpose of a vacation is sightseeing,

recreation, and visiting friends and relatives– Followed by trips for business or conventions

Where Do Americans Travel?



• World Travel and Tourism Council– Tourism industry is expected to grow 50

percent faster than other sectors• Excellent career option• Already the largest of all sectors of world

employment

Tourism and You

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