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Chapter Resources Menu

Study Guide

Section 4.1

Section 4.2

Chapter Assessment

Image Bank

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Section 4.1 Main Ideas

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with aspecific chemical composition and a definite crystallinestructure. There are at least 3000 known minerals inEarths crust.

A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged inrepeating patterns. The six main crystal systems arecubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic,and triclinic.

Minerals form from magma or from supersaturated

solution. Most minerals are formed from the eight mostcommon elements in Earths crust.

Section 4.1 Study Guide

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Section 4.1 Main Ideas

Oxygen readily combines with other elements to form adiverse group of minerals, including silicates, carbonates,and oxides. A silica tetrahedron is a three-dimensionalshape structured like a pyramid. In a silica tetrahedronone silicon atom attaches to four oxygen atoms.

Other major mineral groups include sulfides, sulfates,halides, and native elements. Native elements such assilver or copper are made of one element only.

Section 4.1 Study Guide

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Section 4.2 Main Ideas

Minerals can be identified based on their physical andchemical properties. The most reliable way to identify amineral is by using a combination of several tests.

A minerals color is generally the result of trace elementswithin the mineral. Texture describes how a mineralfeels, and luster describes how a mineral reflects light.Cleavage and fracture describe how minerals break.

A minerals streak, hardness, and density are reliablemethods of identification. Special properties of minerals

such as magnetism also can be used for identificationpurposes.

Section 4.2 Study Guide

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Section 4.2 Main Ideas

An ore contains a useful substance that can be mined at aprofit. If the cost of mining the ore becomes higher thanthe value of the ore, then the mineral is no longerclassified as an ore. The classification of a mineral as anore may also change if the supply of or demand for the

mineral changes.

Gems are valuable minerals that are prized for theirrarity and beauty. Trace elements can make one varietyof a mineral more valuable than other varieties of the

same mineral.

Section 4.2 Study Guide

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1. What special property can be used to helpidentify the mineral sphalerite?

a. It fizzles when it comes in contact with HCl.

b. It exhibits double refraction.c. A rotten-egg odor is produced during a

streak test.

d. It is naturally magnetic.

Multiple Choice

Chapter Assessment

Calcite reacts with HCl. Iceland sparandzircon exhibitdouble refraction when light is passed through them.Magnetiteis naturally magnetic.

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2. A mineral with a metallic luster could bedescribed as ___.

a. silky c. pearly

b. shiny d. waxy

Silky, pearly, and waxycan all be used to describe

nonmetallic luster.

Multiple Choice

Chapter Assessment

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Multiple Choice

3. Which ore is a source of iron?a. bauxite c. zircon

b. rutile d. hematite

Chapter Assessment

Bauxite is an aluminum ore. The ore rutile is a sourceof titanium. Zircon contains no iron.

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Multiple Choice

4. A silica tetrahedron contains ___ oxygen atoms.a. one c. three

b. two d. four

Chapter Assessment

A silica tetrahedron ismade up of one siliconatom bonded to fouroxygen atoms.

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Multiple Choice

5. Which of the following is an example of nativeelement mineral?

a. halite c. copper

b. pyrite d. anhydrite

Chapter Assessment

A native element mineralis made up of only one element.Halite (NaCl),pyrite (FeS2), and anhydrite (CaSO4) allcontain more than one element.

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Short Answer

6. Why are crystals that form in well-definedshaped fairly rare?

Chapter Assessment

Most crystals form in restricted space.

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Short Answer

7. What are the characteristics of minerals?

Chapter Assessment

To be a mineral, a material must be anaturally occurring, inorganic solid with aspecific chemical composition, and a definite

crystalline structure.

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True or False

8. Identify whether the following statements aretrue or false.

______ About 90 known elements occur naturally inEarths crust.

______ Oxides are compounds of oxygen andanother gas.

______ Pyrite has a hexagonal crystal system.

______ Ores must be mined at a profit.

______ Rubies are more valuable than diamonds.

Chapter Assessment

true

false

false

true

true

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Image Bank

Chapter 4 Images

Cubic

Tetragonal

Hexagonal

Orthorhombic

Monoclinic

Triclinic

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