01 van diggelen [kompatibilitätsmodus]€¦ · restoration ecology introduction rudy van diggelen...
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Restoration EcologyRestoration EcologygygyIntroduction
Rudy van DiggelenRudy van Diggelen
(With i l th k t Ji H i )(With i l th k t Ji H i )(With special thanks to Jim Harris)(With special thanks to Jim Harris)
I hI hIs there a Is there a problem?problem?problem?problem?
BiodiversityBiodiversity
epl,
1987
Suk
opp
& T
reS
Ecosystem services for Ecosystem services for iisociety:society:
t t ti i fl d l it t ti i fl d l iwater retention in floodplainswater retention in floodplains
Airborne sulphur pollutionAirborne sulphur pollution
ChallengesChallengesgg
• Global climate change• Sea level rise• Agricultural intensification• Food, water and energy security
L f bi di it• Loss of biodiversity
Ecological RestorationEcological Restoration
Ecological restoration is the process of g passisting the recovery of an
t th t h b d d decosystem that has been degraded, damaged or destroyed (SER 2002)damaged, or destroyed. (SER 2002)
Restoration ecolog sRestoration ecolog sRestoration ecology vs. Restoration ecology vs. Ecological restorationEcological restorationEcological restorationEcological restoration
E l i l t ti i i t lEcological restoration is a societal activityactivity
Restoration ecology is a scientificRestoration ecology is a scientific discipline
Restoration EcologyRestoration Ecology
Restoration Ecology is the scienceRestoration Ecology is the science behind Ecological Restoration
Goal of Restoration EcologyGoal of Restoration Ecology
Prediction of the restoration trajectory and endpoint(s)trajectory and endpoint(s)
Target
ute
TargetRange
attr
ibu
Restoration
yste
m Restoration
Succession
Ecos
y
AdverseAdverse
Time
Goal of Ecological Restoration Goal of Ecological Restoration
Enhance sustainable use of the earth’s resourcesearth s resources
What What ––and howand how-- to restore?to restore?
• ValuationValuation• Level of ambitionLevel of ambition• TargetsTargets
E l i l l ti E tE l i l l ti E tEcological valuation: Ecosystem Ecological valuation: Ecosystem healthhealthhealthhealth
• Vigour – activity, metabolism, or primary g y, , p yproductivity,
• Organisation diversity and number of• Organisation – diversity and number of interactions between system components
• Resilience (or counteractive capacity) – a system’s capacity to maintain structure and y p yfunction in the face of stress.
ValuationValuation
• Vigour – activity, metabolism, or primary productivity;p y;
• Organisation – diversity and number of interactions between system components;interactions between system components;
• Resilience – a system’s capacity to y p ymaintain structure and function in the face of stressof stress
E l i l l ti E tE l i l l ti E tEcological valuation: Ecosystem Ecological valuation: Ecosystem ServicesServicesServicesServices
• Regulation functions: providing maintenance ofRegulation functions: providing maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support systems;systems;
• Habitat functions: providing suitable living space for “wild” plant and animal species;for wild plant and animal species;
• Production functions: providing natural f hi h t k dresources from which to make goods
(consumable and structural); and,• Information functions: providing opportunities for
cognitive development.g p
What are theWhat are theWhat are the What are the obstacles?obstacles?
BioticAbiotic
Fully- RequiresPhysical
RequiresBiological
functional1
PhysicalModification Modification
233
4RequiresImproved
56
Improved Management
6ReclamationReclamation RestorationRestoration
Degraded Intact
Non-functional
Degraded IntactECOSYSTEM STATE
EASY!!EASY!!Biotic barrierAbiotic barrier
R i R i R iFully-functional
RequiresPhysico-chemicalModification
RequiresBiologicalModification
RequiresImproved Management
12
EcosystemAttribute
34
556
Degraded Intact
Non-functional
ECOSYSTEM STATEECOSYSTEM STATE
Difficult!!!Difficult!!!Biotic barrierAbiotic barrier
R i R i R iFully-functional
RequiresPhysico-chemicalModification
RequiresBiologicalModification
RequiresImproved Management
12
EcosystemAttribute
34
556
Degraded Intact
Non-functional
ECOSYSTEM STATEECOSYSTEM STATE
Targets?Targets?Targets?Targets?
Concepts of NatureConcepts of Nature
• Wilderness concept (‘natural landscapes’)p ( p )• Arcadian concept (‘semi-natural
landscapes’)landscapes )• Functional concept (‘rural landscapes’)p ( p )
Swart et al. 2001
Natural targetNatural target
Cultural targetCultural target
Alternative targetsAlternative targetsAlternative targetsAlternative targets
Harms et al. 1993
ffTypes of targetTypes of target
• species;p ;• ecosystem functions; and,ecosystem functions; and, • ecosystem services.ecosystem services.
Species Species pp
K tKeystoneEndangeredgAssemblagesAssemblages
Restoring keystone speciesRestoring keystone species
Restoring species assemblagesRestoring species assemblagesRestoring species assemblagesRestoring species assemblages
Restoring ecosystem functions:Restoring ecosystem functions:g yg y
material and energy flowmaterial and energy flowmaterial and energy flowmaterial and energy flow
Restoring ecosystem functions:Restoring ecosystem functions:
ecosystem architectureecosystem architecture
Restoring ecosystem services:Restoring ecosystem services:Restoring ecosystem services:Restoring ecosystem services:
regulation (nutrient removal)regulation (nutrient removal)regulation (nutrient removal)regulation (nutrient removal)
Restoring ecosystem services:Restoring ecosystem services:
informationinformation
H tH tHow to measure How to measure the degree ofthe degree ofthe degree of the degree of
success?success?success?success?
Successfull restoration?Successfull restoration?
Reference EcosystemsReference Ecosystems
• Site audits prior to damage• Site audits prior to damage• Historic and recent photographyp g p y• Site remnants• Ecological descriptions of similar sites
Herbarium and museum specimens• Herbarium and museum specimens• Historical accounts and oral historiesHistorical accounts and oral histories• Palaeoecological evidence
Historical referencesHistorical referencesHistorical referencesHistorical references
Palaeoecological referencesPalaeoecological referencesPalaeoecological referencesPalaeoecological references
MMMacroMacro--remnantsremnants
This is what we findThis is what we findThis is what we findThis is what we find
Past vegetation mapsPast vegetation mapsPast vegetation mapsPast vegetation maps
We found thisWe found this
and this …..and this …..
l thil thialso this …..also this …..
and much more …..and much more …..
So, what do you want?So, what do you want?
A moving targetA moving targetA moving targetA moving target
DEGRADEDDEGRADED
P t b tiPerturbation
ORIGINAL
A moving targetA moving targetA moving targetA moving target
DEGRADEDDEGRADEDRestoration
P t b tiPerturbation
ORIGINAL
A moving targetA moving targetA moving targetA moving target
DEGRADEDDEGRADEDRestoration
P t b tiPerturbation
ORIGINAL CURRENTTime
A moving targetA moving target
DEGRADEDDEGRADEDRestoration Restoration?
P t b tiPerturbation
ORIGINAL CURRENTTime
Target
ute
TargetRange
attr
ibu
Restoration
yste
m Restoration
Succession
Ecos
y
AdverseAdverse
Time
e
TargetRange
trib
ute Range
em a
tt Restoration
osys
te Succession
Eco
AdverseBoth barriers in place
Time
Target
ute
TargetRange
attr
ibu
Restoration
yste
m Restoration
SuccessionFailure 2
Ecos
y
AdverseFailure 1
Adverse
Time
Attributes for restoration successAttributes for restoration successAttributes for restoration successAttributes for restoration success
Ch t i ti A bl f i• Characteristic Assemblage of species• Indigenous species (exotics when extinct)• All functional trophic groups• Appropriate physical environment• Normal functioning of cycles• Integrated into a larger landscape• External threats eliminated or reduced• Resilience to perturbationp• Self-sustaining
SER 2002SER 2002
Level of ambitionLevel of ambition
• Reclamation - increase biodiversity per seReclamation increase biodiversity per se• Rehabilitation - restoration of certain
t f tiecosystem functions• Restoration (s.s.) – reconstruction of a ( )
previous situation
Success criteria in relation to ambition levelSuccess criteria in relation to ambition level
Ambition level
Attribute Reclamation Rehabilitation Restoration
Characteristic Assemblage of species - - √
I di i √Indigenous species - - √
All functional trophic groups - - √
√ √Appropriate physical environment - √ √
Normal functioning of cycles - √ √
Integrated into a larger landscape √ √ -
External threats eliminated or reduced √ √ -reduced
Resilience to perturbation √ √ -
Self sustaining √Self-sustaining √ - -
Criteria for ecological indicatorsCriteria for ecological indicators
• Easily measured• Sensitive to anthropogenic pressures• Anticipatory – early signal of a “treatable” larger problemAnticipatory early signal of a treatable larger problem• Allow for adaptive management intervention• Integrative• Integrative• Have known responses to stress, disturbances and time• Low variability in response
Derived from Dale and Beyeler 2001
Remaining QuestionsRemaining Questions
• What is an “appropriate” species?• What is an appropriate species?• How do we integrate abiotic and biotic
processes, and provide useful measures?• How do we overcome biotic and abioticHow do we overcome biotic and abiotic
barriers?H d i t ti ?• How do we sequence our interactions?
• Are there “irreversible” thresholds?• Is this a culturally acceptable project?
S i t l C t tS i t l C t tSocietal ContextSocietal Context
Major ecological restoration will not be undertaken unless human society approves the goals and objectives of restoration Inthe goals and objectives of restoration. In addition, restoration will not persist unless human society has sufficient esteem for the restored ecosystem to protect its integrity”restored ecosystem to protect its integrity
Cairns, 2000
Ecosystem values to societyEcosystem values to society
• Direct use values fish stocks
• Indirect use values i ifi ti• Indirect use values air purification
• Optional values recreationOptional values recreation
• Non-use values species survival
Ecosystem valueEcosystem value
For the entire biosphere the value (most…..For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$ 16–54 trillion (1012) per year with an average ofUS$ 33trillion perper year, with an average of US$ 33trillion per year. (…) Global gross national product total
S$is around US$18 trillion per year. ….Costanza et al 1997Costanza et al. 1997
COCO22 balance naturalbalance natural AlnusAlnus woodlandwoodlandCOCO22 balance natural balance natural AlnusAlnus woodlandwoodland
CO2 Fixation CO2 Fixation 5 t CO2 ha-1 a-1
GW Ø 10 cm below soil surface
COCO fi ti d d d tifi ti d d d tiCOCO22 fixation and wood productionfixation and wood production
COCO22--FixationFixation
kg hakg ha--11 yryr--11
a) Eternal COa) Eternal CO22--Sink Sink 244244 3 7003 700)) 22(Continuous peat production) (Continuous peat production) 244 244 -- 3.7003.700
b) Temporal COb) Temporal CO22--SinkSink 7 4287 428b) Temporal COb) Temporal CO22 Sink Sink (Wood production in 70 Years)(Wood production in 70 Years) 7.4287.428
c) COc) CO Emission avoidance throughEmission avoidance through COCO SubstitutionSubstitutionc) COc) CO22--Emission avoidance through Emission avoidance through Substitution of fossile Fuels Substitution of fossile Fuels
COCO22--SubstitutionSubstitutionkg hakg ha--11 aa--11
6 0006 000Use of the wood for energy purposes Use of the wood for energy purposes 6.0006.000
Restoring alder swampsRestoring alder swampsRestoring alder swampsRestoring alder swampsfrom maize fieldsfrom maize fields
Changes in nitrogen mineralisation during rewetting
1989/90
80
1001989/90
40
60
0
20
Mai August November Februar
80
1001996/97
Mai August November Februar
5-NO3
20
40
605-NH4
0
20
Mai August November Februar
HabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatcreationcreationcreationcreation
Emerging ecosystemsEmerging ecosystems
An ecosystem whose speciesAn ecosystem whose species composition and relative pabundance have not previously
d ithi i bioccurred within a given biomeHobbs et al. 2004
Comm nit assembl nderComm nit assembl nderCommunity assembly under Community assembly under changing conditionschanging conditionschanging conditionschanging conditions
Key issues:
• Abiotic constraints are likely to develop towards levels outside of what• Abiotic constraints are likely to develop towards levels outside of what was previously characteristic
• Ecosystem process rates are likely to be different, especially because th b l d it iti i diff tthe below-ground community composition is different
• Propagule availability and dispersal processes have dramatically changed during the last century
Most likely we will get larger surfaces with ‘new’Most likely we will get larger surfaces with new ecosystems. The challenge is to predict their
i itispecies composition
Let’s do it!Let’s do it!
The proper setting of 'technical' aspects of ecological restoration within
a societal setting is clearly a cruciala societal setting is clearly a crucial task for the restoration ecologist
Harris & Van Diggelen 2004Harris & Van Diggelen 2004