01 overview powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
ANATOMY
a·nat·o·my n. pl. a·nat·o·mies (Greek)
Definition: “To cut up” or “To cut open”
The Human Body…“So God created man in his own
image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he
them.” (Genesis 1:27)
The History of Anatomy
Dubbed the “Prince of Physicians”
• Herophilus (Egypt)First scientist to dissect both human and animal bodies
• Vesalius (1513-1564)Promoted idea of “living anatomy” –Fabrica – Based on own dissections
• Galen of Pergamum (130-201 A.D.)
The History of Anatomy
• William Burke and William Hare (1820’s)Tried for grave robbing and murder
resulting in 1832 anatomy laws
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Dissected bodies to improve his
drawing and painting techniques
• Grey’s Anatomy - 1858• Nomina Anatomica (1895, 1955)Unified naming systems
Microscopic Anatomy Examines structures that cannot be observed by the
unaided eye Examples: cytology - cellular anatomy
histology - study of tissues
Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic) Examines structures that are visible to the unaided eye Examples:
Embryology – study of development prior to birth
Regional anatomy – study of structures in one body region
Surface anatomy – study of superficial anatomical markings
Branches of Anatomy
Structural Organization of the Body
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level
Sample Test Question
At which level of organization is the stomach? At which level of organization is the digestive system?a) Tissue, Organb) Organ System, Organismal levelc) Organ, Organ Systemd) Tissue, Organ System
Anatomical Position Standing upright
Feet parallel and flat on the floor
Head level and eyes facing anteriorly
Arms at either side and palms face anteriorly
Thumbs pointed laterally
Body Sections and Planes
Sagittal plane Separate left and right
halves
Coronal plane (frontal) Separate anterior from
posterior
Transverse plane Separate superior and
inferior
Anatomical Directions
• Superior (Cranial)- toward the head or above
• Inferior (Caudal)- toward feet or below
• Anterior (Ventral)- in front of
• Posterior (Dorsal)- in back of
• Superficial – on the outside• Deep – on the inside
The ____________ is superior to the _________.
The ____________ is inferior to the _________.
The ____________ is anterior to the _________.
The ____________ is dorsal to the __________.
The ____________ is superficial to the ___________.
The ____________ is deep to the _______________.
Can a structure be described as BOTH dorsal and inferior?
Take Home Assignment
Directional Terms
• Medial- towards the midline of the body
• Lateral- away from the midline of the body
• Proximal- closest to the point of attachment to the trunk
• Distal- furthest from the point of attachment to the trunk
The ____________ is medial to the ______________.
The ____________ is lateral to the ______________.
The ____________ is proximal to the ____________.
The ____________ is distal to the _______________.
Take Home Assignment
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Posterioraspect
Abdominopelviccavity
Ventralcavity
Serous Membranes
Consists of a continuous two-layered sac (visceral and parietal layers)
Contains a lubricating film of serous fluid secreted by the serous membrane Serous fluid reduces friction caused by
moving organs
Serous MembranesOuter balloon wall (ie parietal serous membrane)
Inner balloon wall (ie visceral serous membrane)
Air (ie serous cavity)
Hand (ie organ)
Ventral cavities and their serous membranes
Thoracic Cavity Parietal and Visceral PERICARDIUM (heart) Parietal and VisceralPLEURA (lungs)
Abdominopelvic Cavity Parietal and VisceralPERITONEUM (abdominal structures)
Parietal and Visceral Serous Membranes
Parietal and Visceral Serous Membranes
PERICARDIUM (heart)
PLEURA (lungs)
PERITONEUM (abdominal structures)
Medical Imaging Procedures
Radiography (x-ray)
Advantages:
Views dense structures like bone
Disadvantages: Overlapping of
organs
Differences in tissue density not easily detectable
Used in dentistry, mammography, diagnosing fractures, and chest exams
Sonography (ultrasound)
Advantages: Avoids harmful
x-rays Inexpensive
Disadvantages: Doesn’t produce
a very sharp image
Used mostly for obstetrics
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT scan)
A cut made with x-rays and a computer.
Advantages: Little structure overlap
Sharper image than x-ray
Images taken from all angles
Disadvantages:
ExpensiveUsed for: identifying tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, and cerebral hemorrhages
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Advantages: Distinguishes
between soft tissues
Disadvantage: Dense
structures do not show up well
Patients feel claustrophobic
Used to distinguish between soft tissues
Objectives for Next Lecture
Describe the earliest stages of development
Describe how the embryo becomes a bilaminar disc
Explain gastrulation and the formation of the three germ layers
Discuss how the body folds from a flat disc into its three-dimensional shape
Understand the embryological basis of birth defects
Describe the events of the fetal period