01 - tarnowski_e pilot's behaviour in glass cockpits
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By Captain Etienne Tarnowski
Operational Liaison Meeting & Training Conference - Beijing 99
For an improved situational awareness
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2Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Evolution of the instrumentation Evolution of the pilots perception
Evolution of the pilots behavior
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3Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
In the early days of the aviation
Numerous dials
Adjacent dials
Independent parameters
Necessary to
operate
navigate
manage
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4Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Example in the early days
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6Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Example of early integration
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In the early eighties
Objectives
improve pilot situational awareness
allow safe 2 crew member operation
Means
more accurate / reliable data
more complete / synthetized data
more comprehensive / realistic format
optimized location of the information
data provided when needed
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300020
80
AP 11 FD 2A / THR
ALTSPEED APP NAV
310 32 33 34
200
180
160
140
2490
1006
FINALMDA
V/DEV 035
025
QNH
750
S
INTCPT
15 15
10 10
GS 167 TAS 176GPS
FI33L
900
TS3000132KT
APP
255/21
1760
LFBO33L
TS 328
8.5 NM
16:39
Primary Flight Display Navigation Display
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Conventional dial cockpit
Pilots had to build up themselves their own
perception of the situation
Advantages
situational awareness created by the pilot himself mental process is an active process using raw data
Disadvantages mental process: not intuitive / not natural
mental process: requires high intellectual workload
mental process: prone to computation / interpretation
error
the error is buried in pilots mind thus difficult to detect
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Glass cockpit
Display units provide the pilots with a direct
perception of the situation
Advantages
more realistic / comprehensive displays enhanced situational awareness
pilots mental available for other tasks
Disadvantages
situational awareness process, according to system
built-in logic
tends to favor complacency
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Example of reformatted and integrated information
Maneuveringspeed
QNH STD (1013.2 h Pa)
QFE (optional)
PFD
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550020
80
AP 11 FD 2
A / THR
DESTHR IDLE NAV
209 21 22 23
280
260
240
2202020
1010
1010
1006
ALTMDA
3000
050
060
QNH
750
530020
80
AP 11 FD 2
A / THR
DESTHR IDLE NAV
209 21 22 23
280
260
240
2202020
1010
1010
1006
ALTMDA
3000
050
055
QNH
750
0913
Example of synthetic information
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Get a proper understanding of display rules
Example: ND green solid line
15 15
10 10
TOE
GS 273TAS 262
RED
0.2L
RNAV APP
259/23 14
TOE 144
9.0 NM
16:18
D
T-P
15 15
TOE
10 10
GS 273TAS 264RNAV APP
RED
TS3000132KT
260/22 15
D
TOE 148 11.9 NM
16:06
Intercept not possible Intercept possible
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Get a proper understanding of the nature of
a parameter
FPV: intuitive crosswind assessment
30 31 32 33 34
10 10
10 10
20 20
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Adapt the PFD scanning to the level of
automation
Scanning depends upon the flying references
selected
if attitude (HDG-V/S) is selected, attitude and
heading are to be scanned
if flight path vector (TRK-FPA) is selected,
FPV and track are to be scanned
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16Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Adapt scanning to auto flight selection
Scanning depends upon AP - FD - ATHR use
302040
00
AP 11 FD 2
A / THR
ALTSPEED APP NAV
3130 32 33 34
200
180
160
140
120
1006
FINALMDA
V/DEV 035
025
QNH
750
F
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17Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Monitor and use the ND according to FMS rules
Ensure that the FMS accuracy is satisfactory
Ensure that the FMS F-PLN is correct:
monitor TO waypoint
Adjust ND range and display modes to flightprogress
Select appropriate complementary information
according to flight progress
In case of any doubt in navigation accuracy
Revert to raw data
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18Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Adopt a positive / active attitude
Monitor the automatisms with the right cues
Periodically cross check FMS accuracy
Periodically monitor ECAM S/D pages
Periodically monitor fuel
Periodically update SEC F-PLN for diversion
purposes
Review ECAM S/D for system analysis prior toacting
Keep ahead for the aircraft
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19Pilots behavior in glass cockpits
Realism and comprehensiveness of the
displays must be compensated by activeand positive attitude of the crew and in case
of doubt by reference to airmanship and
common sense