7/27/2019 01-prinVac

1/21

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

Principles of Vaccination

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

National Center for Immunization andRespiratory Diseases

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Revised March 2012

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

2/21

Principles of Vaccination

Immunity

Self vs. nonself

Protection from infectious disease

Usually indicated by the presence of antibody

Very specific to a single organism

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

3/21

Principles of Vaccination

Active Immunity

Protection produced by the person's own

immune system

Usually permanent

Passive Immunity

Protection transferred from another person or animal

Temporary protection that wanes with time

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

4/21

Principles of Vaccination

Antigen

A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein,

polysaccharide) capable of producing an

immune response

Antibody

Protein molecules (immuno-globulin) produced by B

lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

5/21

Passive Immunity

Transfer of antibody produced by one human or

other animal to another

Temporary protection

Transplacental most important source in infancy

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

6/21

Sources of Passive Immunity

Almost all blood or blood products

Homologous pooled human antibody (immune

globulin)

Homologous human hyperimmune globulin

Heterologous hyperimmune serum (antitoxin)

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

7/21

Monoclonal Antibody

Derived from a single type, or clone, of antibody-

producing cells (B cells)

Antibody is specific to a single antigen or closelyrelated group of antigens

Used for diagnosis and therapy of certain cancers and

autoimmune and infectious diseases

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

8/21

Antibody for Prevention of RSV

Palivizumab (Synagis)

monoclonal

contains only RSV antibody

will not interfere with the response to a live virus vaccine

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

9/21

Vaccination

Active immunity produced by vaccine

Immunity and immunologic memory similar tonatural infection but without risk of disease

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

10/21

Classification of Vaccines Live attenuated

viral

bacterial

Inactivated

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

11/21

Inactivated Vaccines

Whole

viruses

bacteria

Fractional

protein-based toxoid

subunit polysaccharide-based

pure

conjugate

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

12/21

Principles of VaccinationGeneral Rule

The more similar a vaccine is to the disease-causing

form of the organism, the better the immune response

to the vaccine

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

13/21

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Attenuated (weakened) form of the "wild" virus or

bacterium

Must replicate to be effective

Immune response similar to natural infection

Usually produce immunity with one dose*

*except those administered orally

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

14/21

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Severe reactions possible

Interference from circulating antibody

Fragile must be stored and handled carefully

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

15/21

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Viral measles, mumps,

rubella, varicella, zoster,

yellow fever, rotavirus,

intranasal influenza,rotavirus, vaccinia

Bacterial BCG*, oral typhoid

*not available in the United States

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

16/21

Inactivated Vaccines

Cannot replicate

Generally not as effective as live vaccines

Less interference from circulating antibody than

live vaccines

Generally require 3-5 doses

Immune response mostly humoral

Antibody titer may diminish with time

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

17/21

Inactivated VaccinesWhole-cell vaccines

Viral polio, hepatitis A,

rabies, influenza*

Bacterial pertussis*, typhoid*

cholera*, plague*

*not available in the United States

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

18/21

Inactivated Vaccines

Fractional vaccines

Subunit hepatitis B, influenza,

acellular pertussis,

human papillomavirus,

anthrax

Toxoid diphtheria, tetanus

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

19/21

Polysaccharide Vaccines

Pure polysaccharide

pneumococcal

meningococcal

Salmonella Typhi (Vi)Conjugate polysaccharide

Haemophi lus inf luenzae type b pneumococcal

meningococcal

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

20/21

Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines

Not consistently immunogenic in children younger

than 2 years of age

No booster response

Antibody with less functional activity

Immunogenicity improved by conjugation

7/27/2019 01-prinVac

21/21

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC Vaccines and ImmunizationContact Information

Telephone 800.CDC.INFO

Email nipinfo@cdc.gov

Website www.cdc.gov/vaccines