01 web view6.node. 7.derived characters ... 14.phylo- comes from the greek word meaning...

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

The Tree of Life

Study Guide

Answer KeySECTION 1. THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

1. organisms or species2. physical similarities3. taxa4. organisms or species5. binomial nomenclature6. a scientific name or two-part Latin name7. In a hierarchy; each level is nested, or

included, in the level above it.8. From kingdom to species, the taxa become

more and more specific; broad to specific.Seven taxa: a. kingdom; b. phylum; c. class; d. order; e. family; f. genus; g. species

9. The technology at the time did not allow Linnaeus to examine organisms at the molecular or genetic level.

10. Unrelated species can evolve similar traits through convergent evolution.

11. These types of similarities are more likely the result of species sharing a common ancestor than are physical similarities.

12. naming, classifying13. Latin14. genus, species

SECTION 2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

1. the evolutionary history for a group of species

2. in a branching-tree diagram, such as a cladogram

3. to place species on a branching-tree diagram in the order in which they descended from a common ancestor

4. taxon being classified5. clade6. node7. derived characters8. a group of organisms that shares a common

ancestor9. Scientists must determine which derived

characters are shared by which groups of organisms; the more derived characters a

group of organisms has, the later it descended from the common ancestor.

10. A node is a place where a branch splits. It represents the most common ancestor shared by a clade.

11. DNA sequences/genes, amino acid sequences/proteins, hormones, etc.

12. As more research is done and the evolutionary histories of different species become better understood, evolutionary trees are rearranged to reflect the most current scientific understanding.

13. The species are very closely related; they share a relatively recent common ancestor.

14. A phylogeny shows the origins for a group, or “class,” of species.

15. Cladistics is classification based on evolutionary relationships and a cladogram shows these relationships in a branching-tree diagram.

16. derived

SECTION 4. DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS

1. Since it reflects the most current understanding of how living things are related, new discoveries can change the way living things are classified.

2. Three hundred years ago, only two kingdoms were recognized. Now, a six-kingdom system is most widely accepted.

3. His research revealed two genetically different groups of prokaryotes, which justified splitting kingdom Monera into two kingdoms. The genetic and cellular differences were so great, that these two kingdoms were eventually placed into different domains in the current three-domain system.Timeline:1753: Linnaeus introduced his two-kingdom system which included Plantae and Animalia; 1866: Kingdom Protista introduced by Haeckel; 1938: Kingdom Monera introduced by Copeland; 1959:

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology i The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________Kingdom Fungi introduced by Whittaker; 1977: Kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea by Woese.

4. Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotes classified by shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease; kingdom Bacteria.

5. Archaea: single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, with different cell wall characteristics, many able to thrive in extreme environments; kingdom Archaea.

6. Eukarya: eukaryotes (distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles) that may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular;

kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

7. Many bacteria and archaea are able to transfer genes among themselves outside of typical reproduction. This blurs the line between species as they are defined in the Linnaean system.

8. Eukarya9. Archaea

10. Bacteria


Holt McDougal Biology ii The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification

Study Guide KEY CONCEPTOrganisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

VOCABULARYtaxonomy binomial nomenclature

taxon genus

MAIN IDEA: LINNAEUS DEVELOPED THE SCIENTIFIC NAMING SYSTEM STILL USED TODAY.Fill in the concept map with details about Linnaean taxonomy.

MAIN IDEA: LINNAEUS’ CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM HAS SEVEN LEVELS.7. How are the seven levels of Linnaeus’ classification system organized?

________________________________________________________________

8. Describe the trend in the levels, or taxa, as you move down from kingdom to species.________________________________________________________________


Holt McDougal Biology 3 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification

6. 3.

which gives each species ainto groups called

5. 2.

using a system calledbased on

4. 1.

namesclassifies

Linnaean taxonomy

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

Study Guide B continued

Fill in the seven taxa of the Linnaean classification system into the appropriate boxes below.

MAIN IDEA: THE LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM HAS LIMITATIONS.9. Why did Linnaeus base his system of classification on physical similarities

alone, as opposed to including molecular and genetic similarities?________________________________________________________________

10. Why are physical similarities among species not always the result of being closely related?________________________________________________________________

11. Why do scientists today rely on molecular and genetic similarities to classify organisms?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check12. Taxonomy is the science of __________ and __________ organisms.

13. Words from the __________ language are used in binomial nomenclature.

14. In the binomial nomenclature naming system, each species is given a unique scientific name that includes a _________ name and a _________ descriptor.


Holt McDougal Biology 4 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification

g.

f.

e.

d.

c.

b.

a.

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships

Study Guide KEY CONCEPTModern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.

VOCABULARYphylogeny cladogram

cladistics derived character

MAIN IDEA: CLADISTICS IS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMMON ANCESTRY.1. What is a phylogeny?

________________________________________________________________

2. How can a phylogeny be shown?________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the main goal of cladistics.________________________________________________________________

Use the word box below to label the main features of a cladogram.clade node taxon being

classifiedderived character


Holt McDougal Biology 5 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships

6.

7.

4.

5.

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________


8. What is a clade?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. How are derived characters used in making a cladogram?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. On a cladogram, what is a node and what does it represent?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: MOLECULAR EVIDENCE REVEALS SPECIES’ RELATEDNESS.11. Give two examples of molecular evidence that can be used to help determine

species’ relatedness.________________________________________________________________

12. Why are evolutionary trees often changed?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What can be concluded if the genes of two species are found to be nearly identical?________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check14. Phylo- comes from the Greek word meaning “class,” and the suffix -geny

means “origin.” How do these meanings apply to the term phylogeny?

________________________________________________________________

15. How are the words cladistics and cladogram related?

________________________________________________________________

16. Traits that are shared by some species of a group being studied, which other species in that group do not have, are called __________ characters.


Holt McDougal Biology 6 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 2: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms

Study Guide KEY CONCEPTThe current tree of life has three domains.

VOCABULARYBacteria Archaea Eukarya

MAIN IDEA: CLASSIFICATION IS ALWAYS A WORK IN PROGRESS.1. Why is classification considered a work in progress?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How has the kingdom system changed over the last three hundred years?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe Woese’s discovery and the impact it had on the tree of life.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

On the timeline below, fill in the major changes to the kingdom system that have occurred over the past three hundred years.


Holt McDougal Biology 7 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms

1900 20002000

1700 1800

1959:1866:

1977:1938:1753:

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________


MAIN IDEA: THE THREE DOMAINS IN THE TREE OF LIFE ARE BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYA.Fill in the table below with notes about the three-domain system.

Domain Characteristics Kingdoms Included

4. Bacteria

5. Archaea

6. Eukarya

7. Why is it difficult to classify bacteria and archaea down to the species level?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary CheckBacteria Archaea Eukarya

__________ 8. Have cells with distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

__________ 9. Known for their ability to live in extreme environments

__________ 10. Classified by their shape, need for oxygen, and whether they cause disease


Holt McDougal Biology 8 The Tree of LifeStudy Guide B Section 4: Domains and Kingdoms

01 web view6.node. 7.derived characters ... 14.phylo- comes from the greek word meaning...

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